International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health

Permanent URI for this collection

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151213

Chief Editor: Prof. William Ebomoyi
ISSN: 2278–1005

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.sciencedomain.org/journal-home.php?id=19

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 748

Assessment of the Knowledge Level of COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccine Hesitancy amongst Final-Year Medical Students in Southeast Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-10) Imediegwu, KU; Anyamene, EL; Ndupu, RI; Tietie, UE; Ohadinma, DU; Ugonna, NO; Ugwu, VN; Anikpo, EF; Okechukwu, EC; Ike-Agbo, IK; Onwuasoigwe, CA; Anya, BC; Uchegbu, EV; Ibe, LC; Ogundipe, AM.
Background: Despite how ravaging and deadly COVID-19 infection is, vaccine hesitancy is high among the uneducated, medical students, and health workers, who as frontline workers, should lead by example and drive COVID-19 vaccination efforts. Objectives: This research aims to assess the knowledge level of COVID-19 vaccines among final-year medical students in Southeast-Nigeria universities and determine the factors responsible for the hesitancy of this vaccine among them. Methodology: A cross-sectional study of final-year medical students in six medical schools in Southeast Nigeria using an electronically distributed structured, validated online Google form amongst final-year medical students from which 125 of them responded. Results: Out of a sample of 125 final-year medical students, 123 (98.4%) are aware of COVID-19 vaccines while 2 (1.6%) lack knowledge of COVID-19 vaccines. The demographics of the final year medical students comprised 68 (58%) males and 57 (45.6%) females, 74.4% (93/125) of the respondents do not have a preference for any vaccine while 25.6% (33/125), shows a preference for various vaccine types. 95 (76%) final year medical students have not been vaccinated as against 30 (24%) who have received the vaccine for the Covid-19 virus, this large gap in the vaccination ratio accounted for many factors ranging from safety, availability, side effects, etc. Conclusion: The level of awareness of COVID-19 vaccines is very high among final-year medical students but it is not equivalent to the level of uptake of the vaccines. Despite being future healthcare professionals, medical students' vaccination rates remain suboptimal, highlighting a significant vaccine hesitancy and a large gap between knowledge and practice. Understanding and addressing these underlying factors is crucial to improving vaccine uptake and ensuring that medical students, as future healthcare leaders, are equipped to promote evidence-based public health practice.
Epidemiology of Mansonella perstans and Loa loa: Prevalence and Specific Risk Factors in Njombe-Penja Health District, Littoral Region of Cameroon
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-10) Akumeyam, EA; Ambele, CF.
Aim: This epidemiological survey aimed to determine the prevalence and specific risk factors of Mansonella perstans and Loa loa infections in the Njombe-Penja Health District of Cameroon. This region is endemic for filarial infections, posing significant public health burden. Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 360 participants, representing various occupational groups and areas of settlements. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Njombe-Penja Health District of the Littoral Region of Cameroon. Recruitment of participants, biological samples collection and questionnaire administration was done over a period of 1 month (July 2023). Methodology: Fifty microliters (50 礚) of peripheral blood was collected using capillary tubes, and analyzed for microfilarial presence and load. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic characteristics, exposure to risk factors, and preventive practices. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests with p-values, and odds ratios were calculated to identify significant associations. Results: The results showed a prevalence of 45.8% for M. perstans and 19.4% for L. loa, with higher infection rates among farmers, especially those working in the large scale banana farming sector, and those living near water bodies (P = .002, OR = 3.15). Poor environmental sanitation (P = .004, OR = 2.75), and low monthly income (< 50,000 CFA) (P = .001, OR = 2.32), were also significantly associated with increased infection risk. Although 70.0% of participants were aware of the diseases, only 50.0% could identify key symptoms. Preventive measures like using bed nets and insect repellents were linked to a lower risk of infection (P =.003, OR = 2.10). Conclusion: Mansonella perstans and L. loa infections are highly prevalent in the district, driven by occupational exposure, socioeconomic factors, and environmental risks. Interventions should focus on improving sanitation, enhancing public health education, and expanding healthcare access.
The Prevalence of Abnormal Cervical Cytology at Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-10) Obiano, EV; Laima, CH; Farouk, HU.
