Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Response of Cervical Intra-epithelial Lesions to Vitamin E Supplementation - A Preliminary Report.
(2001-01-30) Ganguly,; Dutta,; Sanyal,; Roy,; Basu,; Das,
Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is preceded by well characterized pre-cancerous lesions which if left untreated may progress to invasive carcinoma. In the present study women in the age group of 35-55 years with cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN I & II) were treated with vitamin E and advised to come for follow up after every three months for one year. This preliminary report shows vitamin E can restrict and regress CIN I & II lesions with elevation in circulating vitamin E levels. Improvement in immune status as reflected in mitogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes was also noted.
Assessing cancer burden in rural India: an analysis by cause of death statistics.
(2005-04-17) Kumar, A Venkata Ramana; Yeole, Balkrishna B
India lacks nationwide cancer registration and systematic death registration. Gaining insight into the magnitude of the cancer problem in India depends mainly on 14 population based cancer registries, which provide relatively accurate statistics although the area and population cover by these registries is minimal at about 7% (20% Urban and 1 % Rural). With estimation of cancer burden from other sources, paucity of adequate data on the one hand and the complex pathogenesis of disease on other makes for complexity in dealing with rural populations. However, surveys of cause of death do reveal some interesting patterns that may very well be of use for international comparisons. In this paper an attempt has been made to estimate the cancer burden in rural India using the information available from surveys of cause of death for rural populations conducted by the Government of India.
Prostate specific antigen for screening for prostate cancer: an appraisal of Thai reports.
(2004-10-18) Wiwanitkit, Viroj
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in male populations in many parts of the world. It is a slowing growing deadly cancer with very few signs and symptoms in the early stage. For screening, prostate specific antigen (PSA) has been proposed as a marker in the serum. It is widely employed in western countries, but use of PSA for prostate cancer screening in developing Asian countries is not generalized. Here, the author performed an appraisal on the diagnostic properties of serum PSA in screening prostate cancer among the Thais. Four reports from the literature were recruited for further metanalysis of a total of 1,321 cases. The overall diagnostic activity with regard to sensitivity, specificity, false positive and false negative rates, values being 95.8 %, 66.2 %, 33.8 % and 4.2 %, respectively. Therefore the test has good sensitivity, and sufficiently good diagnostic properties for screening when compared to digital rectal examination (DRE). However, serum PSA cannot be used for a definitive diagnosis, for which pathological confirmation is also necessary.
Accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) for early detection of cervical dysplasia in Tehran, Iran.
(2005-01-23) Eftekhar, Zahra; Rahimi-Moghaddam, Parvaneh; Yarandi, Fariba; Brojerdi, Ronak
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of visual inspection with 5% acetic acid (VIA) when used to detect cervical cancer and its precursors. METHODS: The study population included women attended Family Planning and Gynecological Clinic in Bagher Abad Health Center and Mirza Koochak Khan Hospital for regular cervical screening tests. After obtaining informed consent from each woman, VIA was performed. One hundred with a positive VIA test and 100 women with a negative VIA test were randomly selected for this study. Cytology and colposcopy examination were performed for all 200 cases and cervical biopsies were conducted for those individuals showing abnormal colposcopic findings. RESULTS: Nine cases in VIA-positive group and two cases in VIA-negative group had an abnormal cytology. Ninety five women in the VIA-positive group and 25 in the VIA-negative group had abnormal colposcopic findings. From biopsy examination, 67 (71%) of cases in the VIA-positive group and 3 (12%) cases in the VIA-negative group had a final diagnosis of dysplasia. Among biopsied samples, only 7 cases of VIA-positive group showed abnormal result and the remaining were normal. Based on these results, VIA test sensitivity and specificity were 95.7% and 44.0% respectively, while they were 10% and 92% for cytology tests. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that although VIA is a sensitive screening test for detection of cervical dysplasia, it can not be used by itself. Applying VIA along with Pap smears helps to detect a higher number of cases with cancer precursor lesions.
