International Current Pharmaceutical Journal

Permanent URI for this collection

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/149649

Editor in Chief: Asst. Prof. Naz Hasan Huda

Print ISSN: 2224-9486 (Print)

Frequency: 12 issues a year

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.icpjonline.com/index.htm

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Vitamin D deficiency in children: A review on prevention and treatment strategy.
(2015) Alreshidi, Ibrahim Dughaim
As an essential fat-soluble vitamin in human body, the main function of vitamin D (VD) is mediated by its receptor. In the past decade, VD has drawn gradual and consistent attention from the scientific community and health professionals. According to epidemiological survey, approximately one billion people are under the state of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in the world. This phenomenon is also very common in China. By participating in calcium and phosphorus absorption from GIT, VD stands as a very important functional immune regulator. It plays a vital role in modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses, mainly through the modulation of growth, differentiation and function of a variety of immune cells, and the influence of secretion of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides. VD deficiency and pediatric diseases such as acute lower respiratory infection and asthma are associated with not only pediatric skeletal disorders (including nutritional rickets，osteomalacla，and osteoporosis), but also pediatric non-skeletal disorders, such as mortality rate, cardiovascular disorders and mortality，metabolic syndrome (including obesity，impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), diabetes mellitus, lipid metabolism disorders and hypertension), cancer，infection，allergy and asthma, neurological and mental diseas-es，autoimmune diseases，and chronic kidney diseases. Although VD treatment of skeletal disorders has been widely recognized，its efficacy and long-term effect on non-skeletal disorders is not clear. Hence, for the benefit of general children and their families, aim of the present review is to determine some convincing facts of evidence-based medicine about Chinese children, and to discuss certain reasonable, right and effective measures to prevent VD deficiency thereby reducing the risk of rickets.
Central nervous system activity of the methanol extracts of Helianthus annuus seeds in mice model.
(2015) Islam, Rubab Tarannum; Islam, Ahmed Tanjimul; Hossain, Mir Monir; Mazumderi, Kshor
Helianthus annuus seeds contain various chemical components and evaluate different biological activities. The present study was carried out to investigate the central nervous system (CNS) activity of methanolic extract of Helianthus annuus seeds in mice model. General behaviour, antidepressant activity and anxiolytic activity was observed. The results revealed that the methanol extract of Helianthus annuus seeds at 100 and 200 mg/kg caused a significant increase in the spontaneous activity (general behavioural profile), moderate increase in anxiolytic activity (light-dark box and elevated plus maze test) and remarkable increase in antidepressant activity (tail suspension test). The results suggest that methanol extract of Helianthus annuus exhibit significant antidepressant and moderate anxiolytic activity in tested animal models.
The analysis of the effectiveness and safety of levofloxacin in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection.
(2015) Alreshidi, Ibrahim Dughaim; Al-Mutairi, Khalid Mohammed; Han, Xie
Objective of the current study was to investigate the effectiveness and safety of levofloxacin in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection. The study was carried out in hospital on 120 patients with lower respiratory tract infection from January 2014 to January 2015. Patients were randomly divided into control and observation groups, each group contained 60 patients. The control group was given the routine dose of levofloxacin, whereas the observation group received the high dose of levofloxacin. The clinical effectiveness and incidence rate of untoward reactions between the two groups were statistically analyzed and evaluated. Patients’ cure rate in the observation group was 53.33%, significantly higher than that of the control group which was only 36.67%. Their differences have statistical significance (P<0.05). Observation group demonstrated a very good total effective rate of 93.33%, compared to the control group (78.33%). Their differences have statistical significance (P<0.05). Incidence of adverse reactions in case of both the observation and control group patients, were relatively low, resulting insignificant statistical difference between the groups (P>0.05). This study shows better clinical curative effect of high doses of levofloxacin treating lower respiratory infection with minimum risk. This method, which can significantly improve the quality of patient treatment with low adverse reaction risk, is worth popularizing in clinical use.
Synthesis and in vivo Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic activities of Oxadiazoles clubbed with Benzothiazole nucleus.
