Academia Anatomica International

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Perceptions of First-Year Medical Students on the Use of Whole SlideImaging in Learning Histology
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2021-12) Tejaswi, H L; Asharani, S K; Ajay, N
Background: Traditional practice in histology teaching is to use the optical microscope for examination of the slides. Whole slide imaging (WSI) or virtual microscopy is an innovation that uses the scanned images of the histology slides that can be seen in any device that can be connected to the internet. WSI allows the user to pan and zooms the slide just like in a microscope, and the quality of the image is also reported to be superior to an optical microscope. The aim of the study was to assess the first-year medical students’ perceptions on the use of whole slide imaging in learning histology slides. Settings and Design is Cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey. Subjects and Methods : Students of phase I MBBS were the study participants. Practical sessions on the histology of the gastrointestinal tract were conducted using the whole slide imaging. Using a 10 item questionnaire, feedback was obtained at the end of the teaching sessions. Statistical analysis used Descriptive statistics were used to explain the data.Results: The students showed a positive response in embracing this new mode of histology teaching. There was uniform support to the fact that the image quality and ease of use of the pan and zoom feature were useful in identifying details of the tissues.Conclusions:WSI was accepted with enthusiasm as a much-needed innovation in histology learning. If not a supplant, WSI can be used as an adjunct to traditional glass slide teaching using an optical microscope
Variations in the Median Cubital Vein: A Conceptual Review
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2021-12) Akhil, Jakkula; Sontakke, Yogesh Ashok; Kumar, Dinesh V
The median cubital vein, connecting the basilic and cephalic veins in the cubital fossa, is used for routine clinical procedures such as phlebotomy, insertion of intravenous cannulas, critical investigations, cardiac angiography and stent placement. Numerous variations regarding the arrange- ment of the median cubital vein are mentioned in the literature, such as classical or N-type, M-type, I-type, absence of cephalic vein in the arm, doubled median cubital vein, median cubital vein as the venous arch. In majority of the population either classical type or N-type variation has been documented. Significant percentage of the population have an absence of median cubital vein, replaced by the median cephalic and median basilic veins. Geographical differences in frequencies of variations of the median cubital vein have also been documented. In the background of the clinical utility, it rises paramount importance for medical personnel to know about the anatomical variations of the cubital vein. Lack of awareness would incur needless harm and suffering to the patient and delay investigation and treatment modalities. Therefore, we intend to do a comprehensive review of the variations in the median cubital vein.
Plastination Technique and Its Impact on Medical Education
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2022-06) Pal, Amit Kumar; Bhanarkar, Ujwala; Ray, Biswabina
Introduction:Plastination has been one of the most effective preservative methods for organic tissue during the last four decades. In this technique, water and lipid content present within biological tissue samples are substituted by polymers (silicone, epoxy, pol yester), resulting in dry, durable, and odourless specimens. Plastinated specimens are now used as teaching tools and various medical disciplines, such as anatomy, pathology, radiology, surgery, and so on across the world. Since its development by Gunther von Hagens in 1977, plastination is getting increasing acceptance by the day and proving itself to be an excellent resource material for both teaching and learning. This review highlights the origin, procedure, types, significance, and drawbacks of plastination along with its ethical aspects.
Study on the Incidence of the Occurrence of the Sutural Bones atAsterion in the Dry Adult Human Skulls of the South Indian Population
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2021-12) Gowri, Indupuru; Vinila, B H Shiny
Background: Asterion is the point of sutural confluence present on the norma lateralis of the skull. Occasionally sutural bones are present at asterion. Asterion is commonly used as a surgical landmark for the lateral approach of the cranial fossa. So, the knowledge on the incidence of the presence of sutural bones at the asterion is important for surgeons. Thus the present study was undertaken to find out the incidence of the occurrence of the sutural bones present at the asterion. Subjects and Methods:70 skulls were collected from the department osteology section.The damaged bones were excluded from the study. A total of 140 asterions were studied. All the skulls were observed and the incidence of type 1 and type 2 asterion was recorded on both sides. The incidence of the multiple sutural bones was also recorded on both the right and left sides. Results: The incidence of type 2 asterion was observed to be higher than the type 1 asterion. The incidence of type 1 and type 2 sutural bones was observed as 27.86% and 72.14% respectively. The incidence of the multiple sutural bones at the asterion was observed as 14.29%. Conclusion: The data on the incidence of occurrence of sutural bones which was presented in the present study may be of great use to the radiologists and neurosurgeons for a better diagnosis and to minimize the complications while performing lateral approaches of the cranial fossa.