Subtle Instruction to Quit Smoking May be Efficacious for Certain Smokers.
(2000-01-30) Hamajima,; Matsuo,
There is no doubt that well-designed advertisements influence behavior of consumers, though the effects may vary depending on the advertisement targets. This is particularly true of tobacco advertisements. Deliberately coined words and images can effectively lead persons, especially youth, to acquiring smoking habits. However, demonstrating the effects of advertisements behavioral changes (eg. starting smoking and quitting smoking) in a framework of research is generally difficult, and epidemiologists tend to adopt a conservative stance against the association between such subtle messages and behavioral changes. Although we understand this stance as epidemiologists, we dare to report here a potential effect of a seemingly trivial message against smoking as observed in a follow-up study of smokers.
Lifestyle-related risk factors for stomach cancer in northeast Thailand.
(2008-01-29) Suwanrungruang, Krittika; Sriamporn, Supannee; Wiangnon, Surapon; Rangsrikajee, Dhanes; Sookprasert, Aumkae; Thipsuntornsak, Nakorn; Satitvipawee, Pratana; Poomphakwaen, Kirati; Tokudome, Shinkan
BACKGROUND: Stomach cancer is not common in Thailand but the life styles of the Thai population are changing to become more Western so that information for planning control programme of stomach cancer is necessary. The highest incidence rates of this neoplasm are found in Eastern Asia, ranging from age-standardized rates of 95.5/105 (men) and 40.1/105 (women) in Yamagata, Japan to 4.1/105 (men) and 2.1/105 (women) in Khon Kaen, Northeast of Thailand. In Thailand, the estimated age-standardized incidence rates in 1993, 1996 were 4.9/105, 4.1/105 in men and 3.0/105 , 2.6/105 in women. Risk factors for stomach cancer in Thai population are unclear, but possibly include low intake of vegetables and fruits, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and high intake of salt. OBJECTIVE: To investigate various aspects of dietary factors, smoking, and alcohol drinking in determining risk of stomach cancer in Thai population. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in Khon Kaen, Thailand during 2002-2006, to study the role of these factors in stomach cancer. 101 stomach cancer cases and 202 matched controls (case : control = 1:2) by sex, age (? 3 years) and region were recruited from Srinagarind Hospital and Khon Kaen Regional Hospital, in Khon Kaen Province. All of cases were histologically confirmed. Controls had a variety of diseases, the main ones being disease of the eye. Information on dietary habits, alcohol drinking and smoking were collected by a structured questionnaire, blood samples were collected for further study. RESULTS: The distribution of the general characteristics by case-control status, the distribution of age and sex were similar in cases and controls. In the final analysis, the factors that found to be higher risk but not statistically significant were long-term filter cigarette smoking (OR=1.9, 95%CI: 0.85-4.50), long-term alcohol consumption (OR=1.2, 95%CI: 0.51-2.60) and low intake of vegetables and fruits (OR=1.2, 95%CI: 0.74-1.96). A high intake of vegetable oil (OR=4.5, 95%CI: 1.00.-20.17) was found to be associated with increased risk, and similar tendencies were noted for pork oil (OR=1.4, 95%CI: 0.63-3.01) and jeaw prik (mainly chilly with plara broth) (OR=1.2, 95%CI: 0 .76- 2.01). CONCLUSION: Our study confirmed protective effects of a high intake of fruits and vegetables against stomach cancer development and showed a high intake of sauces to increase risk of stomach cancer as in other countries in Asia.
Anticarcinogenic effects of an aqueous infusion of cloves on skin carcinogenesis.
(2005-07-21) Banerjee, Sarmistha; Das, Sukta
Spices and flavouring agents are now receiving increasing attention as many of them have been shown to have anticarcinogenic properties. Cloves, sun-dried unopened flower buds from the plant Syzygium aromaticum L, are commonly used as a spice and food flavour. The present study was designed to investigate the chemopreventive action of aqueous infusion of cloves on 9,10-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and croton oil induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss mice. The results indicate protection against skin papilloma formation in a dose dependent manner. It has been shown that oral administration of aqueous infusions of clove at a dose of 100 microl/mouse/day not only delays the formation of papilloma but also reduces the incidence of papilloma as well as the cumulative number of papillomas per papilloma bearing mouse. Our observations suggest a promising role for cloves in restriction of the carcinogenesis process.
