Journal of International Medicine and Dentistry

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/160525

Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Prashanth H. V.
ISSN: 2350-045X

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.jimd.in/

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 46

Study of biofilm formation and its correlation with highly drug resistant uropathogens in catheter-associated urinary tract infection
(VXL Publishers, 2018-07) Qayoom, Jalila; Haswani, Neha; Pai, Vidya
Aims and objectives: 1. To put culture and sensitivity of urine samples from catheterised patients withsymptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria. 2. To detect the biofilm formation by tube adherence and tissueculture plate method. 3. To compare the antibiotic sensitivity between biofilm and non-biofilm formingorganisms. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of YenepoyaMedical College and Hospital, Mangalore, India. A total of 100 bacterial isolates obtained from urine samples ofcatheterised patients were included in the study. The processing of the samples (culture and sensitivity) weredone according to standard microbiological techniques. The biofilm formation was done by tube adherence andtissue culture plate method. Results: Out of 100 uropathogens isolated, 96(96%) were Gram negative bacilli.Four isolates were Gram positive cocci. Amongst the Gram negative bacilli, E.coli were 69%, Klebsiellapneumoniae 19%, Acinetobacter species 5% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3%. All gram positive cocci wereEnterococci (4%). In the tube adherence method, the number of isolates showing biofilm formation was 51%and non-biofilm producers was 49%. By tissue culture plate method, the number of isolates showing biofilmformation was 63% and non-biofilm producers was 37%.The predominant organism showing biofilm formationwere K.pneumoniae(89%) followed by Acinetobacter spp. (40%).There was significant correlation betweenbiofilm formation and multi-drug resistance. Conclusion: Significant correlation between biofilm productionand multi-drug resistance was observed in our study. The study will help the clinician to take a call on nonresponding uropathogens and decide on better therapeutic options amongst those available in CAUTIs.
Role of Cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) in new sputum negative pulmonary tuberculosis
(VXL Publishers, 2018-01) Mohapatra, Ganesh Chandra; Bharti, Sumit; Khan, Mohammed Javed; Nayak, Smrutiranjan
Introduction: Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in sputum negative patients for acid fast bacilli ischallenging till today. It is a fact that 50-60% patients of pulmonary tuberculosis are sputum negativemicroscopically. Smear microscopy is the easiest, commonest and widely employed tool for confirmatorydiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, but it has low sensitivity and specificity. Sputum culture forMycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria can increase the diagnostic yield by 20-40%, but it takes long duration of2-8 weeks when solid media are used or 10-14 days when radiometric system in liquid media are used. Delayeddiagnosis causes increased rate of disease transmission in the community. The role of newly introducedcartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) in the revised national TB control program (RNTCP)is highly promising with a higher yield of bacteriological diagnosis in sputum negative pulmonary tuberculosispatients with detection of rifampicin resistance within 2 hours only. Aims and objectives: The current study isto find out efficacy of CBNAAT in diagnosis of new sputum negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Thedetection of rifampicin resistance is also done in those patients. Materials and Methods: Sputum samples of100 sputum negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients were sent to District CBNAAT center in sterilized falcontube container. The CBNAAT result were analyzed. Results: Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected inthirty one patients (31%). Not a single case was detected as resistant to rifampicin. Conclusion: CBNAAT helpsin increased case detection rate in lesser time in new sputum negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients.Rifampicin resistance was not detected in any patient.
Periodontal status of adult subjects in relation to other local factors in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia
(VXL Publishers, 2018-01) Kariri, Mohammed A M; Alwani, Mohammed Y S; Almughalis, Ghadeer A; Mobarki, Abdulaziz H; Judayba, Musab H A; Kariri, Fahad M M; Dorout, Ismail A
Background: Information about the distribution patterns of periodontal disease and the possible existence ofhigh-risk groups among adult population in Jazan region is scarce. Aims: This study was designed to explorethe periodontal status and the effects of socio-demographic characteristics and habits among adult populationliving in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia (SA). Materials and methods: This work was a cross-sectional studyconducted among 204 individuals. This population was composed of 172 males and 32 females with a mean ageof 43.9 years. Structured questionnaire, which included general health status and possible risk factors forperiodontal disease, was used for sampling. Clinical periodontal examination was carried out using the schemeused by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Data was analyzed using Statistical Packagefor Social Sciences software version 20. Results: Approximately 46.1% of population presented moderatepocket depths. The clinical attachment loss of ≤4 mm was 57.8%, and the fair oral hygiene was 40.2%. Theeffects of khat chewing, shammah dipping, and smoking on moderate pocketing were 50%, 47.7%, and 41.9%,respectively. The attachment losses of ≤4 mm were high in khat chewers, shammah dippers, and smokers at63.1%, 68.8%, and 50.1%, respectively. The average poor oral hygiene among groups was high at 53.3%.Severe pocket depth and poor oral hygiene were significantly high among old age groups at 22.2% and 66.7%,respectively. Females showed significantly (p=0.05) higher mild gingivitis and better oral hygiene of 65.7% and68.8%, respectively, compared with those of males. Conclusion: The prevalence of periodontal disease is highdue to associated risk factors, including khat chewing, smoking, and poor oral hygiene. The elderly age groupshowed high levels of periodontal pocketing, attachment loss, and poor oral hygiene. Females also presentedbetter oral hygiene and periodontal health than those of males.