Introduction: Cervical cancer continues to be a significant public health concern, ranking as the fourth most common cancer among women globally, with approximately 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths reported in 2020 (World Health Organization, 2020). The burden of cervical cancer disproportionately affects women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where access to effective screening and treatment options is often limited. Early detection and treatment of cervical premalignant lesions are crucial in reducing the incidence and mortality associated with this preventable disease. The objectives of this study was to determine the prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology, the histological types and patient characteristics among patients attending the Gynaecology/postnatal clinic of Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe State, Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective study of all cervical smears received and processed at the Pathology laboratory of Federal Teaching Hospital between January 2022 and December 2022. Results: The records of 596 smears of women between the ages of 20 and 65 years were retrieved and analyzed. Negative smears were predominant (62.6%) while 8.7% were inflammatory smears. Dyskaryotic smears were found in 155 smears (26.0%); this was made up atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGCUS) in 1.8%, Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) in 10.23%, Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) in 10.6% and High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in 3.6%. Malignant cells were found in 0.5% of the smears while the remaining 2.1% were unsatisfactory. Conclusion: The relatively high frequency of dyskaryosis in this study lends credence to the need for us to widen our cervical screening coverage in order to achieve the highest possible coverage rate. This can be achieved through the use of public education by means of various media, women and religious organizations.
Diphtheria Outbreak Response and Mitigation Strategies in Nigeria: A Case Study of the Nigerian Red Cross Society (NRCS) Intervention
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Jega, M; Kolawole, ET; Ahaneku, EB; Abraham, KE; Oduah, JU; Udoh, I; Imoke, I; Ndubueze, CW.
Background: The diphtheria outbreak in Nigeria, starting in December 2022, presented a significant public health challenge with over 16,000 confirmed cases by December 2023. The outbreak predominantly affected children in underserved communities, particularly in northern states such as Kano, Yobe, and Katsina, highlighting critical gaps in vaccination coverage and healthcare infrastructure. The outbreak began to diminish by October 2023, following intensified vaccination and surveillance efforts, and saw significant control measures leading to its near conclusion by February 2024. Methods: This study analyzes the operational response by the Nigerian Red Cross Society (NRCS), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), and the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA). Data from operational reports, community-based surveillance, immunization campaigns, and health promotion efforts were reviewed to assess intervention effectiveness. Results: Coordinated strategies such as active case search, enhanced surveillance, and community engagement effectively reduced transmission and improved vaccine uptake. Risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) programs helped overcome cultural and religious vaccine hesitancy, while enhanced surveillance facilitated early detection. Operational challenges included low vaccine coverage, limited health infrastructure, and misinformation. Conclusion: The NRCS-led multi-agency response was instrumental in controlling the outbreak, demonstrating the necessity of integrated public health strategies. Sustained investment in healthcare infrastructure, equitable vaccine access, and digital health technologies is essential for future outbreak prevention and early response, ensuring Nigeria抯 resilience against similar health emergencies.
Vaccination Hesitancy and Zero-Dose Children in Borno State, Nigeria: Comparative Analysis of Urban Priority and Non-priority LGAs and their Implications for Immunization Coverage
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-09) HASSAN, SM; OKOLI, EC; AZIKE, CA; OKOYE, NA.
Background: This study delves into the multifaceted landscape of childhood immunization within urban settings, focusing on vaccine refusal, non-compliance (including partial compliance or defaulter households), and their impacts on immunization coverage. The research, conducted as a case study in communities situated in both Zero-Dose priority LGAs (Local Government Areas) of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council (MMC) and Jere and non-priority LGAs of Konduga and Mafa in Borno State, aims to comprehensively understand the perspectives shaping immunization decisions. Methods: The method involves an extensive quantitative analysis of socio-demographic factors, electronic media ownership, and parental characteristics. Data were collected through household surveys collected from 173 participants, analyzing vaccination records, and assessing immunization coverage rates for period of twelve months. Statistical methods, including chi-square tests, are utilized to explore relationships between settlement types, parental levels of education, and vaccine-related behaviors. Results: Results indicate significant associations between vaccine refusal, non-compliance, and specific socio-demographic factors. Parental education levels and the gender of the household head emerge as pivotal determinants impacting immunization status and vaccination card retention. Electronic media ownership, particularly radios and handsets, is identified as potential channels for targeted health communication strategies. Conclusion: The findings underscore the need for tailored, context-specific interventions to enhance immunization coverage, awareness, and acceptance in urban settings. By addressing educational disparities, gender dynamics, and settlement-specific challenges, the study aims to contribute to the development of effective strategies in achieving comprehensive immunization coverage and mitigating the risks associated with vaccine refusal and non-compliance. Ultimately, this research provides valuable insights into the dynamics of childhood immunization, informing public health policies and interventions in the specified LGAs of Borno State.