(2015) Kumar, Vishal; Sharma, Saurabh; Husain, Asif
The aim of the present work is to synthesize and evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of 2-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl)-1,3-benzathiazole derivatives. In the present investigation, a series of 2-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl)-1,3-benzathiazole derivatives (3a1-3a9) were synthesized by condensing benzothiazolyl carboxyhydrazide and appropriate aryl acids in the presence of phosphorous oxychloride. Structures of synthesized compounds were established on the basis of IR, 1H NMR, and Mass spectroscopy. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their in-vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities at the dose of 50 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg po. The biological result shows that some compounds were good in their anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions.
Relationship between gestational diabetes and pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH).
(2015) Perveen, Sajida; jabeen, Qaiser; Iqbal, Muhammad Zahid
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) both have no adequate classification in addition to nomenclature that creates difficulties for researchers to find link between them. Aim of this work was to review the most recent data available on PIH and GDM and find the association between both conditions during gestation. Epidemeologies and whole studies which have done till now days, could not satisfy that what is association between PIH and GDM. The main issue to solve is how to find the association between GDM and PIH. Very limited data and research studies are available, creating hindrance to find any association. The one way to find the association now, can be that it should be checked the level of hypertension before, during and after gestation. According to the available data and research, it could be deduced that insulin resistance, present in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), may provide association more frequently. However, no direct evidential data is available for this link.
Effect of HPMC and ethyl cellulose polymeric granules and its combinations in press coated tablets of lornoxicam: fabrication and in vitro characterization.
(2015) Dineshmohan, S; Gupta, V R M; Ramesh, A; Harika, V; Sravani, T
The main objective of the present exploration was to formulate and evaluate chronomodulated press-coated tablets to deliver the NSAID lornoxicam, when a pain in the joints, functional disability persist in the early morning time is typically observed in most Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Pre formulation studies and drug excipient compatibility studies were carried out for lornox-icam and excipients. Core tablets containing lornoxicam was prepared by direct compression method and the tablets were subjected to various pre-compression and post-compression parameters (C1-C4 formula) based on the above result best core tablet batch was selected and used for press coating processes. HPMC and EC granules were used as controlled release polymers in the outer layer. These tablets were subjected to pre and post compression parameters, finally the tablets were evaluated for lag time and in vitro dissolution. Results of preformulation studies were acceptable limits. No interaction was observed between lornoxicam and excipients by FTIR. The results of pre and post compression studies were within limits. Formulation code CC3 was identified as best formulation that extends a release profile with 6 h lag time followed by complete lornoxicam release after 8 h. From the graphical representation it can be well perceive that this is perfectly fit in to Korsemeyer which had a Regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9431. The results of the in-vitro release data of this layer were fitted to the Korsemeyer-Peppas equation to examine the release pattern of the drug from the polymeric system. The drug release was identified as super case II transport as the “n” value found to be more than 0.89.
Pharmacognostical and phytochemical analysis of Lepidium sativum L. seeds.
(2015) Ahmad, Rizwan; Mujeeb, Mohd; Anwar, Firoz; Husain, Asif; Ahmad, Aftab; sharma, Saurabh
Objective of the present study was to carry out the physicochemical and phytochemicals standardization of Lepidium sativum L seeds to establish the standard pharmacognostical parameters of this valuable medicinal plant. Many standardization parameters of Lepidium sativum were analyzed. Standard method was adopted for the preliminary phytochemicals screening. Analysis of pesticides residues, aflatoxin & heavy metals were also performed. The sections of seeds were prepared for quantitative microscopic parameters. The air dried powdered plant material was subjected for determination of physicochemical standardizations like ash value, Extractive value and fluorescence nature of the powder drug using light of short and long wavelength of 254nm and 366nm respectively. Phytochemical screening was performed for the identification of phytoconstituents in the plant which was helpful in the development of analytical profile. The morphological and microscopic examinations of drug were revealed the presence of endosperm cell which are polygonal in shape and contain alerone grains and oil droplet, cell of testa, yellow colouring matter and starch grains. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, saponins and lipids in the drug extract and flourescence nature of drug was confirmed by fluorescence analysis in different solvent. Concentrations of heavy metals,ash value and extractive value were determined and found within acceptable Pharmacopoeial limits. Pesticides residues and aflatoxins were also determined but not detected in the tested samples. The physicochemical and phytochemical standards which are outcome of this research may be utilized as substantial data for identifica-tion and standardization of L. sativum seed.
