Biotechnology Journal International

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151208

Chief Editors: Prof. Viroj Wiwanitkit, Prof. Marek Malecki, Prof. Yifan Dai and Prof. Kuo-Kau Lee
ISSN: 2456-7051

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.journalbji.com/index.php/BJI

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Isolation, Screening and Identification of Biopolymer Producing Bacillus cereus from Vegetable Wastes
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Behar, N; Yadav, D; Verma, KK; Dubey, SK.
Plastic materials are causing tremendous damage to the environment. To mitigate the use of synthetic plastics, eco-friendly biopolymers have emerged as an alternative to plastics. Biodegradable plastics such as polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) are currently used in several synthetic applications similar to biopolymers. The present research was conducted to screen bacteria from vegetable wastes for PHB production. The PHB producing bacteria were screened using Sudan Black-B stain followed by microscopic examination for presence of PHB granules. The PHB was produced through a shake flask fermentation method. The significant PHB-producing bacteria was sequenced by 16S rRNA sequencing (1200bp) (NCIMRef: 2023/Seq-160), by NCIM, Pune, India. The sequencing report showed that the bacterial isolate has 99.93% closest homology to Bacillus cereus. Further, we have deposited this sequence in GenBank (SUB14283541 907R_Seq160_CB4 PP422177, SUB14283541 907R_Seq160_CB4_RC PP422178, SUB14283541 704F_Seq160_CB4 PP422179, and SUB14283541 907RC_704F_Seq160_CB4 PP422180) for further reference and studies. The Bacillus cereus CB 4-derived biopolymer precipitated with acetone has shown maximum PHB yield of 2.7 gL-1. Further research prospects would focus on the optimization of biopolymer production and its quality testing on various parameters.
Morphological and Physiological Responses of Sorghum to Drought: Implications for Development of Climate-resilient Cultivars
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Danquah, A; Otwe, EP; Galyuon, IKA; Kumi, F; Napo, C.
Drought is a significant environmental stress affecting crop productivity, particularly, in semi-arid regions where sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] serves as an essential crop for food and fodder. Therefore, it is paramount to evaluate such crop varieties with potential for use in the development of climate-resilient ones through breeding and selection. A greenhouse pot experiment was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm of the School of Agriculture (A. G. Carlson Technology area), University of Cape Coast (UCC), to determine the morpho-physiological responses of seven sorghum varieties, focusing on the stay-green trait under drought-stressed (DS) and well-watered (WW) conditions. Parameters measured included green leaf area (GLA), relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, and grain yield. The results showed that the Dorado and Kapaala varieties exhibited greater drought resilience, maintaining higher GLA, RWC, chlorophyll levels and grain yield under drought stress conditions. Strong positive correlations between RWC, GLA, chlorophyll level, and grain yield parameters under DS highlighted these metrics as potential indicators for selecting drought-tolerant sorghum varieties. Thus, sorghum varieties such as Dorado and Kapaala could be employed in breeding programs for the development of climate-resilient varieties. The strong positive correlations between some morphological and physiological characters could be used to indirectly select for improved grain yields. This study underscores the importance of genetic diversity in crop resilience and provides valuable insights for breeding programs aimed at enhancing drought tolerance in sorghum.
Assessment of the Persistent Organic Compounds Residual Level in Farm Soil of Telfaria occidentalis Hook F. Cultivation Area in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) FI, N; GO, O-A; RW, N; HD, A.