The first cross sectional survey on intracranial malignancy in Kolkata, India: reflection of the state of the art in southern West Bengal.
(2004-07-18) Ghosh, Anirban; Sarkar, Susobhan; Begum, Zarina; Dutta, Shukla; Mukherjee, Joydeep; Bhattacharjee, Malabika; Sarkar, Pallab; Banerjee, Chandra; Mandal, Mousumi; Mazumdar, Anup; Bhattacharjee, Manoj Kumar; Chaudhuri, Samaresh; Chaudhuri, Swapna
Recent increase in the occurrence of intracranial malignancies and poor performance of therapeutic measures have established the disease as an important concern of medical sciences. The lack of information about the disease pattern throughout India creates problems for maintaining community health for prevention. The present study on the hospital population of Kolkata was conducted to determine the incidence pattern of the disease in the population of southern West Bengal, focusing on distribution with age, sex, occupation and religion in different districts of the region, and characterizing diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Among a total of 39,509 cancer patients from 21 health centers of Kolkata, 2.4% had brain cancers and among these more than 60% are gliomas. A cross-sectional study for a period of 3 years reported the occurrence of 15 types of intracranial malignancy, which demonstrated astrocytomas (36.8%), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) (7.9%) and meningiomas (11.6%) to be predominant. Brain tumors occur more frequently in males with few exceptions and the incidence was found to be highest among the 40-49 year old group (20.2%). No specific trend for religion and occupation was apparent. However, the district wise distribution showed maximum incidences among industrial areas, namely, Kolkata (33.1%), North 24-Parganas (18.2%), Howrah (9.3%) and Hoogly (7.6%). Diagnosis of the disease was by CT scan, MRI and histological identification (pre and post operative). Therapeutic procedures rely mainly on surgery and radiotherapy, whereas chemotherapy was used as an adjuvant for about 10% of the cases. Evaluation of the scenario regarding intracranial malignancy in this region was a long awaited requirement which should ultimately serve an important function in pointing to risk zones within the population and allow better control measures to be introduced for the disease.
Weak linkage in hepatitis C PePHD: identification of mutation prone point that can lead to failure of antiviral therapy for prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma.
(2007-01-05) Wiwanitkit, Viroj
Hepatitis C is an important blood borne infection caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). Chronic inflammation induced by this viral infection and its role in carcinogenesis are well recognized. The treatment of HCV infection has developed enormously over recent years and is believed to be a good way for stopping of carcinogenesis process. However, mutation of the virus is an important factor that can bring drug resistance. Presently, prediction of protein nanostructure and function is a great challenge in the proteomics and structural genomics era. To identify points which are vulnerable to mutation is a new trend to expand the knowledge at the genomic and proteomic levels Here, the author performed a bioinformatic analysis to determine positions that trend to comply with peptide motifs in the amino acid sequence of HCV protein kinase -eIF2-alpha phosphorylation homology domain (PePHD). To identify weak linkage in HCV PePHD, a new bioinformatic tool, GlobPlot, was used. Positions 2-7, 29-39, 53-57, 90-98, 123-133, 202-227, 324-355, 439-448 were identified as positions resistant to mutation. Some are already known and others are newly discovered. Based on this study, weak linkages in HCV PePHD could be identified and can be good information for expectation of possible new mutations that can lead to failure of HCV therapy. In addition, the results from this study can be good information for further research on the diagnosis for mutants HCV and vaccine development.
Appropriate interval for repeat excision in women undergoing prior loop electrosurgical excision procedure for cervical neoplasia.