Accessibility on Utilization of Contraceptive Methods among Youths: an Analytical Cross-Sectional Study in Westlands Sub County, Nairobi
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Kamau, LM; Muitta, E; Some, E.
Background: Over 20 million young people who need modern contraceptives do not use any, making the low uptake of these methods among adolescents a major public health concern. Information on contraception is abundant among the population but the uptake of contraception is still low, especially among the youth in developing nations. The study sought to examine how accessibility affects the utilization of contraceptive methods among the youths in the Westlands Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional design where quantitative data was obtained. Simple random sampling was used to select 13 health centers in Westland抯 Sub County and youths visiting the facilities for services were sampled using both systematic and simple random sampling. For this study, 398 participants made up the sample size where the Sloven formula for sample size calculation was used. Results: The research found a significant correlation (p=0.00) between youths' use of modern contraceptive methods and the quality of services they received. From this study, the number of children (p=0.503) did not significantly add to the model, but the academic level (p=0.003), marital status (p=0.021), and gender (p=0.001) did. Conclusions: In conclusion utilization of any method of contraceptives translated to a high contraceptive utilization prevalence in youths, the quality of services that health care providers offer to youths, education level, and demographic factors such as gender, and marital status, have continued to greatly affect and lower overall contraceptive utilization prevalence among the youths in developing nations.
The Role of Interventional Radiology in Patients Management during Sudan War 2023-2024: A Western Sudan Experience
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-10) Bahar, MEH; Ahmed, HG.
Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the availability of interventional radiology services in Western Sudan from 2023 to 2024, during the Sudan War. This study aimed to evaluate the role of interventional radiology in the country's ongoing conflict. Methodology: This is a retrospective descriptive study with a prospective component that was conducted at El-Obeid International Hospital in North Kordofan State, Sudan, in August and September 2024. All information on patients who had interventional radiology operations between August 15th, 2023 and August 15th, 2024 was obtained from the hospital. Results: The findings revealed that 41% of the 131 patients received operations in the Interventional Radiology Clinic and 59% in the Catheterization Laboratory department. Among the 131 patients, 55% were men and 45% were women. The most common age group for undergoing IR treatments was 46-65 years, followed by ?65 and 18-45 years, with incidence rates of 40%, 34%, and 25%, respectively. 41% of the procedures were performed in the interventional radiology clinic, with 59% performed in the catheterization laboratory. The most common technique was permacath implantation (36%). Conclusion: The ongoing conflict between 2023 and 2024 aggravated the situation. As a result, our study discovered that the only IR facility in Western Sudan during this difficult time is based in El-Obeid and serves seven states. This was exemplified by a severe breakdown in the healthcare system, the loss of basic needs, great poverty, and the plight of the refugees.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Urinary Schistosomiasis among Primary School Pupils in Ndokwa-East LGA of Delta State, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) E, MN; C, AO; I O, OH; I, IS; N, OS.
Background: Schistosomiasis is a water-borne tropical parasitic disease that is of a major public health problem. It is a neglected tropical disease that has over two-third of its worldwide infection, occurring in Africa. It is a disease that is associated with many complications. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school children in Ndokwa East Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Methods: This study was a cross sectional descriptive study of primary school children aged 5-16 years in Ndokwa-East Local Government Area (NELGA) of Delta State. Information on the socio-demographic characteristics of the pupils and their caregivers, and water contact activities of the pupils were obtained using questionnaire administered to the pupils. Urine microscopy (centrifugation method) was done for the pupils and the schistosoma eggs were counted and graded according to WHO standards. Relationship between the risk factors of schistosomiasis and the infection prevalence were tested using chi-square analysis and Fisher抯 exact test where indicated. Results: A total of 374 pupils were studied. Twenty-eight (7.5%) of them had urinary schistosomiasis; location of primary school (FET, p-value = <0.001), Age (?2 = 9.730, df = 3, p-value =0.023), exposure to water body (?2 = 7.920, df = 1, p-value = 0.005), frequency of contact with water body (FET, df = 4, p-value = 0.006), time spent inside water bodies (?2 = 16.377, df = 3, p-value = 0.001), activities that require long stay inside water bodies (FET, df = 6, p = <0.001) and bush dumping as method of sewage disposal (?2 = 6.718, df = 2, p-value = 0.034) were risk factors for the schistosomiasis infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school pupils in NELGA is low. It is highest among the sub-community primary school in an island within the river, and lowest in a primary school in a relatively upland area.
