International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151213

Chief Editor: Prof. William Ebomoyi
ISSN: 2278–1005

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.sciencedomain.org/journal-home.php?id=19

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The Relationship of Physical Activity with Prediabetes: A Cross-sectional Study in Guanajuato, Mexico
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-01) Arias-Morales, M; Pérez-Velázquez, LI; Villanueva-Méndez, EF; Flores-Vargas, G; Gallardo-Luna, M de J; Navarro-Olivos, E; Duran-Arredondo, EO; Gonzalez-Araiza, JC; Padilla-Raygoza, N
Aims: The objective of this study is to analyze the association between low physical activity levels and the development of prediabetes in a population of adults aged 18-65, belonging to CAISES Pardo in Guanajuato, Mexico. Study Design: It was designed a cross-sectional study in adults from CAISES El Pardo of Guanajuato, México without Type II Diabetes. Methodology: It was included 196 patients who signed the informed consent; in them, it was measured fasting glucose levels and capillary glucose; Body mass index was measured as a nutritional status. Physical activity was measured with international physical activity questionnaire. The sample size calculation was assuming that 73.9% of individuals with mild physical activity develop prediabetes, and those with moderate to vigorous physical activity develop it in 53%, the minimum sample size required is 92 for those with mild physical activity and 92 for those with moderate to vigorous physical activity, with 95% precision and 80% power. The statistical analyses were with Chi-squared test and P-value, and then OR (CI95%). Results: It was a relationship between physical activity mild and prediabetes X2= 54.43, df 1, P=.0001, and strong effect with OR= 16.56, CI95% 6.98 a 39.26. Age shown a confounding effect in the relationship between physical activity level and prediabetes. The results showed a strong association between low physical activity levels and prediabetes, as well as a significant correlation between plasma glucose levels and capillary glucose levels. It was observed that most of the population is overweight or obese, with a predominantly female demographic. Conclusion: Diabetes is known to be a significant health problem with high morbidity and mortality rates, underscoring the importance of implementing measures for its prevention, screening, and early detection. This study provides relevant information on the subject and emphasizes the need for implementing programs, training, and measures to reduce new cases of non-communicable chronic diseases and effectively manage existing ones.
Association between Inflammatory Cytokines and Glycemic Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-05) Chukwuka, NA; Ohilebo, UD; Abiodun, EM; Ogie, ET; Omonegho, EG; Gambo, ED; Osarenren, OC; Ngozi, MV.
Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly recognized not only as a metabolic condition but also as a chronic inflammatory state. Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) have been associated in insulin resistance and poor glycemic control. It is crucial to comprehend how they relate to glycemic markers in order to create tailored treatments and enhance disease surveillance. Aim/Objective: The purpose of this study was to look at the relationship between inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-?, and hs-CRP) and glycemic parameters (disease duration and fasting blood sugar) in T2DM patients in Edo South, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical investigation was undertaken including 240 people (140 T2DM patients and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls). Venous blood samples were tested for fasting blood sugar (FBS), IL-6, TNF-?, and hs-CRP using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Multivariate linear regression and Pearson correlation were used in the statistical study. Results: Mean FBS in T2DM patients was significantly higher than in controls (172.93 ± 27.93 vs 70.24 ± 8.51 mg/dL, p<0.001). IL-6 (15.27 ± 4.88 pg/mL), TNF-? (25.14 ± 6.10 pg/mL), and hs-CRP (9.65 ± 2.34 mg/L) were significantly elevated in diabetics (p<0.001). Positive correlations were found between FBS and IL-6 (r = 0.548, p < 0.001), TNF-? (r = 0.416, p < 0.001), and hs-CRP (r = 0.378, p < 0.001). Disease duration was also positively associated with IL-6 (r = 0.355, p = 0.002). Conclusion: Poor glycemic control and the severity of the disease are directly correlated with inflammatory cytokines, which are markedly raised in type 2 diabetes. These biomarkers may act as predictive tools and targets for therapeutic intervention in T2DM therapy.
Prevalence of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Its Associated Factors among Health Care Workers in Imo State, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-01) Ahaneku, EB; Okonkwo, CI; Ezika, CA; Ewuru, SN; Iyeh, UJ; Madukwe, JC; Ogbusu, DC.