Dissolution enhancement of glimepiride dispersion using glyceryl monostearate and β-cyclodextrin as carrier.
(2015) Rafshanjani, Md Abu Shuaib; Rahman, Md Mofizur; Parvin, Shumaia; Kader, Md Abdul
Glimepiride is an antidiabetic drug of sulfonylurea group and indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study was conducted to enhance the dissolution rate of glimepiride solid lipid nano particle dispersions using hot homogenization method and glimepiride solid dispersion by precipitation method. Solid lipid nanoparticles have been used as suitable carriers for delivery of drug with poor solubility. In this investigation glyceryl monostearate and stearic acid were used as solid lipid, Lutrol F-68 as surfactant, Tween 80 as stabilizer and the used polymer were urea crystal and β-cyclodextrin. Three formulations were prepared in different ratios for two methods and were designated as GMLN1 to GMLN3 in case of hot homogenization method and GMP1 to GMP3 for precipitation method. The evaluation of all the dispersions were done by in vitro dissolution studies using US Pharmacopeia type II apparatus (paddle method) in 900ml distilled water at 50 rpm to a temperature of 37°C ± 0.5°C for 45 minutes. In situ and externally sink method revealed the release pattern of drug was found to follow zero order, first order and Korsmeyer-Peppas equations. Improved dissolution profile was observed in all the solid lipid nano particle dispersions as compared to pure drug as well as market preparation. Thus, glyceryl monostearate and β-cyclodextrin can be successfully used as carrier for im-provement of dissolution and bioavailability of glimepiride.
Quality analysis of different marketed brands of paracetamol available in Bangladesh.
(2015) Kar, Auditi; Amin, Mohammad Nurul; Hossain, Mohammad Salim; Mukul, Md Emdadul Hasan; Rashed, Md Saif Uddin; Ibrahim, Md
Paracetamol is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug worldwide. The present study was conducted to analyze the quality of seven marketed brands of paracetamol tablet formulation manufactured by different multinational and national companies. The tablet formulations of different brands were tested for various parameters like weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution profile using standard techniques to evaluate their quality. The values were compared with the standards. Weight variation value requirement was complied by all brands. All studied samples except two local products complied with the standard specification for tablet hardness. All brands showed impressive friability values and products of multinational companies comparatively exhibited the highest values. Disintegration time for all brands was within 15 minutes also complying the USP (United State of Pharmacopeia) recommendation. Moreover, the release rate of different brands of paracetamol was satisfactory within 45 minutes and ranged from 79.82% to 103.53%. Therefore, it can be concluded that almost all the brands of paracetamol that are available in Bangladesh meet the USP specification for quality control analysis.
Safety and Mechanism of Action of Licensed Vaccine Adjuvants.
(2015) Rambe, Dirga Sakti; Giudice, Giuseppe Del; Rossi, Stefania; Sanicas, Melvin
Vaccines are some of the most effective tools for the prevention of infectious diseases. Adjuvants are included in vaccines for a variety of reasons: to increase the breadth of response, to lower antigen dose, to overcome limited immune response in some populations, or to enable complex combination vaccines. This study aims to review the safety of licensed vaccine adjuvants and describe their mechanism of action. Potential publications for inclusion were identified through a direct search of PubMed/Medline database. Results of online literature searches were supplemented by relevant papers cited in published studies along with the authors’ knowledge of published studies. To date, there are 5 licensed vaccine adjuvants in US and Europe: Aluminum salts (EU, US), MF59 (EU), AS03 (EU), AS04 (EU, US), and virosomes (EU). AS03 is not available as an adjuvant in other vaccines but included within the US government’s National Stockpile. All vaccines that contain these adjuvants have been proven safe in clinical trials and post-marketing studies, with the exception of the AS03, for which the rare events of narcolepsy have been reported in some countries. Every adjuvant has a complex and often multifactorial immunological mechanism, usually poorly understood in vivo. The safety profile of an adjuvant, including the actual and hypothetical risks, is a critical component that can speed up or impede adjuvant development. The increasing understanding in adjuvant sciences is fundamental to the further development of new adjuvants.