Determinants of Infertile of Infertile Women Requesting Assisted Reproduction Techniques in a Low Resource Setting in Western Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-09) SI, Omisakin; AO, Ugwu; JA, Olamijulo; CC, Makwe; AA, Oluwole; OA, Kusamotu; OA, Fagbolagun; KM, Lemomu; TP, Adejumo; TI, Opemuade; OD, Martin-Akinlose; A, Awoniyi; OK, Ogedengbe; OF, Giwa-Osagie
Background: Infertility is an important gynaecological condition with psycho-social, cultural, economic, religious, demographic, and clinical consequences. Although the prevalence of couples having problems with conception has remained relatively stable worldwide, there has been an increase in the proportion of couples seeking fertility services. This substantial increase might reflect the improvement in the advancements in fertility care, improved success rates, increased availability of specialists and or involvement of insurance firms in infertility treatment. Paradoxically, countries in Africa with high infertility burden still lags in fertility care. This study was therefore aims to investigate the types and causes of infertility in patients attending fertility care in an assisted conception Centre in a public tertiary hospital in southwest Nigeria. Methods: This was a retrospective study of patient records who attended Assisted fertility centre (AFC) of Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), from January 1st, 2015, to December 31st, 2023. Categorical variables were analysed using percentages while continuous variables were analysed using mean and standard deviation and the association between categorical variables was analysed using chi-square test. The statistical significance level was set at p-value < 0.05. Results: The mean age and mean duration of infertility of the participants in the study was 40.89�8, and 8.14�5 respectively. About 72.9% had more than secondary education while almost two thirds of the participants had secondary infertility, 36.1% had previous pelvic surgeries, 11.4% had chronic pelvic pain and menstrual abnormality. Secondary infertility was more prevalent in women who has chronic pelvic pain, or those who has had previous pelvic surgery, previous infertility or previous abortion. Conclusion: In conclusion our analysis suggests that Secondary infertility is the commonest cause of inability to conceive in our facility. It also revealed that most of our women present late for fertility care at an advanced maternal age.
Prevalence and Determinants of Exclusive Breastfeeding among Infants after Discharge from a Neonatal Unit in South-South Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Areprekumor, T- ebi; Ezeh, BU; Madjemu, RP; Okocha, EL.
Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is essential for infant health, but global rates remain below the WHO's 70% target. Neonatal unit admissions can disrupt EBF, yet little is known about EBF rates among infants discharged from Special Care Baby Units (SCBU) in Nigeria. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the exclusive breastfeeding prevalence among infants aged 0-6 months on follow up after discharge from SCBU in a tertiary facility. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 263 mother-infant pairs at the Federal Medical Centre Yenagoa (FMCY) from February 7th � May 22nd 2024 using a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data collected included sociodemographic characteristics and exclusive breastfeeding status, antenatal and delivery history, indication for admission, duration on admission, and breastfeeding support at birth and during admission. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, employing bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to identify factors associated with EBF. Results: The EBF prevalence was 40.3%. Significant factors in bivariate analysis included child抯 age (OR = 0.41, p = 0.012), mode of delivery (OR = 1.82, p = 0.035), place of delivery (OR = 2.15, p = 0.022), gestational age (OR = 2.36, p = 0.014), pregnancy/birth complications (OR = 0.56, p = 0.047), prematurity/low birth weight (OR = 0.52, p = 0.040), early breastfeeding initiation (OR = 2.78, p = 0.006), skin-to-skin contact (OR = 2.04, p = 0.033), and health worker support (OR = 2.27, p = 0.019). In multivariate analysis, only child抯 age (OR = 0.37, p = 0.008) and skin-to-skin contact (OR = 0.49, p = 0.048) remained significant. Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding rates among infants discharged from SCBU at FMCY are below optimal levels. Enhancing early skin-to-skin contact, and providing targeted breastfeeding support, especially for preterm and low-birth-weight infants, are crucial to improving EBF rates and meeting WHO targets.
Metabolic Shifts Induced by Helminth Infections and Their Contribution to Stunting in Vulnerable Populations
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-10) Suryowati, T.