(2007-07-28) Kietpeerakool, Chumnan; Srisomboon, Jatupol; Tiyayon, Jitima; Ruengkhachorn, Irene; Cheewakriangkrai, Chalong; Suprasert, Prapaporn; Pantusart, Aree
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of intervals on complications and pathological examination in women undergoing a repeat loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) for cervical neoplasia. During October 2004 and January 2007, 78 women who had undergone repeat LEEP at Chiang Mai University Hospital, were prospectively evaluated. The mean age was 47.5 years (range; 27-69 years). The mean duration of uncomplicated vaginal bleeding was 4.4 days (range; 1-20 days). The occurrence of persistent vaginal bleeding was noted in 9 women. Among 78 women, 2 (2.56%) and 7 (8.97%) experienced intraoperative and postoperative hemorrhage, respectively. Six (7.69%) had postoperative infection. These complications were not significantly different from those observed in women undergoing first LEEP in the same period (P=0.56). There was no significant difference in the incidence of perioperative complications and the incidence of non-evaluable cone margins among women who undergoing repeat LEEP within 4-6 weeks, between 6-8 weeks, and more than 8 weeks after first LEEP. In conclusion, repeat LEEP could be safely performed 4-12 weeks after the first procedure without any impact on pathological specimen examination.
Malignant lymphomas in Pakistan according to the WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms.
(2008-04-21) Mushtaq, Sajid; Akhtar, Nooren; Jamal, Shahid; Mamoon, Nadira; Khadim, Tahir; Sarfaraz, Tariq; Waqar, Amin
OBJECTIVE: To determine the spectrum of malignant lymphomas in our set up, according to the WHO classification. METHODS: All the cases diagnosed as malignant lymphoma, during the year 2005, were retrieved from the institution based tumour registry record and classified according to WHO criteria depending on the immunohistochemical results of a panel of lymphoma markers. RESULTS: The male to female ratio was 2.5:1 for almost all types of malignant lymphomas. The age range was 3 to 80 years. The frequency of Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma were higher amongst the children, whereas follicular lymphomas, mantle cell lymphoma and CLL/SLL were more frequently reported in 5th, 6th and 7th decades. Of the total cases 62% were nodal and 38% extranodal (majority in the GI tract). Non Hodgkin's lymphoma was more (73%) frequent than Hodgkin's disease. Mixed cellularity and nodular sclerosis were the main histological variants of Hodgkin's disease. CONCLUSIONS: Immunohistochemistry is not very frequently used in our set up and also at very few other centres. Therefore, its application should be encouraged to raise the quality of data on lymphoid neoplasms and contribute to their control.
Beliefs and perceptions about cancers among patients attending radiotherapy OPD in Delhi, India.
(2008-01-29) Kishore, Jugal; Ahmad, Irfan; Kaur, Ravneet; P K, Mohanta
The prevalence of beliefs and myths amongst cancer patients is a reflection of the level of knowledge in the community regarding cancer. Such beliefs influence the health seeking behaviour of patients and may lead to delay in seeking medical care. The present study revealed that myths and misconceptions are widely prevalent among cancer patients in India. The perception regarding causation of cancer among cancer patients varied from curses, evil eye and spirits to past sins. Only one third of the patients believed that cancer can be detected in its early stages and that it can be cured. The average time taken by patients to report to a doctor after suspecting their disease was 2 years. The majority of patients held fatalistic views about the outcome of cancer. Most (60%) were being discriminated against by their family and society. All these findings highlight that despite considerable medical knowledge of risk factors and treatment modalities, possible social-behavioral strategies for the prevention and control of cancer have not been adequately addressed, especially among South Asian patients.
Reproductive history and health screening for women and mortality in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer (JACC).
(2007-07-20) Sakauchi, Fumio; ,
Reproductive history and participation in health screening for women were surveyed among female subjects, and interesting results were obtained in the present analyses. Women who had never experienced pregnancy had significantly increased risks of death from all causes and cerebrovascular disorders compared with those who had experienced 1 or 2 pregnancies. In contrast, women who had experienced 3 or 4 pregnancies had significantly decreased risks of death from all causes, all cancers, rectal cancer, and breast cancer. Among women who had ever undergone mass screening examination for uterine cervical cancer, there were significantly lower risks of death from all causes, all cancers, stomach cancer, uterine cervical cancer, urinary tract cancer, and ischemic heart diseases compared with those who had not had such experience.