Background: Vaccine hesitancy is an important public health concern which leaves healthcare workers at a high risk of getting infected with COVID-19. The lack in acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine sets the stage for increased morbidity and mortality among every age group globally. Therefore, acceptance of the vaccine is an effective strategy and major role in combating COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Health Care Workers in Imo state, Nigeria. Methodology: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study on the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its associated factors among HCWs in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri and Imo State University Teaching Hospital, Orlu. An electronic survey heart questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Science v23 and the result was presented using frequencies and proportions. Results: The overall prevalence of hesitant among HCWs in Imo state is 35.4%. The majority of the participants are female (54.2%) single (53.6 %) and with a first degree as the highest level of education (70.9%) A higher proportion of Non-Vaccine hesitant compared to vaccine hesitant reported that COVID 19 infection is real, (96.9%, 81.3%); A higher proportion of Vaccine hesitant compared to non-vaccine hesitant reported that they do not trust information from the internet/social media about COVID-19 and vaccine, (80.5%, 64.7%); that information from internet/social media made them worry about taking vaccine, (65.0%, 58.5%); that they feel there isn’t enough information about vaccine and its safety, (54.5%, 42.9%); A higher proportion of Non-Vaccine hesitant compared to vaccine hesitant reported that their consideration for the vaccine depend on how safe it is perceived, (84.4%, 80.5%); that their consideration for the vaccine depend on how long it has been tested, (74.6%, 69.6%); A higher proportion of Vaccine hesitant compared to non-vaccine hesitant reported that their consideration for the vaccine does not depend on the vaccine cost, (78.9%, 71.9%). Conclusion: In this study approximately 1 out of every 3 HCWs surveyed reported being vaccine hesitant. Having hesitant among HCWs is a drawback to the success of the ongoing mass vaccination and COVID-19 eradication.
Effects of COVID-19 on Dental Surgery Teaching Methods among Final Year Students in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Post-Pandemic Study
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-01) Imediegwu, KU; Nwachukwu, CC; Asuquo, BB; Enechionyia, KC; Uzodufa, SA; Ezeanolue, CM; Alex, MA; Chukwumaeze, CE; Udeogu, KE; Onah, ZO; Chukwuani, JC; Ezem, FC; Anakwue, OC; Aniebo, AC; Mojekwu, IA; Okonkwo, JK
Background: The COVID-19 Pandemic which took the world by a storm in the year 2020 has had a far-reaching effect on all segments of human development, and especially on education and dental surgery, through the social distancing measures and the phases of lockdowns it imposed, infection prevention measures, among other things. Objectives: To assess the impact COVID-19 has had on dental surgery teaching methods and skill acquisition among final year students of dentistry and dental surgery in a developing country like Nigeria. Methodology: A cross-sectional study of final-year dental students across four (4) dental schools in Nigeria using a structured online Google form. Data was collected from fifty-four (54) respondents and the data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: The respondents agreed that COVID-19 reduced metrics such as physical practical sessions (83.3% of the respondents), contact times with patients (85.2%), physical classes’ reduction (31.5%), theatre experiences (61.1%), ability to meet up with training requirements (72.2%), flow chart affectation (79.6%), and availability of equipment for dental surgery training (53.7%). The cost of training increased according to 70.4% of the respondents while dental skills acquisition further reduced according to 61.1% of the respondents. There was an association between the institution of study and the effect of the pandemic on dental skills acquisition, however, the association wasn’t significant (Fischer’s exact value – 15.326. Degrees of significance p = 0.06. There was also no significant correlation between age and the effect of the pandemic on dental skills acquisition. (Pearson’s correlate = -0.030, Significance (2-tailed) = 0.892) Conclusion: The effect of COVID-19 on dental surgery teaching methods have been largely negative, reducing amount of practical sessions, reducing student’s interaction with patients, increasing cost and length of training among other negative effects, with a minor increase in access to journal groups and website links. Recommendation: Despite the reduction in overall teaching experience, there is a need to inculcate training in infection prevention and control to arm dental trainees with the wherewithal to protect themselves from infection. In addition, to further improve access to the online classes, the government can channel a part of the budget on education towards subsidizing the cost of data access to online learning platforms like Zoom and Google meet, by liaising with internet service providers and making provision for WiFi in the different campuses.