Anatomical Variations of Sphenoid Sinus in Patients with Sino-Nasal Complaints– A Study based on CT Scan
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2021-12) Reeti, Raag; Akhtar, Md Jawed
Background: Sphenoid sinus is variably pneumatized and may show septations. There are some very important structures present in its relation likeopticnerveandinternalcarotidartery.So,itbecomesimportanttoknowthepatternsofvariationsinpneumatizationandseptationofthesinus so as to avoid any inadvertent injury to these structures during Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgeries. The Aim is to determine the anatomical variations of sphenoid sinus on CT scan. Subjects and Methods:It CL can be used for repair/reconstruction procedures. A better understanding of histological characteristics of injured ACL ligament will add further knowledtion. The data on radiological variations were summarized by routine descriptive statistics namely counts and percentages for categorical variables.Result: In 86% of the radiographs, sellar type of pneumatization was found followed by pre-sellar type (8%) and post sellar type (6.6%). Sphenoid sinus Septation was found as single septum in 82% and multiple septum in 18% cases. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females according as evident by the ‘p’ value of 0.879 for sphenoid sinus pneumatization and 0.833 for sphenoid sinus septation.Conclusion: The sellar type of pneumatization was found to be most common in the present study. Awareness of these variations will help the surgeon in his orientation during endoscopic sinus surgeries to avoid inadvertent injury.
Histological Changes in Anterior Cruciate Ligament after Injury
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2021-12) Akhil, Jakkula; Banu, T Jahira; Sontakke, Yogesh Ashok; Balaji, Gopisankar
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is very common worldwide, frequently associated with sports trauma. Often, ACL tear necessitates reconstruction by replacing the entire ligament. Despite ACL reconstruction being performed widely, there is still lack in restoring the anatomical functions. Histological studies have demonstrated that the injured anterior cruciate ligament has numerous vessels and fibroblasts proliferation potential with continuous collagen turnover after 13–20 weeks of injury. Therefore, the ACL has healing potential and the remnants of injured ACL can be used for repair/reconstruction procedures. A better understanding of histological characteristics of injured ACL ligament will add further knowledge for finding new treatment techniques for ACL repair
A Study on Anthropometric Measurements of Lower end of IndianFemora
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2021-06) Bamn, Avantika; Gayathri, Uma Pandalai
Background: The knee joint is a complex, compound synovial joint, providing hinge movements useful to give stability and support to body weight. Com The present study may be useful to orthopeditians and surgeons to select the accurate size of the prosthesis during knee arthroplasty surgeries.mon knee problems happen due to injuries and diseases of the knee. To the best of my knowledge, the anthropometric measurement on the lower end of the femur is not available for Madhya Pradesh population. The present study aims to measure various parameters of femoral condyles and intercondylar area which would be useful in the placement of the femoral compartment of knee prosthesis. Subjects and Methods: To conduct the Present study a total of 65 human dried femora were measured in the department of Anatomy, IMCH & RC, Indore, MP. Parameters & measurements recorded at the lower end of the femur were Anteroposterior & transverse diameters of medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar notch depth, width & bicondylar width. Results will be analyzed with the help of statistical calculations. Conclusion
Morphological Patterns of Traumatic Head Injury in Medicolegal Autopsies at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar ESSalaam Tanzania
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2022-06) Ottoman, Oscar; Mwakigonja, Amos R; Rambau, Peter F.