Time trend in breast and cervix cancer of women in India - (1990-2003).
(2008-10-05) Takiar, Ramnath; Srivastav, Atul
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) started a National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) in the year 1982 with the main objective of generating reliable data on the magnitude and pattern of cancer in India. There are about 20 Population Based Cancer Registries (PBCR) which are currently functioning under the network of NCRP. The present paper aims to provide the time trends in the incidence of breast and cervix cancer among females of India. The incidence data collected by Bangalore, Barshi, Bhopal, Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai over the period 1990 to 2003 formed the sources of data. In the year 1990, cervix was the leading site of cancer followed by breast cancer in the registries of Bangalore (23.0% vs 15.9%), Bhopal (23.2% vs 21.4%), Chennai (28.9% vs 17.7%) and Delhi (21.6% vs 20.3%), while in Mumbai breast was the leading site of cancer (24.1% vs 16.0%). By the years 2000-3, the scenario had changed and breast had overtaken as the leading site of cancer in all the registries except in Barshi (16.9% vs 36.8%). The time trend analysis for these sites suggested a significant decreasing trend in the case of cervix in Bangalore and Delhi registries, while the registries of Bhopal, Chennai and Mumbai did not show any significant changes. However, in the case of breast cancer, a significant increasing trend was observed in Bhopal, Chennai and Delhi registries with Bangalore and Mumbai registries demonstrating no such significant changes. Histopathologic confirmation for both malignancies was found to be more than 80% in these registries. It is concluded that in India the cervix cancer rates are decreasing while breast cancer is on the increase.
Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced DNA adduct formation by Aloe arborescens var. natalensis.
(2003-07-26) Shimpo, Kan; Chihara, Takeshi; Beppu, Hidehiko; Ida, Chikako; Kaneko, Takaaki; Hoshino, Motoyuki; Kuzuya, Hiroshi
To clarify the possible mechanisms of inhibition of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the rat colorectum by freeze-dried whole leaves of Aloe arborescens var. natalensis (Kidachi aloe) (hereinafter referred to as ALOE) and commercial crude aloin (Sigma A-0451; from Curacao aloe) (hereinafter ALOIN), we studied the effects of ALOE and ALOIN on the formation of AOM-induced DNA adducts (O6-methylguanine; O6-MeG) in rats. Male F344 rats (4 weeks old) were fed a basal diet, or experimental diets containing 5%ALOE or 0.25%ALOIN for 5 weeks. All rats were injected s.c. twice with 15 mg/kg AOM, once at the end of week 1, and once at the end of week 2. The animals were sacrificed 6 hours after the second injection to analyze DNA adducts (O6-MeG) in the colorectum. Dietary administration of ALOE significantly inhibited the O6-MeG levels (50% reduction) compared with controls, whereas the O6-MeG levels in the ALOIN-fed rats showed a tendency to decrease (by 30%), although not significantly. In this study, we also measured the enzyme activity and mRNA level of cytochrome (CYP) 2E1, known to be responsible for the activation of AOM, in rat liver. ALOE-fed rats showed significantly reduced CYP2E1 enzymatic activity (27% reduction) compared with controls. On the other hand, the activity in ALOIN-fed rats tended to decrease by 11%, although not significantly. The CYP2E1 mRNA levels in ALOE- and ALOIN-fed rats were slightly reduced (9.7% and 5.2%, respectively). These results may explain, at least in part, the previously observed inhibitory effects of ALOE and ALOIN, especially ALOE on AOM-induced ACF formation in the rat colorectum.
Unified Modeling Language (UML) for hospital-based cancer registration processes.