Utilisation of Emergency Contraceptives among Female Undergraduates at the University of Kabianga, Kenya
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) NGOSOSEI, ELIUD
Background: Emergency contraception (EC) refers to contraceptive methods for the prevention of pregnancy resulting from unprotected sexual intercourse. They are very effective and can prevent up to 95% of unintended pregnancies if used within five days of sexual intercourse. To lessen complications from an unwanted pregnancy, emergency contraceptives can be an advantage. Africa requires a comprehensive contraceptive program to avert unwanted pregnancies and maternal mortality related to the termination of pregnancy. Objective: This study sought to determine the prevalence of emergency contraceptive utilisation among female undergraduate students of the University of Kabianga, Kenya. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was adopted to collect quantitative data. Stratified random sampling was used to select students. The sample size of the study was 154. Each year of study formed strata. Self-administered questionnaires were used. Data was analysed to determine the prevalence, where percentages, pie diagrams and bar charts were generated. Results: The majority of the respondents were utilising EC with a prevalence rate of 70%. The majority used oral contraceptive pills (97.4%) and intra-uterine contraceptive device (2.6%). A total of 44.6% of the respondents had used EC more than twice, once at 35.8% and twice at 19.6%. Almost half of the respondents were frequently using EC (40%), followed by those who had never used it (20%), (15%) who mostly frequently used it, (14%) who use it occasionally and (12%) who rarely use the emergency contraceptives. Conclusion: The majority of the respondents utilised emergency contraceptives at 70%. The oral pill (Postinor 2) was the popular form, with 97.4% of intrauterine contraceptive devices at 2.6% being the least used. A large number of female students used oral emergency contraceptives more than three times, meaning they need health education on contraception methods that have dual benefits as emergency contraceptives and long-term, like Intrauterine contraceptive devices.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection among Secondary School Adolescents in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) IRABOR, M; UGWU, RO; GEORGE, IO; JAJA, TC
Introduction: Helicobacter pylori is an infectious organism affecting man which occurs worldwide, more prevalent in developing countries including Nigeria. It is the most frequent cause of peptic ulcers in children and is linked to the emergence of gastric cancers in adults. H. pylori is usually acquired in childhood and may persistent into adulthood without treatment. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection among secondary school adolescents in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria Methods: It was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out using 402 adolescents aged 10 to 18 years attending secondary schools in randomly selected two public and twenty-two private schools in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area, Port Harcourt Metropolis, from May 2021 to July 2021. The adolescents' sociodemographic, household characteristics and hygiene practices were entered into a proforma. Stool antigen test was carried out on each subject’s stool. A mixture of dilution buffer and stool was centrifuged to obtain the supernatant. H. pylori Stool Antigen dipstick was dipped into the supernatant and results read within 5-10 minutes. A colored line shows a positive result when it appears in the test region, but a negative result when it does not. If no line appears in the control region, the test result was interpreted as being invalid. Results: Infection with H. pylori was prevalent in 59.7% of adolescents aged 10 to 18 years. Statistically significant difference was found with increasing age, poor hand washing practice after toilet use and poor hygiene practice in washing of vegetables before eating and lower mother’s education with (p < 0.05). Predictors of H. pylori infection were lower mother’s educational level (OR-1.744, 95%Cl=1.066; 2.853, p=0.027), poor handwashing practices after toilet use (OR-1.668, 95%Cl=1.073; 2.594, p=0.023), and poor hygiene practice in washing of vegetables before consumption (OR-8.781, 95%Cl=1.102; 60.972, p=0.040) respectively. Conclusion: The high prevalence of H. pylori infection could be attributed to the poor hygiene practices of the adolescents and the low educational level of their mothers. There is need to strengthen school health programs through quality health education on good hand hygiene practices and consumption of properly washed vegetables. There should be provision of adequate clean water in schools and improvement in the education of the girl child.
Association between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Iron Deficiency in Sudanese Population in Khartoum State
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-01) Mohammed Amged, Ameen; Salman Taha Ahmed, Elmukashfi; Mohammed Abdalsalam, Ahmed Ali; Hisham Nour, Aldayem Altayeb; Husham M taha, aloob; Amira. H., Arman
Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is a major gastric infection worldwide and has been associated with many gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases including hematological disorders. Objective: Aimed to study the association between H. pylori infection and iron deficiency among Sudanese population. Materials and Methods: This is analytical case control study, conducted in Sudan, Khartoum state in Omdurman locality, during the period from May 2018 to April 2019. Include 100 samples, the stool and blood samples were collected from 100 Sudanese subjects (50 were infected with H. pylori as cases and 50 were apparently healthy subjects as controls). Stool samples were tested for H. pylori Ag by commercially available kits (HanzouAllTest Biotech Co., Ltd, Germany), all blood samples were analyzed for complete blood count using (SYSMEX KX21N) automated analyzer and serum iron profile (iron, ferritin, and TIBC) using spectrophotometery and turbidimetry. The obtained results is analyzed by SPSS versions 16.0, significant level was set at p-value equal or less than 0.05 and the results were presented in form of tables and figures. Results: The results of H. pylori antigen were positive in all cases and negative in control samples. Serum iron level mean was significantly lower among H. pylori positive patient (62±18.1) than control group (91.3±16.7) (p-value 0.001), serum ferritin level mean was significantly lower in H. pylori infected patients (36.8±16.5) than control group (64±16.4) (p-value 0.003), hemoglobin level mean was significantly lower in H. pylori patients (12.5 ±1.1) than control group (13.8±1.0) (p-value 0.009), PCV level mean was lower in H. pylori patients (37.6±3.1) than control group (41±3.0) (p-value .036), TIBC mean was 313 in cases and 308 in control samples. All other parameters showed no significant difference between H. pylori positive patients and control subjects. Conclusion: This study concluded that H. pylori infection is lead to iron deficiency in Sudanese patients.
Microfilaremic Loiasis and Mansonella perstans Infection Prevalence and Sociodemographic Risk Factors in Urban and Rural Provinces of Gabon, Central Africa
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-01) Akomezoghe, LN; M’bondoukwé, NP; Mouandza, RM; Ngomo, JMN; Ditombi, BCM; Mihindou, CJ; Mabicka, DAM; Mengome, MFA; Ngondza, BP; Kombila, M; Akotet, MKB; Mboumba, DPM.