Soil samples from some selected farms where Telfaria occidentalis Hook F. was planted within the Federal Capital Territory was during the rainy season (August 2023) soil samples were collected using a modified grid of 40 m – 40 m adapted from (Anibasa, 2016) with 20 m apart between sampling locations at a depth of 10 cm for each sampling location, these were analyzed for Persistent Organic Compounds (POCs) residue level using Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). The inorganic pesticides like, Alpha-BHC, Beta-BHC, Gamma-BHC, Heptachlor, Endrin, DDT, Endosulfan II, DDD (Dichloro diphenyl dichloroethane) and Endosulfan Sulfate were recorded. Endosulfan Sulfate was the highest concentration of 3.00±0.69 mg/kg in the soil and was recorded in three Area Councils, followed by Heptachlor with concentration of 2.14±0.73 mg/kg recorded in all the Area Councils, Beta- BHC with concentration of 2.12±0.48 mg/kg recorded in five Area Councils and the lowest concentration of 0.67±0.22 mg/kg was that of Alpha –BHC recorded from three Area Councils. Statistical analysis of the findings indicated that the data was not normally distributed and no significant difference (p?0.05) in the concentrations across the six Area Councils however, all the concentrations were above Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) permissible by WHO/FAO in soil.
Utilizing Plant Tissue Culture Protocol for Propagation of Jatropha curcas- A Semi-arid Tree Species in Maiduguri, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) Abdulkadir, A; Tarfa, M; Umar, MA; Saquib, M; Benisheikh, AA; Audu, M.
This study examines the in vitro propagation of Jatropha curcas, a drought resistant tree species valued for its medicinal uses, biofuel production, and soil rehabilitation in arid regions. The research addresses the challenges of natural regeneration by employing micropropagation, as an alternative method for large-scale propagation. The explants were obtained from a healthy tree, sterilized and cultured in full strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) media, at different concentrations of Benzyle adenine (BA) and Indole-3-buteric acid (IBA). The data on shoot proliferation, leaf number, and shoot length were recorded after four weeks. The parameters recorded were statistically analyzed and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P<0.05). Best response was observed in a MS medium (full Strength) supplemented with low level of BA (0.5mg/l) and IBA (0.2mg/l) showing shoot height of 1.567cm. The study reveals that high phenolic exuded by explants leading to hyperhydricity, and low moisture condition, hinders explant growth and development. None of the explant rooted when cultured on the rooting media (half MS media supplemented with Plant Growth Regulators IBA and NAA) but rather produces some substance appearing to be callus at the base of the plantlets which necessitated for histological analysis. The histological studies show, no any irregularities in the tissues structures and organization that might prevent the plantlet from rooting. From the result of this study, it can be concluded that the use of full-strength MS media supplemented with a very low Cytokinin and Auxin could be suitable for propagating Jatropha curcas in vitro. It is recommended that further research be undertaken to improve proliferation and rooting efficiency, for possibilities of substituting the conventional method of propagating of these tree species.
Chemical Disinfectants in Disease Management and Productivity Enhancement in Mulberry Sericulture: A Review
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) R, KK; K, S; Rahman, T; Ahamed, MJ; S, J.
The sericulture industry, focused on producing silk from Bombyx morisilkworms, is highly vulnerable to pathogenic outbreaks due to the domestication of silkworms, which has diminished their natural immunity. Pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, are common threats in silkworm rearing and significantly impact silk production. The use of chemical disinfectants in sericulture has proven to be an essential tool in mitigating these threats by maintaining hygienic rearing conditions. This paper reviews the importance, mechanisms, and application of chemical disinfectants in disease management and highlights their role in enhancing sericulture productivity.
Genotypic Identification of Extended-Spectrum ?-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Salmonella spp. Associated with Meat and Lettuce and Sales Practices that Contribute to Contamination of These Foods in Bobo Dioulasso
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) Somda, NS; Flibert, G; Hien, DF de S; Tankoano, A; Adesoji, TO; Bayili, GR; Konfé/Kanwé, EM; Roamba, A; Kaboré, D; Bonkoungou, OJI; Savadogo, A; Sawadogo-Lingani, H.