Awareness and knowledge of the general public at southern region of Saudi Arabia regarding dental implants
(VXL Publishers, 2018-07) Kinani, Hussain M; Hakami, Zahra H; Al-Amri, Ibrahim A; Maree, Salman A; Nahari, Hussain H; Ghaythi, Ibrahim H; Daghriri, Abdulelah A
Aims: To assess the awareness, knowledge, and information sources regarding dental implants as anoption of treatment to replace missing teeth among patients in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia.Materials and methods: The current study consisted of 14 questions used to assess the patients’awareness, expectations and level of knowledge of dental implants. Three categories of questionswere used, with the first one related to the patients’ knowledge and options for replacement of missingteeth, the second about dental implants and their providers, and the third on the techniques, materials,care, and durability of dental implants. The collected data was analyzed using Chi-square tests, and Pvalues less than 0.005 were considered significant. Results: A total of 380 subjects were divided intotwo groups, medical (40.3%) or non-medical (59.7%) related. We found that 85% and 71.0% of themedical and non-medical subjects, respectively know the importance of replacement of missing teeth,while 50% had known the different types of dental implants with no significance (P< .001) betweenthe two groups. Dentists were the sources of the information (43.3% and 34.8% for the medical andnon-medical groups respectively). Around 50% of the medical subjects thought that dental implantscame with a screw compared with 36.6% of non-medical subjects with value of P .025. In total, 60%-70% of respondents from both groups answered that dental implants should be provided by specialistsonly. Around 29% of all patients cited “lifetime” as the survival period of implants. Also, 52%-77%of the respondents related the implant site to the “the jaw bone,” with significant difference of P .000.Conclusions: The awareness and knowledge of the subjects were acceptable with higher percentageamong respondents in the medical group. Dentists followed by friends were the main sources ofinformation for dental implants. Dental implants are considered as the best choice for replacement ofmissing teeth with excellent durability and need of much more special care than natural teeth
The Relationship between Loneliness and Suicidal Ideation in Private Medical and Dental Students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
(VXL Publishers, 2018-01) Aboalshamat, Khalid; Salman, Wejdan; Almehman, Razan; Maghrabi, Amal; Alamoudi, Khadija; Najjar, Amani; Alshehri, Aeshah
Back ground: Inflammatory periodontal disease has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascularevents. Emerging evidence shows an association of periodontal disease with systemic inflammation andendothelial dysfunction, while the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Circulating cell adhesion moleculesE-selectin has been suggested as a potential candidate marker of endothelial dysfunction, which contributes tothe pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To determine the serum sE-selectin level in generalisedsevere chronic periodontitis and periodontally healthy subjects. Materials and methods: Eighty subjects in theage group of 35-55 years were included in the study. Forty subjects with generalised severe chronic periodontitisas study group and 40 healthy subjects without periodontal disease as control group were selected. The bloodsamples were collected and the serum was analysed for sE-selectin level by ELISA. Results: sE-selectinexpression was found in serum of both the groups. Mean serum sE-selectin levels were 37.05ng/mL in the studygroup and 30.78ng/mL in control group. Statistically significant increase was not found in serum sE-selectinlevels between the groups. Conclusion: sE-selectin is expressed in serum of both the study and control groupswith a wide range of distribution. No significant association was observed between sE-selectin level andperiodontal inflammation. Therefore, circulating sE-selectin may not be used as a reliable biomarker ofendothelial function measure in periodontal disease.