Introduction: Head injury is predicted to surpass many diseases as a major cause of death and disability by the year 2020. There is a limited documentations on morphological patterns of traumatic Head Injury and its prevalence specifically in Medical legal Autopsy in Tanzania population. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological patterns of Traumatic Head Injury (TBI) in Medical legal autopsies seen at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH). Subjects and Methods : This was a hospital based cross -sectional study conducted at MNH mortuary. The postmortem examination was performed under Virchow method on 170 cases of TBI in which morphological patterns of TBI was recorded. Proportional of TBI frequencies on various morphological patterns in medical legal autopsies were recorded. Association between cause of death and etiology of TBI were established by Fisher - exact test.Results:The proportion of TBI among the medico - legal autopsy at MNH was 38.5%. All cases of TBI had scalp abrasion, and the majority had linear fra cture 67(39.3%) and the commonest the parietal bone was commonly affected 85(55.6%). In closed TBI, majority had subarachnoid hemorrhage130 (84.9%). All cases of T BI had brain edema, with one coincidental finding of metastatic adenocarcinoma. A total of 42 cases of TBI had brain herniation, 51 brain laceration and 52, had brain contusion. The association between etiology of injury, wearing helmets among motor cycle user and cause of death was statistically significance (p<0.05). Conclusion:The higher pro portion of TBI among medicolegal autopsies at MNH reflects the burden of head injury in our settings.
Morphological Analysis of Length and Shape Nasopalatine Canal onHuman Dry Skulls
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2021-06) Chaudhary, Saurabh; Sharma, Nidhi; Jain, S. K.
Background:To assess length and shape of nasopalatine canal on human dry skulls. Subjects and Methods:Fifty- four dry human skulls of either gender was recruited for the study. The length of the nasopalatine canal was measured from the definite point (interproximal region) of the central incisors to the distal end of the incisive foramen. Incisive foramen diameter was calculated in the sagittal plane by measuring the anteroposterior distance of the oral entrance of the NPC. Shape was categorized into 4 types, Cylindrical, funnel, hourglass and spindle shape.Results:The mean length of nasopalatine canal was 16.2 mm in males and 13.4 mm in females. A significant difference was observed (P< 0.05). A non- significant difference in male (5.3 mm) and females (4.9 mm) incisive foramen diameter was observed. The most common shape of nasopalatine canal was cylindrical in 23, funnel in 7, hourglass in 21 and spindle shape in 3 skulls. A significant difference was observed (P< 0.05).Conclusion: Nasopalatine canal morphology assessment is essential to prevent iatrogenic injury to the anatomical structures. Mostcommon shape found to be hour glass and cylindrical
Morphometric Analysis of Adult Acromion Process of Scapula in SouthIndian Population
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2021-06) Begum, Masooma; Vinila, B H Shiny; Anjum, Asra
Background: Morphometric analysis of the acromion process is important in shoulder joint pathologies and the structures passing through the subacromion space or structures present underneath the coracoacromial arch are more prone to undergo impingement and end with impingement syndrome of the shoulder joint. Knowledge on the morphometry of the acromion process is essential before planning surgical treatment of the impingement syndrome such as, acromioplasty or acromionectomy. The present study is aimed to focus on the morphometric analysis of the acromion process. Subjects and Methods: The present study was carried on 100 dry adult scapulae in which 50 were right and 50 were left. The following parameters were measured; length of the acromion, width of the acromion, coracoacromial distance and the acromioglenoidal distance. All the parameters were measured using vernier caliper. Results: The mean length of the acromion process was 42.55mm and 41.43mm on the right and the left sides respectively. The mean width of the acromion process was 23.12mm and 22.8mm on the right and the left sides respectively. The mean coracoacromial distance was 34.16mm and 34.15mm on the right and the left sides respectively. The average acromioglenoid distance was 24.48mm and 24.52mm on the right and the left sides respectively. Conclusion: The morphometric data of this study will be of great importance for the orthopaedic surgeon while treating the impingement syndrome and other surgeries of shoulder joint.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Early Clinical Exposure Program in Learning Clinical Anatomy amongMedical Undergraduates
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2022-06) Phalgunan, Vijisha; Baskaran, S.