Background and Aims: Food contamination is often linked to diverse factors such as poor food preservation, culinary techniques, and the handling of products during marketing. These factors could facilitate the spread of bacteria which are among the primary causes of food borne infections in both developing and industrialized countries adding to public health burden. This study aims to highlight the epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum ?-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella strains in lettuce and charcuterie as well as to investigate sales practice that could aid food contamination. Methods: The study was conducted at Bobo-Dioulasso from April to December 2021. A survey was carried out among 30 randomly selected lettuce sellers in 5 markets and 30 randomly selected charcuterie workers in 3 selected supermarkets. A total of 162 samples (90 lettuce and 72 charcuterie) were collected and screened for the presence of Salmonella using standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out on the obtained Salmonella isolates using the Kirby – Bauer disk diffusion technique. Specific primers were used for the detection of the class 1 integrons, antibiotic resistance, and virulence genes by PCR. Results: The quality of water used for keeping the lettuce fresh (wetting) and sellers’ hygiene were significantly associated with lettuce contamination (=14.21, P<0.001). For charcuteries, 66.7% and 33.3% of the structures surveyed use refrigerated trucks and vans for transportation, respectively. Salmonella was isolated from 12.35% (20/162) of the samples, i.e., 13.33% (12/90) of the lettuce samples and 11.11% (8/72) of the charcuterie samples (?2 = 9.485; p < 0.005). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that all the isolates were resistant to colistin while 70% (14/20) and 60% (12/20) were resistant to cephalothin and ampicillin, respectively. The int1, parE, parC, blaCTX-M, and blaTEM genes were detected among 70%, 65%, 60%, 45% and 40% of the isolates, respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed that seller’s practice including handling and quality of water for wetting could significantly increase the risk of contamination on ready to eat vegetables including the presence of enteric pathogens such as Salmonella sp carrying various antibiotic resistance determinants which could pose public health risk. There is a need of sensitization and training for these sellers as the issue is a national public health problem.
Sustainable Production of Liquid Biofertilizer: Utilizing Spent Mushroom Substrate and Watermelon Peels
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) PU, M; Onwukwe, C; BA, E; CM, I; BT, D; HO, S; CN, A.
Biofertilizers are natural fertilizers that contains live biomass. This study demonstrates the production of Liquid biofertilizer through the use of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), and watermelon peels by liquid state fermentation technique. This is a result of contamination and lose of soil fertility faced by the environment and agricultural farm land as a result of incessant use of inorganic fertilizers that are persistent in the soil. The two waste materials of 5379g each were obtained and placed on a 35-litre drum, 27 litre of water was poured on the mixture after washing the watermelon peel and stirred evenly, then allowed to ferment for 3 weeks under anaerobic condition, then filtration of the mixture was done after complete fermentation, and microbiological and physicochemical analysis was carried out on the mixture before and after fermentation. Reduction in the concentration of total nitrogen, phosphorous, magnesium and potassium were observed after fermentation while iron content increased after fermentation. The following bacterial species were identified using 16S rRNA gene amplicons: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas, geniculata, Sphingobacterium daejeonense and Alcaligene faecalis. A Pot experiment was carried out with a planting bag on three set ups in duplicates, (i) seed + liquid biofertilizer application, (ii) seed + chemical fertilizer application (iii) Seed alone. Then planting of bean seed (Phasolous vulgaris L.) and groundnut seed (Arachis hypogea) on each set up after physicochemical analysis of the planting soil. Growth comparison using germination test was done by measuring the shoot length, leaf length, leave number, leaf width, stem girth and number of branches, it was observed that the treatment with liquid biofertilizer application competed favourably with that of chemical fertilizer treatment and the biofertilizer also serves as a bio-control agent as the leaves of the biofertilizer set up was not eaten by caterpillar while that of inorganic (chemical fertilizer) was eaten up.
Hygiene Practices and Microbial Contamination of Liquid Gapal Sold in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) Abel, T; Siourimè, SN; Flibert, G; Adama, P; Zeynab, TR; Toussaint, OB; Amal, S; Donatien, K; Hagrétou, S-L.