Formulation of fast disintegrating domperidone tablets using Plantago ovata mucilage by 32 full factorial design.
(2015) Shahidulla, S M; Khan, Mohib; Jayaveera, K N
The present work was carried out to study the disintegrant property of plantago ovata mucilage. The objective of the work was to formulate Fast disintegrating tablets of Domperidon with a view to enhance patient compliances and dissolution rate by direct compression method using 3² full factorial design. Plantago ovata mucilage (2-10% w/w) was used as natural superdisintegrant and microcrystalline cellulose (0-30% w/w) was used as diluent, along with directly compressible mannitol to enhance mouth feel. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, drug content uniformity, in vitro dispersion time, wetting time and water absorption ratio. Based on in vitro dispersion time (approximately 10s); the formulation containing 10% w/w Plantago ovata mucilage and 30%w/w microcrystalline cellulose was found to be promising and tested for in vitro drug release pattern (in 0.1 N HCl), short-term stability (at 40º/75% RH for 3 month) and drug-excipient interaction. Surface response plots are presented to graphically represent the effect of independent variables (concentrations of Plantago ovata mucilage and microcrystalline cellulose) on the in vitro dispersion time. The validity of the generated mathematical model was tested by preparing two extra-design check point formula-tions. The optimized tablet formulation was compared with conventional commercial tablet formulation for drug release profiles. This formulation showed nearly four-fold faster drug release (t50% 2.85 min) compared to the conventional commercial tablet formulation (t50% 7.85 min). Short-term stability studies on the formulation indicated that there are no significant changes in drug content and in vitro dispersion time (p < 0.05).
Computational drug Cumintrazole-analog for the treatment of mutant BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins in breast cancer
(2015) Baseer, Shehneela; Khan, Sajid; Nouroz, Faisal
Breast cancer is the second death causing disease in the world. Breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and Breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2) are the controlling proteins of this cancer. Real capacity of BRCA1/BRCA2 is to control the cell division, repair the damaged DNA and stabilized the genetic material of the cell. In case of any mutation in these proteins, the division of breast cells will be modified and therefore the cancerous development of cells will start in breast. The essential target of study was to prepare novel synthetic compound to focus on destinations for receptor proteins, located on cells surface, which control the development or stop the multiplication of cancer cells. Subsequent to screening vast measure of information, we outlined novel in-silico medication compound for breast cancer that is able to hinder the uncontrolled development of cells. In docked edifices PHE and GLN are critical communicating build ups for BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins. Atomic recipe of shad sample totally fulfills the Lipinski rule of five. It shows less symptoms and long resistance against breast cancer cells. We infer that our medication shad sample is better than the business drugs available in business sector. As it is non-toxic in nature and has no reactions. The proposed drug is suitable for reduction of the breast cancer in females.
Antimicrobial property and phytochemical study of ginger found in local area of Punjab, Pakistan.