Introduction:Early clinical exposure (ECE) is viewed as a way to provide contexts of basic science and highlight its relevance to medical picture 67(39.3%) and the commonest the parietal bone was commonly affected 85(55.6%). In closed TBI, majority had subarachnoid hemorrhage130 (84.9%). All cases of T BI had brain edema, with one coincidental finding of metastatic adenocarcinoma. A total of 42cases of TBI had brain herniation practice. It is one of the measures taken by Medical Council of India to enact its vision 2015. ECE promotes self –directed learning and analytical skills in students when they are exposed to it at an earlier phase. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted among volunteered participants of first year medical undergraduate during their regular ECE sessions in the department of Anatomy at Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry after the approval of Instituition al Ethical Committee. The ECE program was used as a supplement to the traditional lectures. Feedback questionnaire after getting validated by the faculty were filled by the students. Results: Statistical analysis was done by Students Paired - Test. The Pre- Test score was (44.5+_16.1) and the Post - est Score was (53.1+_14.54).The Pre- value obtained was 0.0009 which was extremely significant. The results demonstrated that the ECE program will definetly influence the analytical understanding aspects along wi th getting accustomed to the hospital environment for the students. On a longer run it will have major impact on the academic as well on the attitudinal aspect of students.Conclusion: Medical students found their first experience with clinical setting va luable. Providing clinical exposure in the initial years of medical curricula and teaching the application of basic sciences knowledge in clinical practice can enhance students’ understanding of the role they will play in the future as a physician.
Morphology of Ulnar Nerve and its Variation in North Indian Population
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2019) Tabassum, S; Singh, N.B; Karn, S.K
Introduction: The ulnar nerve is formed from medial cord of the brachial plexus. It lies medial to axillary and brachial artery as far as middle of humerus, and then pierces the medial inter muscular septum to descend on the anterior face of triceps. Lesions of the associated structures often occur. There is anatomical variations in course of ulnar nerve amongst the races. Aim: This study was conducted to analyse the anatomical variation of ulnar nerve in north Indian population.Subjects and Methods: The study was done on 30 human cadavers at Departments of Anatomy, Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Laheriasarai. Results: The observations showed that- Ulnar nerve was present in all specimens, and in 97% cases originated from the medial cord of the brachial plexus, at the level of tip of the acromion processes and showed the normal course. Conclusion: The awareness of these variations along the normal pattern are helpful for the interventional radiologists, orthopaedicians and neurologists in preventing untoward iatrogenic injury to the ulnar nerve during radiological procedures or operating on fractured patients or diagnostic therapy
Estimation of Total Femoral Length from EpicondylarBreadth of Femur
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2019) Vora, R.K; Patel, S.M
Introduction: Stature is an important tool for identification and unique data of human being. Estimation of stature from bones is important for forensic as well as anthropological studies. It is necessary to derive the regression equations from the fragments of femur for medico legal situations. Thus from lower end of femur, estimation of total femoral length can be calculated and then this can be used to get stature by deriving statural formulae. In this study, regression equation for the estimation of total femoral length from epicondylar breadth of femur was computed. Subjects and Methods: Total 208 normal dry human femur bones which were preserved in antomy department of different medical colleges of Gujarat were studied. Total Femoral Length and Epicondylar Breadth of the Femur bone were measured for this study. Results: Epicondylar Breadth of femur displayed the higher correlation (0.828) with Total Femoral Length (TFL) for an individual measurement. As per regression analysis, regression equation is derived which is, B=338.004 + A * 1.390, Where A=Epicondylar Breadth of femur, and B= Total Femoral Length. Then the stature can be estimated by this total Femoral Length by the regression equations or the multiplication factors which are already established by various studies. Conclusion: The total Femoral Length can be estimated from fragmentary lower end of the femur. The total femoral length can be estimated by the equation presented in this study even in the absence of intact femur bone, and by which the stature can be estimated in sex and population sample.
Correlationbetween Sizeof Pinna& Height of Individualin Uttar Pradesh Population
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2019) Dixit, V; Potdar, P; Dhakar, J.S
Introduction: Morphometry ofear is a useful tool for the determination of height & other parameters of individual. The size of the pinna has been measured by some workers for designing hearing aids. No available literature on the study of correlation between the height of an individual and the size of pinna in different age and ethnic groups were available. In this study the height of the individual along with age and size of the pinna was measured in order to find out possible correlation in adult North Indian population. It was anticipated that a possible correlation could help in identification of different ethnic groups. Subjects and Methods: A study was conducted on 167 subjects including both males and females. The height of the individual was measured with the help of an anthropometric rod. The measurements related to total ear length & ear width and lobule length & width were taken with a digital Vernier Caliper&the height of the individual was measured using stadiometer& transparent graduated ruler. The pearson correlation were used to establish relationship. The data was analysed using SPSS version & p<0.05 was significant. Results: There was no difference between the size of the right and left pinna. The length of the pinna was 62.45±4.21 to 62.35±4.12mm and the width was 24.59±2.41 to 24.63±2.41mm. The length of the lobule varied between to 19.21±2.75 to 19.19±2.75mm and the lobule width was 20.14±2.54 to 20.10±2.56mm of both right and left pinna.In present study there was a significant correlation between rt ear length & width with the height of the individual.Similarly Rt lobule length, Lt lobule length & width also has significant correlation with height of individual. Conclusion: The present study reveals that the ear morphometry is an additional tool in prediction height from linear ear dimensions.