Aims: Liquid gapal is a fermented food prepared mainly from millet paste and milk, and is increasingly consumed in Burkina Faso's major cities. This study aims to contribute to knowledge of the microbiological quality of liquid gapal marketed in Ouagadougou. Methodology: To achieve this objective, we surveyed eleven (11) gapal producers located in ten (10) different districts of the city. Thirty-three (33) samples of liquid gapal randomly collected at a rate of three (3) samples per producer were then analyzed using standard microbiological analyzes methods. Results: The results showed that some producers had poor control over good hygiene and production practices. The use of public mills to grind millet and lack of backup power systems that can contribute to promote microbial contamination. Microbiological analyzes showed that the level of microbiological contamination varied from one gapal producer to another. Microbial loads varied from 4.9 to 8.1log10 CFU/mL for total aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, 4.3 to 5.7 log10 CFU/mL for yeasts and moulds, 4.6 to 8.8 log10 CFU/mL for lactic acid bacteria, 1.4 to 4.6 log10 CFU/mL for enterobacteria, 0.8 to 4.6 log10 CFU/mL for thermotolerant coliforms, ?1.0 UFC/mL to 3.7 log10 CFU/mL for Staphylococcus aureus and 0.6 to 3.0 log10 CFU/mL for Bacillus cereus. Conclusion: These results underline the need to strengthen the capacities of these gapal producers in order to improve the quality of the products they marketed.
Automated Estimation of Plant Leaf Disease Severity Using Classical Image Segmentation Techniques
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) TAA, E; HB, N; MEL, N.
Aim: This study aimed to propose a computationally cost-effective method for automated estimation of plant leaf disease severity in resource-limited settings. Study Design: The performance of four image segmentation algorithms—global thresholding, adaptive thresholding, Otsu thresholding, and edge detection—was evaluated using nine curated images of disease-affected leaves from tomato, bell pepper, and potato plants. Each image was segmented into healthy and diseased regions, and quantitative metrics—including diseased pixel counts, percentage of affected area, healthy-to-diseased ratios, and computational time—were analyzed to assess algorithm performance. Results: The segmentation methods executed with near-instantaneous speed (0–0.001 seconds per image). Global and Otsu thresholding consistently demonstrated high segmentation accuracy, leading to reliable severity estimations. Adaptive thresholding tended to overestimate disease severity, while edge detection, despite providing precise lesion boundaries, significantly underestimated overall disease severity. Conclusion: Comparative analysis, supported by visual validation, suggests that Otsu thresholding, closely followed by global thresholding, is the most effective approach for leaf disease severity estimation, offering high accuracy with minimal computational overhead. These findings indicate that classical computer vision techniques can play a valuable role in supporting plant disease diagnostics and estimation in resource-constrained environments.
Spore as a Survival Strategy in Cryptogams: Emerging Applications in Biotechnology and Beyond
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Gupta, A; Singh, R.
Spore biology is a fascinating field with immense potential for fundamental research and its applications. Spores are highly resistant dormant cells with reduced metabolic activity. The spores are found naturally in soil. Spores have unique features such as haploid nature, asexual reproductive units, extremely resistant cell wall and ability to survive in extreme conditions. Due to this spores have promising future prospects in research in fields of biosensing, biocontrol, biofertilizers, biomedicine biological warfare, probiotics and crop improvement. Because of resistance in changes in pH, temperature, and other environmental factors, they are used as efficient vaccine vehicles. Certain bacteria have been genetically manipulated to express antigens on the surface of their spores. Further bacterial spores can be used to selectively deliver drugs to tumor sites. This offers huge potential of spores in field of medicine.
A Study of Ocean-Source Biosurfactant-Producing and Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacterial Resource of The Atlantic Ocean, Araromi Sea-Side, Ondo State, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Ikuesan, FA.