(2015) Riaz, Humayun; Begum, Almas; Raza, Syed Atif; Mohy-Ud-Din, Khan Zia; Yousaf, Hamad; Tariq, Ayesha
The aim of study is to identify the antimicrobial property of ginger. Phytochemical screening of chloroform plant extract showed presence of different chemicals. In this study we used Cultures of E. Coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis to identify the antimicrobial strength. Effectiveness of ginger against different conditions attributed to its different constitu-ents (volatile oils, shogaols, Gingerols and diarylheptanoids) that show their therapeutic efficacy by modulating the genetic or metabolic activities of our body. In this study, we performed phytochemical evaluation and antimicrobial assay of ginger root extract which were available in our local farms of Lahore. Ginger possesses a noticeable antimicrobial activity which was confirmed by checking the susceptibility of different strains of bacteria and fungus by measuring the zone of inhibition. In the light of several socioeconomic factors of Pakistan mainly poverty and poor hygienic condition, present study encourages the use of spices as alternative or supplementary medicine to reduce the burden of high cost, side effects and progressively increasing drug resistance of pathogens. Key Words: genus
Development and validation of UV-spectrophotometric methods for quantitative estimation of Prothionamide in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
(2015) Debnath, Sujit Kumar; Saisivam, S; Dash, Dillip Kumar; Debnath, Monalisha
ABSTRACT UV Spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of Prothionamide in bulk drug and in pharmaceutical formulations. Prothionamide shows the maximum absorbance at 288 nm in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Prothiona-mide follows Beer’s law in the concentration range of 4-20 μg/ml (r2 = 0.999). The detection limit (DL) and quantitation limit (QL) were 0.406 and 1.229 μg/ml respectively. Accuracy and precision were found to be satisfactory. The developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines. All the validation parameters were found to be satisfactory accordance with the standard values. Therefore, the proposed method can be used for routine practice for the determination of Prothionamide in assay of bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations
Computational drug ZINPIP-Analog an ultimate solution to cure conserved domains of mutant EGFR, ALK and BRAF Proteins in NSCLC.
(2015) Munir, Anum; Khan, Sajid; Azam, Shumaila
Mutations in different genes such as EGFR, ALK and BRAF results in non-small cell Lung cancer (NSCLC). The most ordinarily discovered EGFR mutations in patients with NSCLC are deletion in exon 29 or in 21. Mutations initiate the tyrosine kinase activity of EGFR and are connected with the affectability to small molecules results in the formation of NSCLC. The missense mutations of BRAF have been detected in exon 11 and 15. Mutation of ALK occurs as a result of small inversion. The primary objective of study was to design novel chemical compound to block the targeted sites for receptor proteins, present on cells surface which control the growth or stop the proliferation of cancer cells. After screening large amount of data we have designed Novel Insillico drug compound Zinpip analog for NSCLC that blocks the EGFR, ALK, and BRAF. In docked complexes ALA, LYS, and ARG were common interacting residues for EGFR and ALK. ALA and GLY were common for ALK and BRAF mutant protein and Ligand complex interaction. ALA was common among all interactions. Molecular formula of Zinpip analog completely satisfies the Lipinski rules of five. It shows less side effects and long resistance against for non-small cell lung cancer. We conclude that our drug Zinpip analog is superior to commercial drugs available in market. As it is non-toxic in nature and has no side effects.
FTIR spectroscopy for estimation of efavirenz in raw material and tablet dosage form.
(2015) Reddy, Nareddy Preethi; Padmavathi, Yenumula; Mounika, Perika; Anjali, Akari
A Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometric method was developed for rapid and direct measurement of efavirenz in pharmaceutical formulations. The method involves extraction of efavirenz from tablets with chloroform by sonication and the direct measurement of the absorbance in liquid phase using a reduced path length cell. In general, the spectrum was measured in transmission mode. The equipment was configured to collect a spectrum at 8 cm-1 resolution and 45 scans per sec .The spectra were collected between 4000 cm-1 and 450cm-1, the band obtained at 1750cm-1 (carbonyl group) showed intense, clear peak in the liquid phase for quantitation. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The method fulfilled most validation requirements in the linearity range 200-1000μg/mL. The coefficient of determination, limit of detection and quantification was found to be 0.993, 49.12μg/mL and 148.84μg/mL respectively. Results of developed FTIR method were compared with the results obtained with the existing UV method statistically by using t-test, which indicated that there is no significant difference between the methods at P=0.05. The proposed FTIR method reduces the solvent consumption and also eliminates the use of reagents. Thus the developed method offers a good alternative for the quantitative estimation of efavirenz in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms and also to quantify efavirenz when combined with other API in the same dosage form.
Evaluation of cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of different fractions of methanolic extract of Baccaurea ramiflora (Lour.) fruits.