Introduction: Loiasis and blood mansonellosis are parasitic vector borne diseases, the most widespread in Gabon after malaria. Loiasis presents all characteristics of a Neglected Tropical Diseases with recent implication on excess mortality among hypermicrofilaremia patients and Mansonella perstans seems to interact with other pathogens. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and sociodemographic risk factors associated with loiasis and blood mansonellosis in three provinces of Gabon with different levels of urbanization. Methods: Participants were recruited in the province of Woleu-Ntem (rural area), Ngounié (rural area) and Estuaire (urban area). This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2020 to April 2022. Sociodemographic data were collected and venous blood was collected in an EDTA tube for detection of Loa loa and Mansonella perstans microfilariae by direct microscopic examination and leukoconcentration techniques. Results: A total of 2,132 participants were included: 1,342 in the Woleu-Ntem, 492 in the Estuaire and 298 in the Ngounié. Loiasis prevalence was 23.6% (n=503/2,132), 8.7% (n= 185/2,132) for Mansonella perstans infection and 2.4% (n=51/2,131) for co-infection in the study population. Loa loa was found more frequently in Woleu-Ntem compared to Ngounié (OR: 1.9 [CI 95%: 1.4-2.8]; p< 0.01) and Estuaire (OR: 2.9 [CI 95%: 2.1-4.1]; p< 0.01). Regarding Mansonella perstans, the risk of having microfilaremia was 14 and 7 times higher in Ngounié compared to Estuaire (OR: 14.7 [CI 95%: 7.9-29.8]) (p< 0.01) and Woleu-Ntem (OR: 7.3 [CI 95%: 5.2-10.3]) (p< 0.01). The microfilaremia geometric mean was significantly higher in the group of infected inhabitants from Ngounié sites (p< 0.01). No risk factors were found in Estuaire province for both filariasis. In Ngounié, participants older than 29 years old were less frequently infected by Loa loa and Mansonella perstans (p< 0.01). In Woleu-Ntem, men and the older people were more infected than their counterparts (p< 0.01). Conclusions: Loiasis and blood mansonellosis burden are higher in rural settings, although also present in the Estuaire. Age and gender were differently associated with these blood filariasis carriage in the three provinces.
Acceptability of Positive Deviance Mentorship for Diabetes Management among HIV Clients Living with Diabetes in Eastern Uganda a Cross-Sectional Study
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-01) Okia, D; Kimiywe, J; Olupot-Olupot, P; Mwanzo, I.
Introduction: The high risk of PLHIV on ART to become diabetes clients and to develop metabolic disorders is well investigated. Regular monitoring and health care is an essential requirement. A majority of HIV clients living with diabetes have poor diabetes knowledge and poor treatment outcomes. Positive deviance mentorship may be a better option for improving diabetes knowledge and treatment outcomes among registered HIV clients living with diabetes. Assessing the acceptability of public health interventions is key to understanding their potential for long-term success and feasibility. Limited literature exists about the acceptability of positive deviant mentorship (PDM) for improving knowledge and treatment outcomes among HIV clients living with diabetes. The findings of this study provide additional important insights for improving future positive deviance HIV and diabetes interventions and enhancing health programs and sustainability. Aim: This study, conducted in October 2024, quantitatively evaluated the acceptability of the positive deviant mentorship for improving knowledge and treatment outcomes among diabetes clients living with HIV (mentees) exposed to PDM for three months (July to September) in Eastern Uganda. Study Design: In October 2024, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in Mbale and Soroti Regional Referral Hospitals in Eastern Uganda. Materials and Methods: The sample size was twenty-two registered participants exposed to PDM for three months. Purposive sampling was done to select eligible registered exposed participants. Electronic data collection was done using a structured questionnaire by trained research assistants. The twenty-two participants were asked to rate their agreement with various statements regarding the PDM's perceived satisfaction, effectiveness, and cultural suitability. All the research assistants were trained in data quality management. Ethical approval was obtained from Busitema University REC. Stata version 15 was used for analysis. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were employed, to summarise the acceptability scores. Results: All the 22(100%) participants participated in the study. The majority (77.3%) were above the age of 50 years, 54.6% were married, and only 13.6% had tertiary education. More than half of the participants, 54.5%, were employed, and a relatively large proportion, 59.1%, lived within a radius of 5 km from the nearest Health facility. The Muslims were only 31.8% and 45.4% of the participants' source of funds when sick was salary or business. A majority of the participants 95.5% were satisfied (very satisfied/satisfied) with positive deviant mentorship(intervention) and 95.4% would recommend the interventions to other HIV clients with low diabetes knowledge and poor glycemic control. A large proportion of the participants 91% perceived the intervention as feasible and effective in achieving its goals. Almost all the participants 95.5% felt the intervention was culturally appropriate for them. Conclusions: The study revealed that Positive deviant mentorship is highly acceptable among the research participants in Soroti and Mbale Hospitals Eastern Uganda. The positive deviant mentorship-prescribed activities were easy to do and were culturally appropriate. This intervention is recommended for HIV clients living with diabetes who have low diabetes knowledge and poor glycemic control in similar contexts. This study's limitations include selection bias, recall bias, a cross-sectional design, and a small sample size. These were mitigated during the data collection, mentorship and analysis process.