Aims: to revisit the condition of chronic metabolic shifting caused by immunomodulatory sequence facilitated by helminth infection together with other deteriorating condition such as persistent exposure to infection which contributes to stunting formation. Discussion: During dynamic interaction between active helminth infection and the host, the helminth and its excretory/secretory products induce and arouse the type 2 immune response which drives host tolerance and plays an important role in promoting tissue repair. Helminths also activates M2 Macrophages and induce a metabolic shift, even metabolic reprogramming towards reliance on oxidative phosphorylation, lipid oxidation and amino acid metabolism. Helminth-induced activation and metabolic reprogramming of macrophages precede the improvement in overall whole-body metabolism, denoted by improved insulin sensitivity, body mass in response to high-fat diet and atherogenic index in mammals. Contributions of altered nutrient uptake, adipose tissue function and/or the intestinal microbiota with the ability of helminths to alter metabolic status play a pivotal role in increased metabolism rate and may lead to wasting and even stunting formation. Conclusion: Helminth drives the type 2 immunity and activates its cell line which is responsible for metabolic shifting and reprogramming.
Association between Stress Levels and Functional Dyspepsia among Medical Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study of Indonesian Christian University
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-10) Prihantini, NN; Kuheba, EG; Djojosaputro, M.
Background: Stress is a problem that often occurs among students. The high incidence of stress in students can interfere with students' effectiveness in carrying out their lecture activities. Stress in students not only affects the quality of learning but can also affect the physical condition of students, one of which is the occurrence of gastrointestinal disorders, one example of which is dyspepsia. Aims: This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between stress levels and functional dyspepsia in students at the Faculty of Medicine, Indonesian Christian University class of 2020. Study Design: This research uses an observational analytical research design method with a cross-sectional approach. The main data source is primary data obtained through questionnaires taken online via Google Forms. Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted at the Indonesian Christian University located in Cawang, East Jakarta. Time of research in September 2022. Methodology: The population in this study was 137 students from the Faculty of Medicine, Indonesian Christian University class of 2020. The sample was taken using a simple random sampling technique totaling 103 people determined using the Slovin formula with an uncertainty percentage of 5%. Results: From the results of data collection on 103 respondents who were FK UKI students Class of 2020, around 65% or 67 respondents were identified as having normal stress levels and as many as 64 students (62%) had symptoms of functional dyspepsia. Based on the results of the bivariate analysis, it was found that there was a relationship between the level of stress and the incidence of dyspepsia experienced by FK UKI students class of 2020 with the results of the chi-square test, namely p = 0.003 < sig 0.05 Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between stress levels and functional dyspepsia. This certainly cannot be taken lightly because the incidence of functional dyspepsia can have fatal consequences which can disrupt the sufferer's activities and productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to manage emotions (stress levels) both by the sufferer himself and with professional help.
Knowledge and Practice of Antimicrobial use for Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections among Female Medical Students in Enugu, Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Odoh, CE; Ochiobi, IA; Obiakalusi, C; Amara, LU; Onwasigwe, CN.
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a significant clinical problem empirically treated with antibiotics that could worsen the spread of antibiotics resistance. Objective: We described the knowledge, attitude, and treatment practices of UTI among female medical students in Enugu, southeast Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey involving female medical students at Enugu State University of Technology, in Enugu, Nigeria was conducted in October 2023. Overall, 180 students were enrolled. The questionnaires were constructed after systematically reviewing the literature. The data were analyzed by calculating frequencies and means. Results: Our study sample includes 174 female medical students (Response rate, 96.7%). Most of the students are aged 20� years (63.2%), with mean (standard deviation) of 23.5 (� 4.6) years, single (86.8%), Igbo (97.1%), and Christian (97.7%). Most students (166 students, 95.4%) had adequate knowledge of UTI, but a minority of students (45.5%) sought treatment from a trained healthcare provider for proper laboratory investigation, diagnosis, and treatment of their previous UTI episodes. Among those that did not seek care with trained healthcare providers, most, 27 (75.0%), self-treated. Most students (27 students, 90.0%) positively practiced completion of their prescribed drugs. The most commonly drugs used for self-medication of UTI were Amoxicillin, Canesten cream, Ciprofloxacin, and Gentamycin. Conclusion: Although our study shows female medical students have adequate knowledge about UTIs, their treatment practices reveal that strengthening educational efforts on antibiotic stewardship is essential to ensure that medical students not only understand the theoretical aspects of UTIs but also apply best practices in their treatment. Our study suggests the need for improved education on antibiotics stewardship to address the spread of antimicrobial resistance, and ensuring effective treatment of UTIs in the future.
Knowledge and Associated Factors of Diabetes Mellitus among HIV Clients Living with Diabetes in Eastern Uganda: A Cross-sectional Study
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Okia, D; Mwanzo, I; Olupot- Olupot, P; Kimiywe, J.