Bioavailability of hydrocarbons to microorganisms is a serious threat to the efficiency of biodegradation process for the decontamination of polluted environments. The objective of this research is to characterize ocean-source biosurfactant-producing bacterial resource with potential to degrade hydrocarbons. The oceanwater sample was collected from the Atlantic Ocean on latitude 6.3250338 and Longitude 4.4834361 in Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. The Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis was used for the determination of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs). Quantification and identification of bacterial isolates were carried out by standard morphological, biochemical and molecular methods based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Four autochthonous marine-source bacteria were evaluated for their petroleum hydrocarbon utilization potentials by spectrophotometry method at 600 nm wavelength of culture in Bushnell Haas medium fortified with 1% petroleum hydrocarbon and then assayed for biosurfactant activity by oil collapse, foaming activity, emulsification and oil drop tests. The population of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria was 9.80×104 - 3.00×105 (CFU/mL) constituting 2.09 – 6.38% of the total heterotrophic bacterial population. Lysinibacillus fusiformis (OM179766.1) Citrobacter werkmanii (CP019986.1), Lysinibacillus sphaericus (CP015224.1) and Pseudomonas putida (MT604992.1) with 94.07-99.40% percentage homology were identified from the sample and exhibited varying responses to petroleum derivatives. The isolates exhibited positive responses to biosurfactant activity except Citrobacter werkmanii which showed negative response to drop collapse test. The isolates exhibited 44-83% and 26-66% emulsification (E24) and foaming activities respectively. The results of this study conclude that there exist in the marine ecosystem diversity of biosurfactant-producing bacteria that can be exploited to enhance pollutant bioavailability for the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated ecosystem.
Pathogenic Susceptibility of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) to Twelve Isolates of Colletotrichum sp Present on Six Weeds in Cashew Orchards in Côte d'Ivoire
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) Aboulaye, T; Sibirina, S; R. E., AA; Arsène, SN; Karidia, T-O; Daouda, K.
Cashew nuts are one of the agricultural products that contribute significantly to Côte d'Ivoire's economic development. However, cashew nut production in Côte d'Ivoire is threatened by anthracnose. Reducing anthracnose proliferation factors could reduce its impact on cashew trees. The aim of the study was to assess the virulence of Colletotrichum sp. isolated from weeds in cashew trees. It assessed the pathogenicity of 12 isolates of Colletotrichum sp. extracted from six weeds on cashew plants. The inocula were prepared by scraping the mycelium of each fungus in 10 ml of sterile distilled water. The spore suspension was collected and calibrated at 4.6.106 conidia/ml using a Malassez cell. This suspension was applied by spraying to the leaves of 30-day-old cashew plants. The parameters assessed were symptom incidence and severity index. All isolates tested induced symptoms characteristic of anthracnose on cashew plants. There was a significant difference between isolates in terms of their virulence. The highest incidence of 90% was obtained on plants inoculated with the ColE2 isolate and the lowest incidence of 30% was obtained on plants inoculated with the ColN3 isolate. The highest severity index of 7.66 was obtained on plants inoculated with the ColE3 isolate and the lowest severity index of 2.00 was obtained on plants inoculated with the ColN3 isolate. These results show that Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe), Vitellaria paradoxa (G), Micuna pruriens (L.), Blighia sapida (K. Koenig), Albizia zygia (DC) and Pterocarpus erinaceus (Poir) are hosts of anthracnose in cashew orchards in Côte d'Ivoire. Their integration into cashew pathogen control strategies is necessary.
Apoptosis Mechanisms: Role of Anti-apoptotic Proteins, Cancer Hallmarks and Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Cell Survival
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Zameer, S; Akram, Z; Daniyal, A; Fatima, U; Faraz, M; Anwar, Z; Khatoon, S; Habib, S; Mustafa, M.