Morphometric Analysis of the Human Second Cervical Vertebrae of North Indian Population
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2019) Tabassum, S; Singh, N.B.; Karn, S.K.
Introduction: The Aim of the study was to provide the morphometric measurement of the axis vertebrae in North Indian popuulation. Which could be used as clinical tool to determine the feasibility of safe translaminar screw placement. Subjects and Methods: 50 dry human axis vertebrae from adult North Indian population were subjected to morphometric measurement using venier caliper. The various dimensions of the axis vertebrae were observed. Results: There is high variability in the thickness of the C2 lamina. As compared to western population, the axis bones used in the present study had smaller profiles. Conclusion: The current study showed safety margin for translaminar screw insertion is low.
Evaluation of Nutrient Foramina of the Dry Adult Human Femur Bone of North Indian Population
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2019) Sing, A.k; Kumari, R
Introduction: The Femur bone is a highly vascular structure with unique features in its blood supply via numerous foramina located over its different segments, being named as vascular foramina . Among vascular foramina, nutrient foramen is an important one which gives way to the nutrient artery. Aim: To evaluate the nutrient foramina of the dry adult human femur bone of north Indian population. Subjects and Methods: The present study was undertaken using 50 dry adult human Femur bones of North Indian population. The samples were collected from the Anatomy department of the institute. Results: In the present study, among foramina of 50 dry adult human Femora, 31 Femora had single nutrient foramen, 18 had two nutrient foramina and 1 had three nutrient foramina. The medial lip of lineaaspera of Femur depicted the presence of nutrient foramina in majority of bones suggesting the entry zone for nourishment of shaft by perforating arteries. Size of nutrient foramina were ranging from size ≥ 0.55 mm to size ≥ 1.27 mm. Direction of nutrient foramina of all the Femora were directed upwards. Conclusion: This study may help orthopaedic surgeons in planning the surgical treatment of fracture of Femur with a possible reduction in post-operative complications. Combined periosteal and medullary blood supply to the bone cortex helps to explain the success of intramedullary reaming of long bone fractures particularly in the weight bearing Femur.
Gross Anatomical Study onthe Skull and Mandible ofthe Wild Boar (SusScrofa) In the Caribbean
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2019) Mohamed, R
Introduction:Wild pigs (Susscrofa), which are found throughout the Caribbean island of Trinidad and Tobago, are sometimes used experimentally, in the field of biomedical science, to model the human anatomy. In particular, the skull, which is very important as ithouses vital organs and foramina,has clinical importance in applying regional anesthesia.Subjects and Methods:The present work was conducted on two skulls and mandibles of wild pigsto grossly describe their osteology and foramina. The information garnered can be used for comparative studies of the skulls and mandibles with other similar species. The skulls and mandibles were prepared and cleaned using standard method. All of the characteristic features of various standards views of the skulls bones, including dorsal, lateral, caudal, and the lateral, rostral and caudal views of the mandibles as well as the foramina of the skulls and mandibles were described and discussed.Results:Each skull was divided into long facial and short cranial regions. The tympanic bulla was small. The supraorbital foramina and grooves were present. The zygomatic process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone formed the large zygomatic arch. The mandible was a paired bone with ossified mandibular symphysis. The dental formula was confirmed and it was 44 teeth.Conclusion:The bones and foramina of the skull and mandible were homologue to that of other mammals
Variations in Division of Sciatic Nerve and its Clinical Relevance: A Cadaveric Study
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2019) Philip, S.E.; Dakshayani K.R
Introduction:The sciatic nerve emerges through the greater sciatic foramen, leaves pelvis and enters into gluteal region by passing below piriformis as a single nerve encompassed by a single epineural sheath. It descends along back of thigh and divides into tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve, usually at superior angle of popliteal fossa. Understanding of variations in the levels of division of sciatic nerve is important for the management of non- discogenic sciatica, posterior hip operations, failed sciatic nerve block. Objective: To study the variations in division of sciatic nerve and to define the level of its exit.Subjects and Methods:Seventeen cadavers (34 limbs) fixed in formalin were dissected and studied during routine dissection in department of Anatomy, Mysore Medical College and level of division of sciatic nerve were noted.Results:Out of 34 limbs, 5 cases (14.7%) were dividing at gluteal region, 2 cases (5.8%) at mid-thigh and 27 cases (79.4%) exited pelvis as a whole nerve and divided at superior angle of popliteal fossa. Type G was most common variation.Conclusion:The exit and level of division of sciatic nerve is important for surgeons as there is surgical maneuvering in this region during posterior hip operations and to avoid iatrogenic nerve injury during deep intramuscular injections in gluteal region.