Introduction: Poor diabetes knowledge among diabetes clients living with HIV remains a big public health challenge in Africa. Effective self-management of diabetes requires clients to be knowledgeable about the recommended diets, exercises, drugs, lifestyle modifications, and possible diabetes complications. The proportion of diabetes clients living with HIV with poor diabetes knowledge is on the rise in Eastern Uganda. Poor level of diabetes knowledge among clients is a serious threat to individual health, and Knowledge is essential for effective control of diabetes, as it allows the patient to play an active and cooperative role in planning and monitoring the therapeutic, which promotes informed decisions Aim: This study, conducted from May to June 2024, assessed the level of diabetes knowledge and its associated factors among diabetes clients living with HIV in Eastern Uganda. Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mbale and Soroti Regional Referral Hospitals in Eastern Uganda from May to June 2024. Materials and Methods: The sample size was 267 registered participants though ten didn抰 participate. Random sampling was done to select eligible registered participants. Electronic data collection was done by trained research assistants under the supervision of the principal investigator. All the research assistants were trained in data quality management. Ethical approval was obtained from Busitema University REC. The diabetes knowledge questionnaire was used to gather the data, and Stata version 14 was used for analysis. Univariate analysis and Binary logistic regression were used to identify associated factors. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval. Results: A total of 257 participants in Mbale and Soroti Hospitals participated in this study. The majority 152(59.1%) were females and 156(60.7%) of these participants were above the age of 50 years. The married were 59.1%. Only 20.2% had tertiary education. More than half (58.4%) had a below-average level of knowledge regarding diabetes, 78.2% did not know how diabetes is managed and 58.4% were not aware of the common diabetes complications. In addition, 49.80% were not knowledgeable about the recommended diabetes tests, and 46.30% were not knowledgeable about the diets. Conclusions: The level of knowledge about diabetes is low among diabetes people living with HIV at Mbale and Soroti Hospitals in Eastern Uganda. No factor was found to be significantly associated with low diabetes knowledge. Routine diabetes education by the facility's health workers is encouraged and the focus should be on recommended diabetes tests, diets, drugs and possible complications. Contribution: Identifies specific areas to be strengthened in diabetes education.
Associated Factors for the Prevalence of Bedbug Infestation (Cimex hemipterus) among Households in Nakuru Town, Kenya
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Shire, A; Mogere, D; Kariuki, J; Muriithi, D; Kingori, S.
Background: Infestations and the resurgence of bedbugs have recently been documented as serious health issues worldwide. Kenya reported 4000 bedbug-infested homes in 2018, so the increase in infestations is comparable to that of other African countries and the global average. Objective: the objective of the study was to determine bedbug prevalence and factors associated with bedbug infestation among heads of households in Nakuru County, Kenya. Method: The study used a cross-sectional descriptive study design. Cluster sampling and proportionate sampling were used to recruit the study respondents in this study. The Cochran formula was used to recruit 422 study respondents. The threshold for statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: The prevalence of bedbug infestation was 53.1%. The presence of households with bedbugs was associated with the prevalence of bedbugs in the study households (p value<0.001). The purchase of second-hand furniture and clothes was associated with bedbug prevalence (p value=0.002 and 0.007 respectively). The number of rooms in households was associated with the prevalence of bedbugs (p value=0.008). The number of people living in households (p value=0.021) and the type of house were associated with the prevalence of bedbugs (p value<0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of bedbug infestation was 53.1%. The type of house, number of people in a household, number of rooms in the household, and social factors including the existence of neighbors, relatives, friends, and job mates with bedbugs in their homes, heightened the chances of spreading the bedbugs to others. The purchase of second-hand furniture and clothes increased the prevalence of bedbugs.
Effects of Aqueous Leave Extracts of Launaea taraxacifolia (Willd.) on the Hippocampal Damage in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Olatoye, A; Adewole, O; Olatoye, A; IGE, M.