Evaluation of undergraduate dental students in typodont preparation for all-ceramic crowns
(VXL Publishers, 2018-07) Mobarki, Yahya M; Bajawi, Abdulrahman M; Arwa O Hakami; Abdulrahman A Mobaraky Omar A Darraj; Halawi, Sultan M; Mubaraki, Manal G
Background: All-ceramic crown (ACC) preparations are widely used in day-to-day dentalclinical practice. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate all-ceramic crown preparationsperformed by pre-clinical dental students at the College of Dentistry, Jazan University inSaudi Arabia and to compare the quality of the preparations between male and female groups.Materials and Methods: A total of 95 ivory teeth were prepared by fourth-year dentalstudents (44 males, 51 females). The students prepared a maxillary right central incisor forACC after mounting in the Frasaco typodont arches. Two silicone putty indexes for maxillaryanterior were obtained that extended to cover one or two teeth on either side. The facial indexwas used to provide information about the facial reduction mesio-distally. Another index wasprepared by cutting the silicone in half along the faciolingual midline of the prepared tooth,providing us with incisal, buccal, palatal, and axial reductions, in addition to biplanereduction. The data were encoded into a Statistical Package for Social Sciences program andanalyzed accordingly using Chi-square test. Results: The preparations of ACC for maxillaryanterior teeth were acceptable, ranging within 60%-85% in all criteria, which includedstructural durability, retention, and resistance. The male group was more excellent in incisalreduction (41.0%), whereas the female group was more excellent in axial taper preparations(59.1%), resulting in significant differences between genders in this preparation criteria. Allgender groups showed acceptable tooth preparations in shoulder reductions and location offinish lines, ranging within 57%-89%. Conclusion: The preparations for ACC achieved bythese dental students were considered clinically acceptable. The students clearly understoodthe principles of crown preparation. However, they still require more practice in order tomaster the art of crown preparation.
Comparison of Bone grafts for Alveolar ridge dimensional preservation
(VXL Publishers, 2018-01) Papeckys, Valdas; Rusilas, Henrikas; Pranskunas, Mindaugas
Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of suicidal ideation, suicidal attempts, andloneliness among dental and medical students in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study investigated 607 dental and medical students and interns in private colleges in SaudiArabia. A self-administrated questionnaire was based on the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Suicidal ideationand attempts were measured by a questionnaire adopted from previous research. The data was collected at theend of the year at examination time. Results: The loneliness mean was M= 45.14 (SD 8.66). Among theparticipants, 37.7% had experienced suicidal ideation throughout their lives, 33.4% had experienced suicidalideation during the previous 12 months, and 23.2% had attempted suicide. Loneliness was significantly relatedwith suicidal ideation during the previous 12 months (p <0.001) and with suicidal attempts (p = 0.005). Theresults showed that the following subgroups had higher risk for suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts: female,low family income, married, and dental students. Conclusion: The high levels of suicidal ideation and attemptsamong dental and medical students in the western region of Saudi Arabia call for the implementation ofprofessional counselling and health promotion programs.
Unilateral maxillary distomolar with multiple abnormalities in a young patient: A rare case report with mini systemic review
(VXL Publishers, 2018-07) Halawi, Sultan M; Kamly, Mohammed J; Hobani, Abbas H; Mubaraki, Manal G; Hummadi, Sabreen A; Darraj, Omar A
Supernumerary teeth are those teeth present in addition to the normal number of teeth and are mostfrequently seen in the maxillary incisors and molar regions. In the molar regions, supernumerary teethare divided into two types depending on their location: distomolars and paramolars. Distomolarsusually occur in the form of a fourth molar distal to the third molar. Distomolars are a developmentalanomaly and have been argued to arise from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.Therefore, distomolar management should be part of a comprehensive treatment plan. This articlepresents a case report of an unusual occurrence of a rare unilateral distomolar in the right of themaxilla with multiple abnormalities in a 21-year old healthy subject. In addition, a mini literaturereview includes the definition, types, prevalence, classification, etiology, complications, diagnosis,and therapeutic strategies, which may be adopted in the occurrence of distomolars.