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is the result of signaling pathways being activated when cells experience irreversible alterations due to internal or external stress. To stop cancer from developing, this procedure is crucial for getting rid of potentially dangerous cells that have accumulated genetic damage. Nevertheless, a lot of cancer cells create defenses against death, which aids in the growth of tumors and treatment resistance. Certain intracellular proteins play a key role in blocking apoptosis by interfering with specific stages of the cell death process. Among these, members of the Bcl-2 family such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL help maintain the integrity of cellular membranes, including those of the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. Additionally, Bcl-2 is believed to exhibit inherent antioxidant properties. The transition from normal cells to malignant tumors involves the acquisition of distinct functional traits, often referred to as the hallmarks of cancer. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in this transformation, facilitating tumor growth by providing essential nutrients and interacting dynamically with cancer cells. This paper focuses on the role of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) and anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2, both of which contribute to cancer progression by preventing cell death. Their ability to enhance cell survival promotes tumor growth and resistance to treatment. Additionally, the review underscores the TME's significance, including the microbiome's influence in modulating apoptosis and shaping tumor behavior. Targeting elements of the TME could improve therapeutic strategies and enhance treatment efficacy.
Modeling of the Thermal Behaviour of Acid Phosphatase from Breadfruit (Artocarpus communis) Seeds: Equilibrium Model Approach
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Marius, KS; Jacques, GM; Adama, N; Aristide, KB; Stéphane, DG.
Stabilization of enzymes is crucial to improve their durability and efficiency in various industrial applications. Thus, the search for new thermostable enzymes is a booming field. The seeds of Artocarpus communis are rich in acid phosphatases. Study of these enzymes could also be of interest in different biotechnological applications. Acid phosphatases are the enzymes that catalyze transphosphorylation reactions and promotes the hydrolysis of numerous orthophosphate esters in acidic media, as a crucial element for the metabolism of phosphate in tissues. The catalytic activity of Acid phosphatase from Artocarpus communis (ACP) seeds has been investigated using p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) as substrate. Using the Equilibrium Model (EQM), the thermal inactivation data were analyzed. ?G*act, ?G*inact, ?Heq and Teq were found to be (83.37 ± 0.02 kJ mol-1), (101.9 ± 0.2 kJ mol-1), (185 ± 2 kJ mol-1) and (326.90 ± 0.16 K) respectively. These results indicate that the enzyme is relatively stable in its native state, with the inactivation energy exceeding the catalytic energy.
Phenotypic and Genotyping Identification of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Enterobacteriaceae Obtained from Animal Fecal Samples within Owerri Metropolis
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Ozowara, UJ; Nsofor, CA.
Background: One of the major means for the spread or distribution of antibiotic resistance is through animal, either by consumption or as companions. Most of the antibiotic resistant bacteria investigated have been reported to exhibit multidrug resistance which can either be acquired or natural. The present study was targeted at investigating the epidemiology of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Using stratified randomized sample design, three hundred (n = 300) fecal samples [of cattle, and goats (n = 150 for each)] were collected from various abattoir in Owerri metropolis. The isolation, purification, and antibiotic sensitivity were carried out using standard procedures. The resistant genes were investigated using forward and reverse primers specific for the following genes blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV. Results: The result showed 97.67 % growth of Enterobacteriaceae. The highest Enterobacteriaceae isolated was in cattle fecal sample (61.00 %), while 2.33 % of the total samples did not show any growth for Enterobacteriaceae. Only three Enterobacteriaceae species were identified: Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Klebsiella pneumonia. Escherichia coli was the most abundant Enterobacteriaceae (42.32 %) and P. vulgaris was the least abundant (23.89 %). The isolates showed multiple resistances to most of the antibiotics tested. All the isolates were susceptible to Imipenem (IPM). The molecular characterization showed the presence of the three genes (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV) investigated. The blaCTX gene-band was the most prevalent (72.22 %) while the blaSHV gene-band was the lowest prevalent resistant gene (61.11 %). Conclusion: It was concluded that the genes: blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV were present in Enterobacteriaceae species (K. pneumoniae, P. vulgaris, and E. coli) isolated from abattoir in Owerri metropolis, Imo State.
Evaluation of NGASL Biomarkers and Some Biochemical Parameters in Patients with Renal Disorders in Ramadi City, Iraq
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Hanoon, HA; Hayani, DAA; Mustafa, TI; Hamid, SM; Rasoul, SMA; Atallah, SA; Danhash, SM.