This study determined the anti-diabetic effects, assessed the antidepressant properties, and investigated the ameliorative effects of aqueous leaf extract of Launaea taraxacifolia (ALELT) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. It also evaluated its antioxidant effects on oxidative stress markers in diabetic rats. Forty-two male Wistar rats (110-130 g) were divided into seven groups (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) of six animals each. Group A was the control, while STZ solution (80 mg/kg) was administered IP to diabetic groups B, C, D, E, and F. At the sixth week of induction, group B was the STZ control; groups C, D, and E rats received 300 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg per oral (p-o) of ALELT, respectively, for three weeks. Group F received 5 IU/day of insulin subcutaneously; group G received only 300 mg/kg p-o of ALELT for three weeks. After the study, the animals were sacrificed; the hippocampus was excised and fixed in a 10% neutral buffer solution for morphometric analysis. Homogenized samples were used to determine oxidative stress markers, brain derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF) level and insulin concentrations. The results showed varying degrees of hippocampal damage and loss of hilum of Dentate gyrus in the H&E sections, plaque and tangles in the Bielschowsky sections, loss of myelin sheath in the Luxol Fast Blue sections, and dissolution of Nissl bodies in the Cresyl Fast Violet sections, followed by weight loss, abnormal rise in glucose levels, decrease in BDNF, decrease in insulin levels, memory loss in neurobehavioral tests, and decrease in markers of oxidative stress in the negative control rats. These pathologies were reversed in the extract-treated groups and the results were comparable with group A. This study concluded that ALELT demonstrated anti-diabetic effects, mediated by the reduction of fasting blood sugar levels, increased insulin secretion, and elevated BDNF in the hippocampus of diabetic Wistar rat.
The Prevalence and Pattern of Risky Sexual Behaviour among Secondary School Adolescents in Yenagoa Local Government Area, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Gregory, F; Joboy-Okei, E; Peterside, O.
Aim: To determine the prevalence, pattern and socio-demographic factors associated with risky sexual behaviour (RSB) among adolescents in secondary schools in Yenagoa LGA, Bayelsa state. Study Design: A cross-sectional analytical study. Place and duration: Yenagoa Local Government Area in Bayelsa state. The study was conducted in March/April 2021. Methodology: The study utilized self-administered questionnaires among 750 secondary school adolescents selected via multistage sampling. The proportion of adolescents with RSB and the socio-demographic determinants of RSB were analysed using Chi-square test and binary logistic regression with significance level set at p-value=0.05. Results: Of the 739 responses analysed, the prevalence of RSB was 156 (21.1%) and the mean age at sexual debut was 13.42�62 years. All sexually exposed adolescents had an early sexual debut, 23.7% had multiple sexual partners, and 98.1% reported inconsistent use of condoms. Transactional sex and sexual intercourse after alcohol/illicit drug use occurred in 56.4% and 15.4% of them, respectively. The predictors of RSB were attending a public school (AOR:2.046, 95%CI:1.243 to 3.368), peer pressure (AOR:10.451, 95%CI:6.460 to 16.909), difficulty in communicating with mother (AOR:2.050, 95%CI:1.203 to 3.493) and low maternal education (primary:AOR:2.834, 95%CI:1.300 to 6.181; and secondary: AOR:2.067, 95%CI:1.139 to 3.753). However, age below 18years (10-13years: AOR:0.194, 95%CI:0.051 to 0.741 and 14-17years: AOR:0.259, 95% CI:0.081 to 0.832) was protective of RSB. Conclusion: RSB is high among adolescents attending secondary schools in Yenagoa. Sex education, peer-based programmes and parent-adolescent communications should be encouraged to reduce the prevalence of RSB among adolescents.
Genetic Diversity of the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Circulating in Fako Division, South West Region, Cameroon
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Keneh, NK; Esemu, SN; Tendongfor, N; Ndip, LM.
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the leading causes of hospital- and community-associated infections impacting national and global health. In recent years, MRSA has been detected in livestock species and their products. WHO has MRSA among the top 24 priority pathogens in 2024, posing the greatest threats to human health. Aim: To characterise the SCCmec elements and investigate the genetic diversity of MRSA strains recovered from different sources in Fako. Study Design: A laboratory-based cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, and Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Buea, between June 2022 and September 2024. Methodology: The study characterised 76 MRSA strains from diverse sources in Fako to identify the SCCmec types by conventional and multiplex PCR assay. Additionally, the mecA gene amplicons of some strains was sequenced. The sequences were analysed and uploaded to the NCBI-Genbank. Results: SCCmec type IV was most prevalent (57.9%), followed by type V (21.1%). All the sequences revealed high sequence identity when compared to those available on NCBI using the BLASTN. The sequences showed significant genetic similarity, ranging from 99.1% to 100% for the nucleotides and 98.6% to 100% for the amino acids. Compared with reference sequences retrieved from GenBank, similarity ranged from 98.2% to 100% and 97.9% to 100%, respectively. Conclusion: Detecting diverse SCCmec types in the MRSA strains denotes the complexity of MRSA epidemiology in Fako. Our findings indicate a risk for the transmission of MRSA across different sources, thus highlighting the need for a One Health approach to MRSA prevention and control. GenBank assigned the accession numbers OP042343 to OP042352 for HA-MRSA, OP042356 to OP042361, OP042363, and OP716861 to OP716868 for LA-MRSA, and OP716859 to OP716860 for CA-MRSA were assigned.