(2008-10-05) Shiki, Naomi; Ohno, Yuko; Fujii, Ayumi; Murata, Taizo; Matsumura, Yasushi
OBJECTIVE: Hospital-based cancer registry involves complex processing steps that span across multiple departments. In addition, management techniques and registration procedures differ depending on each medical facility. Establishing processes for hospital-based cancer registry requires clarifying specific functions and labor needed. In recent years, the business modeling technique, in which management evaluation is done by clearly spelling out processes and functions, has been applied to business process analysis. However, there are few analytical reports describing the applications of these concepts to medical-related work. In this study, we initially sought to model hospital-based cancer registration processes using the Unified Modeling Language (UML), to clarify functions. METHODS: The object of this study was the cancer registry of Osaka University Hospital. We organized the hospital-based cancer registration processes based on interview and observational surveys, and produced an As-Is model using activity, use-case, and class diagrams. After drafting every UML model, it was fed-back to practitioners to check its validity and improved. RESULTS: We were able to define the workflow for each department using activity diagrams. In addition, by using use-case diagrams we were able to classify each department within the hospital as a system, and thereby specify the core processes and staff that were responsible for each department. The class diagrams were effective in systematically organizing the information to be used for hospital-based cancer registries. Using UML modeling, hospital-based cancer registration processes were broadly classified into three separate processes, namely, registration tasks, quality control, and filing data. An additional 14 functions were also extracted. Many tasks take place within the hospital-based cancer registry office, but the process of providing information spans across multiple departments. Moreover, additional tasks were required in comparison to using a standardized system because the hospital-based cancer registration system was constructed with the pre-existing computer system in Osaka University Hospital. Difficulty of utilization of useful information for cancer registration processes was shown to increase the task workload. CONCLUSION: By using UML, we were able to clarify functions and extract the typical processes for a hospital-based cancer registry. Modeling can provide a basis of process analysis for establishment of efficient hospital-based cancer registration processes in each institute.
Time Course of Change in Glutathione S-Transferase Positive Foci and Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity after Cessation of Long-term Alcohol Administration in Rats.
(2001-01-30) Tanaka,; Hirota,; Kuriyama,; Nishiguchi,; Otani,
In our previous experiments, we showed that cessation of long-term alcohol administration enhances hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. In the present study, we examined the time course of hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) after cessation of alcohol using numbers and areas of glutathione S transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci and the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in males of the Wistar strain. Fifty six rats were given a single i.p. injection of DEN (200 mg/kg body weight), maintained on basal solid diet for two weeks, then maintained on liquid diet in which 36% of total calories were provided by ethanol (Al diet) for 12 weeks, and then eight rats were killed. The remaining rats were divided into 6 groups. Three alcohol cessation groups were maintained on control liquid diet (C diet) instead of Al diet for 3, 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. The others, as reference groups were maintained on the Al diet continuously for the same periods, respectively. The numbers of GST-P-positive foci per unit area of the liver were not markedly changed after cessation of alcohol. However, their areas were increased with time, so that values in the alcohol cessation groups at 3 and 12 weeks were significantly higher than those in the reference groups at the same points, respectively. Furthermore, ODC activity was significantly elevated in the alcohol cessation groups at 3 and 6 weeks compared to reference groups, but not at 12 weeks when reduction was rather observed. These results suggest that cessation of long-term alcohol administration enhances hepatocarcinogenesis and this effect may be closely related to activation of cell proliferation due to the interruption of alcohol insult.
Patho-epidemiology of cancer corpus uteri in Karachi South '1995-1997'.