Knowledge and awareness of root canal treatment among general public of Arar, Saudi Arabia
(VXL Publishers, 2018-07) Bajawi, Abdulrahman Mudaysh; Mobarki, Yahya Mosawa; Alanazi, Faisal Ghazi; Almasrahi, Mahmoud Yahia; Malhan, Sultan Merei; Alrashdi, Ahmed fhrine
Background: Root canal treatment (RCT) is mainstay nowadays to save the precious natural tooth in the oralcavity. The present study was done to assess the knowledge and awareness of the general public regarding theroot canal treatment. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire based survey was distributedto a random sample of the population of Arar, Saudi Arabia. It was done over a period of 3 months. The studywas done with the help of specially prepared questionnaire which were validated by doing pilot study. Thequestionnaire was given to the participants by contacting them personally. The questionnaire used in the studycomprised of 13 questions related to need of RCT, antibiotic role in endodontic infections, pain of RCT, etc.Results: A total of 305 participants responded including 221 (72.45%) males and 84 (27.54%) females. Mostcommon age group which responded was 16 to 25 years (29.18%). It was found that 73.77 % participantsanswered that endodontic infections cannot be resolved only with antibiotics without endodontic treatment,40.65 % participants answered that tooth becomes weaker with RCT, 50.24 % of the participants responded thattwo visits were required for treatment, 57.37% preferred specialist for endodontic treatment, 70.81% respondedthat anxiety was present during the procedure and 65.57% participants experienced pain during or after thetreatment. Conclusion: Patients’ knowledge and awareness regarding endodontic treatment may influence thedecision-making and choice of the treatment. The results of this survey demonstrate the importance ofintegrating evidence-based practice concepts into teaching curriculum, continuous education courses, and postgraduate studies. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate this trend.
AutoBT: A new Paradigm in Periodontal regeneration
(VXL Publishers, 2018-07) Indurkar, Maya S; Awad, Manjiree S; Gajiwala, Astrid Lobo; Samant, Urmila; D'Lima, Cynthia
Background: Autogenous bone is an ideal material for the reconstruction of hard tissue defects, because it promotes osteogenesis, osteo-induction and osteo-conduction. The use of AutoBT, a novel bone grafting material produced from autogenous teeth, resulted in excellent bone healing based on an analysis of its inorganic components, surface structure and histologic evidence of the healing process.Materials & Methods: Ten sites were included using the following inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria: One or more sites showing intra-bony defect with probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥ 5mm, clinical attachment loss of ≥ 3mm, 2 or 3 wall intra-bony defects with radiographic defect of size ≥ 3 mm & in same patient mobile teeth indicated for extraction. In test group, among 5 sites, regenerative treatment was performed using tooth as autograft along with chorion membrane & in control group, 5 sites were treated with demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) with chorion membrane. Clinical parameters such PPD, CAL were evaluated at baseline, 3 & 6 months & radiographic parameters at baseline & after 6 months of treatment.Results: The patients treated by tooth as autoBT material with chorion membrane showed non- significant results to DFDBA with chorion membrane in intra-bony defects in all the clinical parameters. So AutoBT can be used as a useful alternative to DFDBA in periodontal regenerative therapy for intra-bony defects.
The influence of salivary pH and calcium/phosphate ions concentration on salivary gland stones' formation
(VXL Publishers, 2018-01) Morta, Stasikelyte; Mante, Kireilyte; Rasa, Baniene; Gintaras, Januzis
Sialolithiasis is a multi-factorial pathology that accounts for more than 50% of salivary gland disease. However,the exact impact of salivary pH and calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (PO43−) on the sialoliths' formation stillremains unknown. Materials and Methods: Seven removed sialoliths were put into flasks with artificial salivasolution that differed in concentrations of Ca2+ and PO43−. The changes in weights of sialoliths and alterations inpH had been measured for 13 weeks. Concentrations of Ca2+ and PO43− in the artificial saliva solution wereestimated at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Results: Sialoliths' weight decrease was observedfrom the 2nd to 7th week. It occurred parallel with natural pH decrease (from 7 to 6.5 pH). Sialoliths’ weightsstarted increasing after pH was adjusted with NaOH. Analyzing the concentration changes of Ca2+ in everyflask, it was determined that from natural or double Ca2+ concentration, it decreased till similar amount (7–14times). Analyzing the concentration changes of PO43−, it was determined that from natural or doublePO43− concentration it decreased 24 times. Conclusions: Sialoliths' weights decreased parallel with natural pHdecrease and sialoliths grew when pH was adjusted. PO43− ions concentration decreased relatively more thanCa2+ ions concentration.