Routine Perioperative Viral Screening for HBV, HCV, and HIV: A cost Analysis in Tow Hospitals in Eastern Saudi Arabia
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-05) Mohamed, AMM; Osthman, EIA; Dafeeri, ASA; Anazi, AKA; Faki, FSDA
Background: Universal or routine preoperative viral screening has been advocated as a strategy to reduce risks related to staff health and infection prevention. Recently, there has been a suggestion that routine preoperative viral screening could also benefit patients by enabling the detection of previously undiagnosed cases. This early detection could potentially lead to better management and intervention before the onset of conditions like AIDS, cirrhosis, or liver carcinoma. Objectives: To conduct a comprehensive cost analysis and determine the prevalence of positive cases identified through routine preoperative viral screening among surgical patients at two major Hafer Albatin Hospitals from 2021 to 2023. In addition to assessing the Prevalence of Positive Cases, conduct a cost analysis of screening procedures and evaluate the local screening criteria against international standards. Materials and Methods: The study involved 2696 patients who underwent surgery over the past three years. It was a retrospective study, based medical records from Central Hospital and King Khalid Hospital of Hafer Albatin, Diagnostic tools like ELISA are pivotal in Hafer Ablation Hospital's preoperative viral screening. Results: Five patients were positive for HCV with ELISA, then confirmed with PCR. Conclusion: In conclusion, the growing interest and concern regarding infection transmission among healthcare workers represent a positive development. However, this concern must extend beyond transmission solely from patients to staff. It should also encompass transmission from staff to patients, from the environment to patients, and among patients themselves. Comprehensive infection control measures should address all potential transmission routes to ensure the safety and well-being of healthcare workers and patients.
An Epidemiological Study of AES (Acute Encephalitis Syndrome) Outbreak 2019 in Muzaffarpur District, Bihar, India
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-05) Topno, RK; Pandey, K; Siddiqui, NA; Rabibas, V; Sinha, SK; Kumar, A; Kumar, M; Dikhit, MR; Madhukar, M; Dinesh, DS; Kesari, S; Kumar, V; Kumar, S; Ansari, MZ; Mandal, R; Das, P
Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is a major public health concern in India, especially in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, as outbreaks of this neurological disorder have brought on significant morbidity and mortality. It is usually characterized by sudden fever, seizures, confusion, and altered mental status in children along with infectious agents, environmental factors, and malnutrition. It is evident during litchi harvest (April-June), affecting malnourished children from poor families. Among 622 AES cases from May till July 2019; a significant majority were found to have higher mortality and morbidity indices among female Scheduled Caste children. Access barriers in the social and cultural context delayed health care in the event of morbidity. Earlier speculation about associating litchi intake was set aside as most of affected children stayed far from orchards. Clinically, it manifests with fever starting suddenly associated with seizures, altered sensorium, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, and elevated biomarkers CPK, LDH, and ammonia. High humidity and inadequate mosquito net use are linked. However, these observational studies could not show laboratory evidence of vectors of Japanese encephalitis. Priorities in action include strengthening surveillance, nutrition, education, and better health care access.
Spatial Awareness of Colonoscopy for Colon Cancer Screening among the Elderly Population in Enugu North LGA, Enugu State, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Uchechukwu, Ofodile Francis; Mathew, Chidera Ugwuanyi; Uche, Ikechukwu Emmanuel; Arinze, Queen Uchechi; Uchechukwu, Michael Chinonso; Chiazor, Adim Kessiena; Enemuo, Vincent Chidi; Uyor, Miracle
Colon cancer is one of the major health concerns globally. In Enugu North LGA of Nigeria, elderly residents have low awareness and uptake of colonoscopy. This study examines factors influencing screening awareness and accessibility, to reduce colorectal cancer mortality. A cross-sectional survey of 300 elderly residents was conducted using purposive stratified sampling. Data on demographics, awareness, and perceived barriers were collected via questionnaires, while GIS was employed to map screening centres and travel time. For data analysis, logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with colonoscopy awareness. With a total of 300 distributed questionnaires, 244 were filled up completely and returned, giving a response rate of 78.3%. Among the respondents, the largest number (58.6%) were 60–64 years old and slightly more than half (58.6%) were female. Additionally, 20.5% of the participants, had prior knowledge of colonoscopy, with 46.2% stating hospitals as the main source of their orientation. While 79.5% of the participants had no prior knowledge of colonoscopy. Targeted interventions, including education campaigns, cost subsidies, and expanded screening services, are needed to improve colonoscopy uptake. Engaging healthcare providers, community leaders, and media can enhance outreach and reduce colorectal cancer mortality.