This study was designed to determine the effect or the relationship between neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGASL) and some kidney function parameters in kidney disorder patients to detect the level of serum markers in kidney disorder patients (acute glomerular nephritis, renal calculi, and acute renal failure) in Ramadi City. 120 male and female samples participated; the present study was divided into three groups of 90 patients (30 acute glomerular nephritis, 30 renal calculi, and 30 acute renal failure) and 30 healthy control individuals. The serum NGASL was measured using an ELISA technique. Kidney function tests (serum creatinine and serum urea, HB, and WBC)) were also measured by the quantitative method. The result showed low significant (p > 0.001) differences in hemoglobin and WBC percent in the acute renal failure group compared with other groups, and when compared between the studied groups, the results showed high significant (p< 0.001) differences in urea and creatinine concentration in the acute renal failure group compared with the AGN and RC groups. On the other hand, the result showed high significant(p<0.001) differences in level of NGASL in Acute Renal Failure group compare with others groups. The correlation between parameters showed a higher negative correlation between Hb with urea, creatinine, and NGASL (r = -0.571, -0.508, and -0.463), respectively. In addition to the higher correlation between urea and creatinine with NGASL (r = 0.670, 0.406),. So can be considered NGASL a biomarker for kidney injury or kidney disorder. That may indicate the NGASL effect of renal disease and may be used as predictive parameters for kidney diseases.
Improving the Rheological Properties of Water-based Drilling Muds Using Waste Glass Powder
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Igbani, S; Akari, NT; Peletiri, SP; Ambaga, JJ.
In this study, we examined the rheological characteristics of water-based drilling muds incorporated with waste glass powder (WGP) of eight different weights (0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5 g). The waste glass powder was analysed using FTIR spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, XRD, and particle size analyser, to determine the specific components or compounds present, and the predominate particle size. The analyses showed that the waste glass powder mainly consisted of silicone oxides (SiO2), indicating that it is a pozzolanic material. Moreover, the dimensions of the particles had a substantial impact on the rheological characteristics. In addition, the study assessed the rheological characteristics of the prepared water-based drilling muds by employing a rotational viscometer. This involved measuring the gel strength at 10-second and 10-minute intervals, while keeping the rotational speed constant at 3 rpm. The investigation also recorded the viscosity and yield points at speed of 300 and 600 rpm. Furthermore, the investigation assessed the plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, gel strength, and yield point for eight distinct amounts of waste glass powder under standard conditions. As a result, the plastic viscosity of the mud systems increased from 10 to 31 cP, and the apparent viscosity increased from 20 to 44.5 cP as the weight of the waste glass powder increased from 0 to 4.5 g in each of the formulated muds. Furthermore, the highest plastic, and apparent viscosity values were averagely identified, and recorded as 30 and 45.7 cP with an optimal WGP concentration (3.5 g of WGP per 350 ml of deionised water). Whereas, the optimal GS was achieved at 5 and 8 lb/100 ft2 after 10 seconds and 10 minutes, respectively, when the dosage of WGP increased to 2.5 g. Also, as the concentration of WGP reached 4.0 g, the YP dropped from 35 to 8 lb/100 ft2 compared to the YP at a WGP concentration of 3.5 g. Correspondingly, the viscosity and yield point at which the gel solidifies rose as the concentration of waste glass powder increased. Environmentally, utilising waste glass powder to enhance the rheological characteristics of water-based drilling mud has the potential to mitigate the glass waste disposal issues, to the environment, and offer a feasible substitute for commercially accessible additive. This study offers vital insights into the alternative and efficient utilisation of waste glass powder in drilling the conductor and surface interval of a wellbore.
Unlocking Nature’s Secret: Microbiological and Nutrient Profiling of Fermented Apple
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-03) Rachael, OT; Elizabeth, AO; Omolabake, KO.