Quantitative Determination of Serum Soluble E-Selectin in Periodontal Health and Disease
(VXL Publishers, 2018-01) Nagarajan, Deepa Lakshmi; Krishnamurthi, Malathi; Ponnusamy, Kavitha; Perumal, Ramesh
Introduction: Alveolar bone remodeling after tooth extraction has been long considered unavoidable. Ridgeresorption is greatest within 6 months. Bone dimensional changes complicate tooth replacement therapy.Recently, the use of biomaterials for ridge preservation has been researched thoroughly. The main question iswhether there are any benefits of bone grafting to the extraction socket. Objectives: The aim of the study was todetermine the effect that socket filling with a bone graft has on alveolar ridge volume loss as compared withtooth extraction alone. Materials and methods: A database search was conducted according to the PRISMAguidelines. We searched for studies published between 01.10.2012 and 01.10.2017. Results: Five studiesinvestigated alveolar ridge bucco-oral dimension preservation using xenograft. Overall, the interventions withthis graft were more beneficial in terms of width maintenance than tooth extraction alone. Four articles analyzedsocket bucco-oral dimension maintenance using synthetic alloplast. The results were inconclusive, as 3 studiesreported greater width and one article described a greater bone width in the control group. Four studiesinvestigated the preservation of alveolar bone height after socket preservation. In the bovine derived xenograftsubgroup, the effect of ridge height was greater than extraction alone. Two studies researched ridge heightpreservation after extraction using synthetic alloplast. The results were in favor of the test group, but werestatistically insignificant. Conclusions: Alveolar ridge preservation using xenograft shows greater dimensionalpreservation than no graft. The results for the alloplast group were inconclusive. More and less heterogeneousstudies are needed to compare these materials.
Heterodera: a spurious passenger or an irritator.
(2014-12) Prakash, R; Maulingkar, Saleel; Raghunatha, S
Agenesis of Isthmus of thyroid gland with presence of pyramidal lobe and levator glandulae thyroideae.
(2014-12) Kavyashree, A N; Asha, K R; Bindurani, M K; Subhash, Lakshmi Prabha
A wide range of morphological and developmental variations of thyroid gland like hypoplasia, ectopic thyroid tissue, hemiagenesis or agenesis of thyroid gland has been reported. Out of these agenesis of the thyroid isthmus is a very rare congenital anomaly. Thyroid isthmus agenesis does not manifest clinical symptoms, and it can be confused with other thyroid pathologies. Also the presence of levator glandulae thyroideae and its anatomical variations gain importance in the pathologies which are related to thyroid gland and their treatment modalities. We hereby, report the absence of isthmus and presence of levator glandulae thyroideae and pyramidal lobe in a middle aged male cadaver. The present case report is an attempt to highlight the implications of variation of thyroid gland from diagnostic, phylogenetic and functional perspectives.
To study the effect of Yoga Training on auditory and visual reaction time.
(2014-12) Hanji, Chandrashekar V; Venkatesh, G
Reaction time is the easiest methods of assessing the sensory and motor performance of an individual. It is an indicator of performance in surgeons, sports personnel etc. Yoga can improve the reaction time. Hence, this study was undertaken to study the effect of yoga training on visual and auditory reaction time. Fifty healthy subjects aged between 18 and 25 years were selected. Auditory reaction time and visual reaction time were assessed before and after yoga training. There was significant decrease (p<0.05) in the alert values of both Auditory reaction time and Visual reaction time after two months of yoga training. Yoga training enhances the reaction times which are helpful in surgeons, sportsmen and skilled workers.
Strengthening the healthcare services to prevent severe Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia.
(2014-12) D’Souza, Lolita S M; Josin, Joicy
Preeclampsia is a hypertensive, multi-system disorder of pregnancy whose etiology remains unknown. Although management is evidence-based, preventive measures/screening tools are lacking, treatment remains symptomatic, and delivery remains the only cure. As in the past, the current role of physicians and nurses in the management of pre-eclampsia-eclampsia continues to revolve around the protection of maternal/foetal wellbeing and optimization of positive health outcomes. Given that effective preventive measures and screening tools is presently lacking, routine assessment of the signs/symptoms indicative of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia remains critical to the detection, monitoring, and effective management of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. Patient education and the provision of a supportive environment are also essential to the optimal management of preeclampsia/ eclampsia. This article deals with the integration of health care services in preventing the complications of pre-eclampsia.
Relation between Calcium Loss and Its Effect on Microhardness of Root Canal Dentin Following Treatment With 17% Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid(EDTA) at Different Time Intervals: An Ex-Vivo Study.