Mixed Plasmodium Species Infections and Malaria Susceptibility among Fulani, Lobi and Birifor Ethnic Groups in Bouna, Côte d’Ivoire
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-05) Amiah, MA; Okou, DT; Gnagne, PA; Niangaly, A; Diallo, N; Konaté-Touré, A; N’Guetta, S-PA; Yavo, W
Background: Malaria remains a major health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. One of the main challenges that researchers are facing in eliminating the parasite is chemoresistance to antimalarial drugs. Resistance to artemisinin, the main molecule of drug combinations used in malaria treatment, has been observed in Asia, as well as in Africa. Aims: The aim is to study malaria susceptibility among a rural population of Bouna, in Côte d’Ivoire, that includes the Fulani and understand the influence of mixed infections on this susceptibility. Methodology: This is a Cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in ten villages of Niandegué (Bouna, Côte d’Ivoire) between June and September 2018. Two hundred and sixty-five (265) participants were enrolled. They included the Fulani (181), Lobi (70), and Birifor (14) sub-populations, with ages ranging from 4 to 15 years. Four (4) ml of whole blood were collected for the identification of Plasmodium species using RDT-HRP2, blood smears, and PCR tests. Results: This study shows differences in malaria susceptibility among populations living in Bouna. The Fulani ethnic group are associated with asymptomatic malaria (107/181) and the Lobi with symptomatic malaria (16/70) (P=.002). Multiple correspondence analysis show that the Birifor ethnic group has low malaria susceptibility as the Fulani. This study also highlights that triple infections (Plasmodium falciparum/Plasmodiium malariae/Plasmodiium ovale) are less observed in Fulani people compared to the other groups (P = 0.038). Conclusion: The Fulani seem to have developed a cross-species immunity which able them to resist to malaria. Birifor also seems to be less susceptible to malaria. More studies targeting the Fulani but also the Birifor ethnic groups need to be carried out to attest the results fund and well understand the mechanism of their resistance to malaria.
Radiology in Emergency Medicine in Three Common Usages
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-05) Kothari, R; Pandey, MK; Solanki, B; Mishra, H
Emergency medicine relies profoundly on radiological imaging to provide crucial diagnostic insights for the swift and accurate assessment and management of patients grappling with traumatic injuries, acute strokes, and acute abdominal conditions. This review paper meticulously examines the pivotal role of radiology in the landscape of emergency medicine, honing in on three critical domains: trauma imaging, stroke imaging, and acute abdominal imaging. The exploration of trauma imaging unfolds the essential role played by computed tomography (CT) scans and X-rays, unraveling the complexities of traumatic injuries. The review delves into the specific protocols guiding trauma imaging. It emphasizes the importance of rapid acquisition and interpretation, highlighting the synergy between radiology and timely interventions in the trauma care continuum. In the realm of stroke imaging, the paper dissects the nuances of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as indispensable tools for acute stroke assessment. It sheds light on the advantages and limitations of each modality, underscoring the urgency of early and accurate diagnosis through imaging in guiding interventions such as thrombolytic therapy. The section on acute abdominal imaging navigates the intricate landscape of abdominal pathologies, elucidating the roles of CT scans and ultrasound in the evaluation of conditions like appendicitis, bowel obstructions, and abdominal trauma. The paper underscores the significance of integrating clinical findings with imaging results, emphasizing the synergy between these modalities for optimal patient care in emergency settings. This review illuminates the integral role of radiological imaging in emergency medicine, serving as an essential compass for healthcare professionals. By dissecting trauma imaging, stroke imaging, and acute abdominal imaging, it provides a comprehensive understanding of the various modalities employed, including CT scans and X-rays for trauma, and CT and MRI for stroke assessment. This exploration contributes to the broader goal of enhancing diagnostic accuracy, guiding timely interventions, and ultimately improving patient outcomes in the challenging and dynamic landscape of emergency medicine.
Rehabilitation of Traumatic Lesion of the Brachial Plexus: A Case Report
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Díaz-Martínez, L; Gómez-Vega, VM; Flores-Vargas, G; Padilla-Raygoza, N.
Aims: Most brachial plexus lesions are traumatic etiology, compromise the function of the upper limb and are often accompanied by neuropathic pain. In most cases, surgery is the best treatment; however, the recovery time is around two years, or it may not be a complete recovery. It is difficult to determine the location, extension and severity by physical examination, so electro physiology studies are required for diagnosis. Electromyography is important and must be performed carefully especially in muscles that are clinical weakness. Sample and Study Design: Report of a case. Description of Case: This is the case of a 54-year-old female patient, who was received in the emergency room, with a luxation of the right shoulder by a car accident. After three attempts, the dislocation was reduced. The patient was referred to rehabilitation where a probable lesion for right brachial plexus elongation was detected. The patient received 5 months of rehabilitation treatment with functional electrotherapy, sensory stimulation and use of antioxidant medications, neuromodulators and disodium monofostate cytidine. An electromyography was conducted before and after the rehabilitation treatment which suggested an improvement for patient recovery. Conclusion: This case is an example that some lesions of brachial plexus can be management without surgery.