Enteroparasitism among School Children in a Coastal Community of Chorkor, Accra-Ghana: An Urgent Need for Improved Sanitation and Public Health Education
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Anim-Baidoo, I; Richard, OK; Forson, AO; Owusu, E; Olu-Taiwo, M; Sampene-Donkor, E.
Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) among school children are important public health problem, especially in developing countries like Ghana, but information on prevalence in coastal communities remains scanty. Monitoring of IPIs and associated risk factors especially in areas of poor sanitary conditions are necessary for intervention strategies. Aim: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of IPIs and associated risk factors among school children in the coastal town of Chorkor, Accra Ghana. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from May to September 2022 on 262 schoolchildren selected at Lantemeame-Chorkor. Faecal specimens were examined using saline and iodine wet mount and formal-ether concentration techniques. Sociodemographic data were collected using pre-designed, structured questionnaires. The results were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: Out of 262 participants, the overall prevalence of IPIs was 19.5% (51/262). The most common intestinal parasite was G. lamblia (5.7%), followed by E. histolytica (3.4%), Taenia solium (3.1%), Ascaris lumbricoides (3.1%), and S. mansoni (1.1%). Dual infection of G. lamblia and E. histolytica occurred in 3 children (1.1%). Prevalence in males (38.7%) was significantly higher than in females (11.8%) (P =0.0001). Children, 5-6 years had highest prevalence (31.3%) followed by 7-8 years (28.2%) and the lowest (8.6%) was in 13 years and above. Children who practiced open defecation, eat food from both street and home, with illiterate mothers, large family size, and rainwater as drinking source all had comparatively high prevalence rates. Also, there were highly significant differences between infected and non-infected children regarding all behavioral and hygienic variables. Conclusion: The present study revealed that IPIs remain a public health problem in the coastal community of Chorkor where sanitation is generally poor. Effective prevention and control strategies are needed to reduce the incidence of IPIs in this area of Accra.
Barriers and Strategies for Rotavirus and Cholera Vaccine Uptake: A Systematic Review of Community-based Interventions in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) ADINDU, KN; ENEMUO, NR; OYEDEMI, D; NWAFOR, B; ONYEJELAM, FU; JUDE, NO; NWABUEZE, I; OJOMO, P; ONUOMA, EP.
Background: Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children and poses a major threat to public health. It is mainly caused by pathogenic organisms of viral, bacterial, or fungal origin, two of which has been preventable via vaccination and has been identified as rotavirus and cholera. In 2020, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh were among the top 10 South Asian countries with the highest mortality rates from childhood diarrhea. India and Pakistan are further listed by the WHO among the top five countries with the highest recorded mortality among children under five years old. Bangladesh has experienced the highest number of cholera epidemics. Vaccination is recommended as a potent preventive approach against rotavirus and cholera induced diarrhea and is considered the most cost-effective prevention method. However, despite their proven effectiveness, other factors appear to affect the impact of vaccination strategies in these countries. Therefore, this study aimed to explore these nonclinical factors. Methods: This study was conducted as a systematic review which involved the systematic search and selection of qualitative data from primary studies concerning the research topic which was developed using the SPIDER framework. The PRISMA tool was used to carry out this process, and the CASP was used to evaluate the methodological quality of each study. The combined data were then harmonized using meta-synthesis and analyzed thematically. Findings: Four themes emerged from the analysis of the study data: pre-vaccination strategy experience, post-vaccination strategy impact, opportunities for vaccination strategies, and threats to successful implementation of vaccination strategies. This formed the basis of the study discussion and expounded on the impact of vaccine strategies in the selected countries. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that providing the participants with correct information, vaccine education, willingness to learn despite poor knowledge, and access to vaccination are important solutions to the factors that surround the uptake and coverage of cholera and rotavirus vaccines in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan as critical influencers of the prevalence of childhood diarrhea induced by rotavirus and cholera pathogens, respectively.

Browse

Recent Submissions