(2014-12) Kamakshi, G; Suvarna, Nithin; Shetty, Harish Kumar; Khed, Jaishri
Decalcification and its effect on microhardness of root canal dentin by an aqueous solution of 17% EDTA at different time intervals were studied.Single rooted forty extracted human premolar teeth after adequate processing and embedded with acrylic resin were randomly divided into 8 groups based on different time intervals. Each sample group was assessed for Ca²⁺ release into the test solution by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, respectively and then were subjected for microhardness testing.17% EDTA and 0.9% Saline, test solutions were used; EDTA was adjusted to 7.5 pH. Data analysis was done by One Way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the comparison of means was done by using Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. The decalcifying activity of 17% EDTA solution was time dependent and increased immersion time showing very high significant influence on the amount of calcium extracted (F=154.304, p). The reduction in microhardness for 17% EDTA solution was time dependent and increased immersion time showing very high significant decrease in the microhardness among the different time intervals tested (F=249.925, p < 0.0005).Effect of 17 % EDTA solution as root canal irrigant is time dependent as evidenced by dentin microhardness reduction.
An Epidemiological study on Snakebite in Karwar.
(2014-12) Adiga, Usha; Adiga, Sachidananda
According to the World Health Organization, snakebites cause more death and disability and are more notorious than some tropical diseases. Snakebite is a leading medical emergency in Asia/Pacific. It is one of the major causes of mortality in India. The objective of the study was to gather epidemiological information on snakebite that will help to guide/design a snakebite prevention and treatment intervention in Karwar. A retrospective study was conducted, in which we have collected data of snakebite cases admitted to the district hospital from October 2010 to October 2014. Epidemiological and demographic profiles of three hundred victims were noted. Data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Three hundred snakebite cases were admitted to district hospital, Karwar over the period of four years. Incidence was highest in post monsoon (n=97). Victims affected were mainly in third decade. Male preponderance was clearly seen. Farmers or people involved in farming related activities accounted for more than half of the victims (n=196). Eighty seven percent (87%) (n=261) occurred on the lower limb. Snake bite is an important neglected health problem in Karwar and surrounding rural areas . Using this study as a guiding tool, awareness and education programs on prevention of snakebite can be planned. It is important to educate people regarding first aid treatment, dos and don’ts in case of snakebite. Medical personnel should be trained; facility should be improved in Karwar district hospital so as to manage even complicated cases.
Antibiotic Resistance in Non-humans and its Impact on Human Health.
(2014-12) Prakash, R; Krishnamurthy, Veena; Allavarapu, A Ramyasree
Antimicrobial drugs are magic bullets which are used in humans, animals and plants to treat and prevent bacterial infections. The inevitable side effects of the use of antibiotics are the emergence and dissemination of resistant bacteria. Their level of resistance is considered to be a good indicator for selection pressure by antibiotic use and for resistance problems to be expected in pathogens. At least twelve classes of antimicrobials namely arsenicals, polypeptides, glycolipids, tetracyclines, elfamycins, macrolides, lincosamides, polyethers, beta-lactams, quinoxalines, streptogramins, and sulfonamides have been used in veterinary practice. The effect of this selection pressure has been the appearance of numerous resistant strains of Escherichia coli , Salmonella species , Staphylococcus aureus , Pasteurella hemolytica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Clostridium perfringens and many other bacterial species. Bacteria also acquire genes conferring resistance by a variety of mechanisms including acquisition of extrachromosomal plasmids that replicate apart from the chromosomal DNA. Damage caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria is a kind of pollution. The precise effect of agricultural antibiotic use on resistance levels in the general population is not known, but the evidence points to a link. Considerable attention has been focussed on a very small minority of bacteria that cause disease but a vast sea of commensal and environmental bacteria continuously and promiscuously exchange genes totally unnoticed. Immediate action has to be taken to prevent the antibiotic resistance in bacteria by judicious and rational use of antibiotics, effective hospital infection control programs and research for the development of new antibiotics or by combination therapy.
Ebola virus disease: Getting to know a new emerging foe.
(2014-12) Baliga, Shrikala; Shalini, M; Mithra, P Prasanna; Unnikrishnan, B; Rekha, T
Viral hemorrhagic fevers have been at the top of the severity scale in terms of morbidity and mortality among human beings. Many of the viruses have their reservoirs in animal kingdom and from time to time they get introduced to humans and cause sporadic outbreaks and epidemics. Thousands of people from the Western African region have already succumbed to the complications due to Ebola virus infection.
The South East Asian region including India has been affected by several outbreaks of communicable diseases like SARS, bird flu, swine flu etc. The current outbreak has been a global concern due to its spread beyond the African continent. WHO has declared EVD as an international health emergency and worldwide efforts have been enhanced to escalate research to find a vaccine or cure for the disease.

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