Liver Functions in Malaria Infected Children between the Ages of 0-15 in Uniosun Teaching Hospital Osun State, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Oniye, AH; Oluwakemi, RJ; Ebun, AB; Peter, AR; Olatunbosun, AF; Ehilenbalu, IS; Raphael, A
Introduction: Children under the age of 15 are especially susceptible to severe outcomes, including multi-organ complications, from malaria, an acute febrile illness caused by Plasmodium parasites that is spread through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The liver, an organ crucial to metabolism and immunity, is affected during malaria infection, frequently leading to biochemical alterations indicative of hepatocellular injury. Despite its significance, the precise impact of malaria on liver function parameters in children is still poorly understood. Aim: To assess liver function parameters in children aged 0–15 years with malaria and determine key predictors of infection, thereby clarifying the extent of liver involvement in pediatric malaria cases. Specific Objective: To measure liver function markers (ALP, AST, ALT, total protein, bilirubin, albumin, and globulin) in children with malaria. To compare liver function parameters between malaria-infected children and healthy controls. To identify significant predictors of malaria infection based on liver function tests. To assess the degree of liver involvement in pediatric malaria cases. To evaluate the correlation between liver function parameters and demographic factors such as age and gender. To determine whether liver function alterations in malaria-infected children indicate subclinical hepatocellular injury. To highlight the importance of routine liver function monitoring in children with malaria to prevent complications. Methods: In Osun State, Nigeria, a tertiary teaching hospital hosted a cross-sectional study. Children with malaria and controls who were not infected made up the 100 participants in total. In order to diagnose malaria and perform liver function tests, venous blood samples were obtained and examined using standard laboratory techniques. To find important variations and correlations, data were statistically examined. Results: The results showed no significant correlations (p > 0.05) between liver function measures and demographic factors including age and gender. However, total protein and albumin were found to be significant predictors of malaria infection (p < 0.05) using logistic regression analysis. The infected and control groups' mean values of the liver enzymes AST, ALT, and ALP varied little, indicating subclinical hepatocellular injury. These findings highlight how vulnerable the liver is to damage from malaria and how some measures may serve as markers of the severity of the illness. Conclusion: This study shows that changes in enzyme levels and indicators of protein synthesis indicate that malaria can have a substantial effect on liver function. In order to reduce the risk of sequelae, the results highlight the necessity of routine liver function monitoring in children with malaria. Improved knowledge of the hepatic effects of malaria can direct clinical treatment and enhance the outcomes for pediatric patients.
A Survey of Gastrointestinal Helminthes Parasites in Domestic cats of Morogoro, Tanzania: Zoonotic Implications
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-03) Makundi, I; Sanga, G
Background and Aims: Gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites of domestic cats are routinely diagnosed and significantly pose potential health threats for humans and animals. Studies on the GIT parasites of domestic cats have received little interest in Tanzania—the current study aimed at investigating the prevalence of GIT parasites in domestic cats. Study design: This is a cross-sectional study design. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in selected urban regions of Morogoro, Tanzania, between March and December 2022. Methodology: A total of 120 healthy cats' fecal swabs were collected, processed by egg concentration procedures, and examined. Results: Out of 120 fecal swabs tested, 59 (49.2%: 95% CI=40.1–58.2) were found infected with 5 different parasites. The parasites detected were, Ancylostoma tubaeforme 27.5% (95% CI=19.4%–35.6%), Uncinaria stenocephala 20% (95% CI=12.7%–27.3%), Taenia taeniaeformis 17.5% (95% CI=10.6%–24.4%) and 7.5% (95% CI=2.7%–12.3%) each for Physaloptera spp. and Toxocara cati. Conclusion: The presence of GIT parasites especially of zoonotic potential such as hookworms, Uncinaria stenocephala, and roundworms, Toxocara cati in domestic cats are of great significance to public health. Therefore, the control and treatment of parasites in cats are necessary in order to minimize the source and transmission of parasites in animals and the exposure of humans to zoonotic agents.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Community Health Workers on Household Sanitation and Hygiene in Rural Tanzania
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-03) Samani, LP; Mwanga, J; Basinda, N; Msaki, E; Kadigi, M.