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the microbiological and nutrient composition of naturally fermented apple cider. Place and Study Duration: Department of Microbiology, between June and August 2023. Methodology: The purchased apples were weighed, cut into dice, cleaned, and incorporated into distilled water. Subsequently, they were allowed to ferment spontaneously at room temperature in a 500 mL conical flask. The sample was inoculated onto sterilized glucose yeast carbonate agar and subsequently incubated at 30°C for 48 hours. The colony characteristics of the isolates on glucose yeast carbonate agar were observed. Gram’s staining and other standard biochemical tests were performed to identify the isolates. During the fermentation period, the pH of the sample was determined. The proximate content (moisture, protein, crude fat, and carbohydrate) of the apple cider was also analyzed. Results: Microscopy revealed the isolates to be Gram-negative bacteria with rod-shaped morphology. The growth characteristics of the isolates on selective media and the results of biochemical tests suggested the presence of Acetobacter sp. The pH of the sample tends towards 4.0, suggesting the production of acidic compound. The apple cider produced had a high moisture content (78.04%), and the protein content was 20.04%. The results showed low concentrations of ash content (0.49%), carbohydrate (0.44%), and lipid (0.99%). Conclusion: The presence of macro and micronutrients in apple cider has been associated with some positive health effects, which are enhanced through fermentation, making them a valuable option for health-conscious consumers.
Optimization of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. Seed Germination Using Pretreatment Analysis
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-10) Georges, YKA; Anique, GA; Ella, NK; Nestor, GBB; Sélastique, AD; Arsène, ZBI.
Agroforestry resources play a crucial role in conserving biodiversity, stabilizing soils and improving the livelihoods of rural populations. This study investigates the impact of different treatments on the germination of Acacia auriculiformis, an important tree species for soil restoration in Côte d'Ivoire. The work was carried out at the University Jean Lorougnon GUEDE in Daloa. The seeds used for this work were subjected to four treatments, including a control (T0); those soaked for 3 days in ordinary water (T1); a hot water treatment at 60°C (T3); a boiling water treatment at 100°C and a flame treatment (T4). A randomized block design consisting of four treatments in three blocks. The results showed that seed treatment in hot water at 100°C until cooling gave the best germination percentages and germination speed. The results also showed that soaking the seeds in water for three days produced seedlings with the shortest germination time. The study underlines the importance of pregermination for the selection of better-performing varieties and the implementation of effective reforestation programs. It also highlights the need for further research into the impacts of climate change on tree germination and growth. However, for a better policy of extension, production and improvement of this endangered forest species of socio-economic interest, mastery of the requirements of this species while maintaining optimal conditions for its germination in the nursery is more necessary.
Potential Production of Mycotoxins by the Fungal Flora Isolated from "Garba" (Côte D'ivoire)
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Thérèse, AA; Cyrille, TA; Ghislaine, DC; Marina, K.
Garba, an Ivorian dish composed of attiéké (a fermented cassava couscous), fried tuna, and condiments, is increasingly consumed by the population, particularly in the streets of Abidjan. However, garba could pose a health risk to consumers. This study, aimed at preserving public health, sought to identify the toxigenic fungal flora present in garba sold on the streets of Abidjan. To this end, 300 garba samples were collected from four districts of Abidjan. Fungal strains contaminating the garba were enumerated and identified using classical mycological methods. Mycotoxins (aflatoxins and ochratoxins) were quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that the average mold counts ranged from 0 to 1.8 x 10^3 CFU/g. The isolated mold strains belonged to ten species grouped into four genera: Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium and Paecilomyces, with Mucor spp. (36.89%) and Aspergillus niger (30.09%) being the most predominant. The mycotoxins detected in garba were aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) and ochratoxin A, with average levels ranging from 0.42 to 8.07 µg/kg. Approximately 37% and 23% of garba samples had total aflatoxin and aflatoxin B1 levels exceeding regulatory limits. The presence of potentially mycotoxigenic fungal strains in garba could pose a health risk to consumers. Compliance with good hygiene practices during the production and sale of garba will therefore be necessary to considerably reduce contamination and protect consumer health.

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