(2015) Amin, Roksana; Nabi, Md Nahidun
Chloroform and petroleum ether soluble fractions of the crude methanolic extract of the fruits of Baccaurea ramiflora (Lour.) have been investigated for the evaluation of cytotoxic and antioxidant activity. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity and free radical scavenging activity method was used to evaluate antioxidant activity. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the chloroform soluble fraction showed greater cytotoxic activity (LC50 value 74.2 μg/ml) than petroleum ether soluble fraction (LC50 value 129 μg/ml) compared to the standard drug vincristine sulfate (LC50 value 0.54 μg/ml). In free radical scavenging activity method (DPPH assay method), the chloroform soluble fraction showed greater antioxidant activity (IC50 value 49.78 μg/ml) than petroleum ether soluble fraction (IC50 value 75.31 μg/ml) compared to the standard antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (IC50 value 24.51μg/ml). This study reveals that Baccaurea ramiflora fruit possesses cytotoxic and antioxidant activity hence can be a potential source for the isolation of active principle(s) for different therapies.
Determination of Flavonoid and Polyphenol Compounds in Viscum Album and Allium Sativum Extracts.
(2015) Svetlana, Trifunschi; Melania, Florina Munteanu; Vlad, Agotici; Simona, Pintea (Ardelean); Gligor, Ramona
Ethnopharmacology is a new interdisciplinary science that appeared in Europe of the ‘90, in France, as a necessity claimed by the return to the traditional remedies of each nation. The aim of this study is to identify and quantify the active ingredients of the species Viscum album and Allium sativum, in order to provide a complex chemical characterisation, which is necessary for the use of these plants’ extracts as natural ingredients in the pharmaceutical industry. The following methods were used: (1) the plant material was harvested from the west-side of Romania (Europe) in July 2014; (2) it was dried quickly and the main active principles were extracted using ethylic alcohol solution (50%); (3) the quantitative analyses of the flavonoids and polyphenols were performed according to a procedure described in the Romanian Pharmacopoeia. FT-IR results showed that the Viscum album extract had the highest content of polyphenolic compounds, for both flavonoids and polyphenols. This is the reason why it can be concluded that alcoholic extracts of mistletoe must be used as supplements for diabetics who require diets with flavonoids or for patients with cancers, degenerative diseases, and particularly cardiovascular diseases, who need an increased amount of polyphenols.
Development of new spectrophotometric method for estimation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate using MBTH reagent.
(2015) Varsha, Mannem Sri; Babu, N Raghavendra; Padmavathi, Yenumula; Kumar, P Ravi
A new simple, sensitive and specific procedure has been developed for determination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms using MBTH reagent. The purpose of this analytical validation procedure is to validate it by laboratory experiments to prove that the method meets the minimum standards for laboratory use. 3-methyl-2-bezothiazoline hydrazone reacts with the secondary amine group of tenofovir in the presence of oxidizing agent, ferric chloride. The resulting apple green coloured chromogen when measured spectrophotometrically in visible region (i.e., 400-800nm) shows a maximum absorbance at 626.5nm. This method can be successfully applied for the determination of drug content in pharmaceutical formulations. The results of analysis have been validated statistically.
Causes, management and complications of ascites: a review.
(2015) Tasneem, Hirra; Shahbaz, Huda; Sherazi, Bushra Ali
Ascites is the pathological state in which fluid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity. Fluid accumulation may be due to infection and malignancy or due to other diseases like liver disease, heart failure, and renal disease. The ascitic fluid can be graded into Transuda-tive and Exudative fluid based on the serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG). The prominent cause of ascites is found to be Liver Cirrhosis. The most common symptom of Ascites is recent weight gain, increased abdominal girth and dyspnea. The first line treatment of ascites includes education regarding dietary sodium restriction and oral diuretics. However, other mechanical methods can also be used if the patient is unresponsive to this approach. But, there are some limitations while using these mechanical methods. Ascites is also associated with certain complications like spontaneous bacterial perotinitis, hepatorenal syndrome and dilutional hyponatremia. Ascites itself is not fatal unless it becomes infected. So, early diagnosis and effective treatment should be ensured in order to avoid further complications. This review focuses on the grades, causes, symptoms, management and complica-tions of Ascites.

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