(2007-10-12) Bhurgri, Yasmin; Nazir, Kauser; Shaheen, Yasmeen; Usman, Ahmed; Faridi, Naveen; Bhurgri, Hadi; Malik, Jawaid; Bashir, Imtiaz; Bhurgri, Asif; Hasan, Sheema H; Kayani, Naila; Zaidi, S H M
AIM: To provide demographics and pathology of cancer of the uterine corpus in Karachi. METHODOLOGY: Data for 66 incident cases of cancer corpus uteri, ICD-10 category C54-5 registered at the Karachi Cancer Registry, for Karachi South, during a 3 year period, 1st January, 1995 to 31st December 1997 were reviewed. RESULTS: Cancer uterine corpus (1995-97) was the sixth most common malignancy, following breast, oral cavity, ovary, esophagus and cervix. The age standardized incidence rate (ASR) world and crude incidence rate (CIR) per 100,000 were 6.4 (4.73 to 8.01) and 2.9 (2.18 to 3.57). The mean age was 53.7 years (SD 15.6; range 6-90 years). Fifty eight cases were endometrial carcinoma with ASR world and CIR per 100,000 of 5.77 (4.20 to 7.33) and 2.53 (1.88 to 3.18) respectively. Sarcomas comprised 6% of the cases. Approximately a third of the females (28.8%) were below 50 years of age. The age-specific curves showed a gradual increase from the fourth till the seventh decade, followed by an actual apparent decrease in risk after 70 years. Peak incidence was observed in the 65-69 year age group. Presenting symptoms were post-menopausal bleeding (86.4%) and purulent discharge (4%). Associated pathologies included adenomyosis, adenomatous hyperplasia (12% each) or leiomyoma (8%). Associated clinical conditions were diabetes mellitus and hypertension (4% each). The majority of the cases presented as well differentiated (39.4%), localized (59.1%) lesions. CONCLUSION: The incidence of cancer corpus uteri in Karachi South reflects a moderate risk population, predominantly middle aged with a higher socio-economic status. On the average the malignancy is observed a decade earlier then reported elsewhere. This calls for in-depth investigation of risk factors and identification of underlying etiology.
Human Papillomavirus Infection among Bolivian Amazonian Women.
(2001-01-30) Lema,; Hurtado,; Segurondo,; Romero,; Dulon,; Asturizaga,; Panoso,; Garcia,; Fujiyoshi,; Yashiki,; Li,; Lou,; Cervantes,; Gomez,; Sonoda,
Cervical cancer is the most common malignancy among women in Latin America. Human papilloma virus infection is known to be an important risk factor. However, HPV infection among Bolivian women has not yet been fully evaluated. The present study aimed to investigate HPV infection among women living in a rural region of the Bolivian Amazon. Cervical swab samples were collected from 151 healthy women in three Amazonian villages. From every woman, two samples were collected by cotton swab; one for cytological examination and the other for ethanol-preservation of cervical epithelial cells for HPV DNA testing. High molecular DNA was extracted from the ethanol-preserved cervical epithelial cells and tested for HPV DNA by a PCR-RFLP protocol. Ethanol-preserved cervical epithelial cells remained suitable for DNA isolation and PCR amplification of human b-globin and HPV E6/E7 genes, 25 days after sample collection in the field. HPV-31, HPV-58 and HPV-6 were detected in the studied population. The overall prevalence of HPV infection among Bolivian Amazonian women was 8.0%. Neither dual nor multiple HPV infections were found in any of the positive samples. This is the first report of HPV prevalence and type distribution among Bolivian Amazonian women. Our new method for preservation of cervical epithelial cells in ethanol may be useful for viro-epidemiological studies in rural areas.
Cancer cachexia: pathophysiologic aspects and treatment options.
(2007-07-28) Topkan, Erkan; Yavuz, Ali Aydin; Ozyilkan, Ozgur
Cancer cachexia is a syndrome characterized with progressive weight loss and abnormal wasting of fat and muscle tissue, and affects 40 to 85% of all terminally ill patients, accounting more than 20% of all cancer deaths. Current treatment for cancer cachexia principally depends on its prevention rather than reversing the present disease state, and the clinical results are far from being satisfactory. Although the exact mechanism and predisposing factors have yet to be clarified in detail, our growing knowledge about the pathophysiology and biochemical changes considering this life threatening condition should help in development of future therapeutic strategies. In the present paper, the current preclinical and clinical features considering the pathophysiology and treatment of cancer related cachexia are reviewed.

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