Morphological Study of Human Placenta in Normal and Hypertensive Pregnancy
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2019) Parmar, K.M.; Vaishnani, H.; Shah, G.V.
Introduction: The normal human placenta is a dynamic discoid organ have two surfaces; 1. The chorionic plate facing the foetus (the umbilical cord attached) and 2. The basal plate which about the maternal endometrium. Human placenta has drawn attention as valuable information regardingfoetal& maternal diseases. As placenta guide the intra uterine status of the foetus, study of the placenta will give an accurate condition of the foetal outcome. The aim of this study was to study the morphology of placenta with normal & hypertensive mother. Subjects and Methods: This present study was carried out in the Dept. of Anatomy, Smt. B. K. Shah Medical institute & Research Centre, in association with the dept. of OB & GY of Dhirajhospital,Piparia, Waghodia, Vadodara district. A total number of 100 (Hundred) placenta (50 - fifty hypertensive mother + 50 - fifty normal mother) with 5cms length of umbilical cord were collected from the Obstetric dept. and relevant medical history (H/O) related of the mother were noted and recorded from the data available in the hospital record section. Resultsand Conclusion: In this present study group comprised human placentae from fifty (50) pregnancies with hypertensive mother. The control group comprised fifty (50) human placentae from pregnant mothers with normal blood pressure, without proteinuria and without edema. Among study group most common pregnancy comprisedpre-eclampsia (50%) in this study. The mean age of hypertensive mothers were 25.9 ± 2.5 years in this present study. The mean age of non-hypertensive mother were 25.1 ± 3.21 in this present study.
Anatomical and Morphological Study of Nutrient Foramen in Leg Bones
(Society for Health Care & Research Development, 2019) Anusha, D; Madhavi, D; Kondepudi, S
Introduction: Knowledge of position of nutrient foramina of long bones can be useful in certain surgical procedures. Bone ossification, growth and healing depend on its vascularity. Nutrient artery is the main source of blood supply of bone along with periosteal arteries. The topographical knowledge of these foramina is useful in certain operative procedures, in orthopedics as well as in plastic and reconstructive surgeries.AIM: The present study aims to determine the number and position of nutrient foramen of tibia and fibula and to observe direction and obliquity of nutrient foramina. Subjects and Methods: 100 adult dry bones including 50 tibia and 50 fibula were studied. Nutrient foramina were identified with naked eyes. The obliquity was determined with hypodermic needle. The nutrient foramina location was determined by dividing total bone into segments, the locations were validated by calculating foraminal index. Results: It has been observed that 98% (49) tibia has single nutrient foramina, double nutrient foramiana present in 2%of tibia. Most of the nutrient foramina in tibia are present in upper third i.e 65%(33).Foramina index of tibia is 45.05 with standard deviation of 8.29.In fibula single foramen was observed in 46(92%) and double foramina 2(4) and there is no nutrient foramen in 2(4). In 2 fibulae having double nutrient foramen, proximal foramen was directed downward and distal foramen was directed upwards. In 50%(25) nutrient foramina is present in posterior surface,most of nutrient are in middle third 48(96%).mean foraminal index of fibula is 45.05 with standard deviation of 8.29. Conclusion: Our study has attempted to put together findings from different studies regarding the number and position and obliquity of nutrient foramina of leg bones .The present study will be useful for orthopedic surgeons during procedures like bone grafting and more recently microsurgical vascularised bone transplantation and new graduates to understand the importance of nutrient foramina of long bones.

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