Background: Access to improved sanitation, adherence to good hygienic practices, and adequate supply of safe water are very crucial factors for the health and well-being of people within the household and the entire community. Household sanitation and hygiene promotion has largely been done by community health workers in most places in Tanzania and worldwide, especially in rural and marginalized areas. Despite the presence of community health workers in Tanzania as primary health providers, WASH-sensitive indicators such as diarrhea, stunted growth, and typhoid are still high. However, little has been done to assess their knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding household sanitation and hygiene. Aim: This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices among community health workers on household sanitation and hygiene at Mbarali and Mbeya rural districts in Mbeya region, south-west highlands of Tanzania. Methods: The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. The sample size was estimated by using Yamane formula for calculating sample size. Data for the study were collected for one month, questionnaire guide and observation checklist were used as data collection methods. Data were entered in STATA version 15 databases by two research assistants, and then data were cleaned, validated and analyzed. Descriptive analyses included frequencies and percentages of socio-demographic characteristics such as age, sex, education, knowledge, attitude, and practice of hygiene and sanitation. To determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and respondents 'KAP, a bivariate chi-square test was conducted. A threshold of 0.05 p-values was used for statistical significance. Results: A total of 391CHWs were recruited. Out of 391CHWs, 184 (47.1%) had adequate knowledge regarding household sanitation and hygiene, while 207(52.9%) CHWs had inadequate knowledge. 74.4% of the CHWs had a positive attitude towards, whilst 25.6% of the participants had a negative attitude regarding household sanitation and hygiene. A total of 128 (33.0%) had good practices, while (67.1%) of the participants had poor practices regarding household sanitation and hygiene. High education level and the short period from the last training on sanitation and hygiene were found to be associated with adequate knowledge (p=0012) and (p=0.008) respectively. Female participants were found to have good practices (p=0.015) than their counterparts. The observation checklist revealed that, of the total 391CHWs, 206(52.7%) CHWs didn’t receive the needed cooperation from the community members, though they had all the necessary equipment for home visits. On house-to-house visits, only 28 CHWs had all the necessary equipment. None of the CHWs had allowance at the end of the visit. Conclusion: The findings of this study underscore the need to check CHW programs to match their needs as per their roles to strengthen the knowledge, attitude, and practices hence ensuring efficiency in their provision of primary health services and promotion of improvement in household sanitation and hygiene particularly in household sanitation and hygiene.
Concordance of Cervical Cancer Screening Methods in a Low-Resource Setting
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Nzeribe, EA; Ibe, SN; Nwoko, E; Dozie, INS; Ekeleme, UG; Dozie, UW; Iwuoha, G; Eteike, P; Chukwuocha, UM.
Background: Cervical cancer poses a major public health challenge, especially in low-resource settings where advanced screening is scarce. Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) and Visual Inspection with Lugol’s Iodine (VILI) serve as alternatives to HPV testing. This study evaluates their concordance with HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in Imo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June 2023 across three geopolitical zones of Imo State. A total of 257 women underwent VIA, VILI, and HPV DNA testing. Sensitivity, specificity, Cohen’s kappa value, and Youden’s Index were used to assess concordance. Results: HPV positivity was 43.6%, while VIA and VILI positivity rates were 11.3% and 28.8%, respectively. VIA had a sensitivity of 18.8%, specificity of 94.5%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 72.4%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 60.1%. VILI showed higher sensitivity (42.0%) but lower specificity (81.4%), with a PPV of 63.5% and NPV of 64.5%. Cohen’s kappa values for VIA and VILI were 0.142 and 0.243, respectively, indicating slight to fair agreement with HPV testing. Youden’s Index values were 0.133 for VIA and 0.234 for VILI, reflecting low diagnostic performance. Conclusion: VIA and VILI demonstrated limited sensitivity and low concordance with HPV testing. VILI performed slightly better, but both methods exhibited poor agreement, highlighting the need for improved screening strategies. Combining visual inspection with more sensitive techniques may enhance diagnostic accuracy. Further research is needed to refine and integrate screening methods in low-resource settings.
Accessing Online Health-related Information by Parents of Children with Neurologic Disorders in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-03) Wonodi, W; Okari, TG; Otokunefor, O.
Background: Parental use of online search engines to get information about their children’s illnesses is a common practice in developed countries. This online search is becoming part of our society, especially in the face of chronic disorders. Objectives: This study was undertaken to ascertain the proportion of parents of children with neurological disorders browsing the internet for medical information and factors associated with this behaviour. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the paediatric neurology clinic of the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, where 106 child-parent pairs were consecutively recruited. A questionnaire was used to collect information on biodata and their use of the internet to access information on their children’s diseases. Data was analysed with SPSS 23, with statistical significance set at P value < 0.05. Results: The mean ages of the children, mothers and fathers were 5.5±4.6 years, 37.2±6.9 years and 44.6±6.9 years respectively. Most mothers (63.2%) and fathers (61.3%) had attained tertiary education and were of middle socioeconomic class. Of the 54(50.9%) parents who had browsed the internet, 49(90.7%) used Google, and 50(92.6%) browsed with their phones. Among those who searched for information online, only 11(20.4%) discussed such information with a physician. Tertiary education among parents and middle socioeconomic status were significantly associated with browsing the internet. Conclusion: A good proportion (50.4%) of educated parents are browsing the internet for more medical information on their children’s illnesses but few are verifying such information with physicians. There is therefore a need to counsel parents on the proper websites to get accurate information.

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