Journal of Environmental Science & Engineering

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2, 4 dichlorophenol (2, 4-DCP) sorption from aqueous solution using granular activated carbon and polymeric adsorbents and studies on effect of temperature on activated carbon adsorption.
(2008-04-20) Ghatbandhe, A S; Yenkie, M K N
Adsorption equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), one of the most commonly used chlorophenol, onto bituminous coal based Filtrasorb-400 grade granular activated carbon, were studied in aqueous solution in a batch system with respect to temperature. Uptake capacity of activated carbon found to increase with temperature. Langmuir isotherm models were applied to experimental equilibrium data of 2, 4-DCP adsorption and competitive studies with respect to XAD resin were carried out. Equilibrium data fitted very well to the Langmuir equilibrium model. Adsorbent monolayer capacity 'Q0, Langmuir constant 'b' and adsorption rate constant 'k(a)' were evaluated at different temperatures for activated carbon adsorption. This data was then used to calculate the energy of activation of adsorption and also the thermodynamic parameters, namely the free energy of adsorption, deltaG0, enthalpy of adsorption, deltaH0 and the entropy of adsorption deltaS0. The obtained results showed that the monolayer capacity increases with the increase in temperatures. The obtained values of thermodynamic parameters showed that adsorption of 2,4 DCP is an endothermic process. Synthetic resin was not found efficient to adsorb 2,4 DCP compared to activated carbon. The order of adsorption efficiencies of three resins used in the study found as XAD7HP > XAD4 > XAD1180.
Accumulation of heavy metals in some species of lichens in south Tamilnadu, India.
(2004-07-04) Uijily, Maria Elizabath; Kumaraguru, A K
Lichens are lower group of plants. They accumulate heavy metals and have been used as bio-indicators in pollution monitoring. Nine lichen species were collected from urban, rural and hilly areas in the southern part of Tamilnadu. Accumulation of metals differed with species and also with respect to their locations. Among the nine species, Pyxine petricola collected from urban areas showed greater accumulation of the heavy metals i.e., copper, zinc, lead, nickel, chromium and cadmium.
Activity test for biological sulfate reduction.
(2007-01-14) Pawels, Renu; Haridas, Ajit; Jose, Babu T
Biofilm reactors with turbulent agitation are often the best choice for sulfate reduction using hydrogen as electron donor for treatment of metal sulfate wastewater. In this paper, a simple activity set-up with self aspiration of gas into liquid is described for determining the sulphidogenic activity of biofilms on polystyrene beads. Sulfate reducing bacteria attached to the beads of size 1-2 mm and 2 mm were found helpful for 0.058 g SO4(2-) reduction per g of dry beads per day and 0.33 g SO4(2-) reduction per g of dry beads respectively. Also it is observed that zinc has no impact on this activity at the concentration of 680 mg/L.
Adsorption of anionic dyes on to waste Fe (III)/Cr (III).
(2006-01-05) Namasivayam, C; Sumithra, S
Waste Fe (III)/Cr (III) hydroxide was investigated for the removal of anionic dyes, namely acid brilliant blue (acidic dye) and procion red (reactive azo dye) from aqueous solution. In batch experiments, parameters studied include contact time, adsorbate concentration, pH, adsorbent dose and temperature. Adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm with adsorption capacity of 10.37 and 3.28 mg/g for acid brilliant blue and procion red, respectively. Adsorption kinetic studies showed second order with respect to acid brilliant blue and first order with respect to procion red. Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy, enthalpy and entropy of adsorption were also evaluated.
Adsorption of fluoride on synthetic iron (III), zirconium(IV) and binary iron(III)-zirconium (IV) oxides: comparative assessment on pH effect and isotherm.
(2008-04-20) Biswas, Krishna; Bandhopadhyay, Durjoy; Ghosh, Uday Chand
Fluoride is an accumulative poison at high dose of intake for humans and animals. In the present study, the sorption of fluoride from aqueous solution has been investigated on synthetic hydrous ferric oxide (HFO), hydrous zirconium oxide (HZO) and hydrous zirconium(IV)-iron(III) oxide (HZFO) by batch mode experiments. Both HFO and HZFO were crystalline and HZO was amorphous in nature. The parametes studied were the effect of pH and sorption equilibriums. The results showed increase in fluoride-sorption with increasing pH from nearly 2.0 to 5.0, 4.6 and 6.8 for HFO, HZO and HZFO, respectively. Analysis of temperature dependent sorption data obtained at equilibrium solution pH 6.8 (+/- 0.2) has been described by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson isotherm model equations. The present sorption data fit, in general, found very well with the Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson models; and the data fit for HZFO and HFO found to increase, but for HZO the data found to decrease with increasing temperature. The computed thermodynamic parameters such as deltaG0, delltaH0 and deltaS0 from the Langmuir equilibrium constant (b, L/Umg) values show that the fluoride-sorption on HZFO was more spontaneous and endothermic process compared to HFO. The deltaH0 value obtained for fluoride adsorption on HZO indicates exothermic nature.
Adsorption of Ni (II) using agrowaste, rice husk.
(2004-07-04) Dadhich, Anima S; Beebi, Shaik Khasim; Kavitha, G V
The present investigation was carried out to study the removal of nickel using a non-conventional adsorbent, rice husk. The effects of contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH, concentration of the metal ion and isotherm models are studied in a batch process. A steady trend was observed for all variables. The adsorption percentage increased with increase in contact time, adsorbent dosage and pH, but there was a decrease in adsorption with increase in concentration of the metal ion. K, the adsorbent capacity and 1/n, the adsorption intensity values showed that rice husk, a non-conventional adsorbent is efficient in removing Ni (II) from an aqueous solution. The adsorption data fitted well into Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
Adsorption studies on teak leaves (Tectona grandis): removal of lead ions from wastewater.
(2008-01-06) Ajmal, Mohammad; Rao, Rifaqat A K; Ahmad, Jameel; Anwar, Shahana; Ahmad, Rais
Teak leaves (Tectona grandis) abundantly available in India showed high sorption capacity for lead ions and were found efficient for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions. The extent of removal was found to be dependent on pH, temperature, concentration of metal ions and the dose of adsorbent. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated at different temperatures. The sorbent once used can be regenerated and recycled two - three times almost with the same capacity. However, regeneration by column operation gave better results than batch process.
Adsorption studies on wastewaters from cypermethrin manufacturing process using activated coconut shell carbon.
(2007-10-15) Bhuvaneswari, K; Ravi Prasad, P; Sarma, P N
Cypermethrin is a pyrethroid pesticide and is used in the control of a wide range of insects on crops like vegetables, cereals, maize etc. In the present study, the adsorption efficiency of coconut shell based activated carbon for the removal of color and organic matter from cypermethrin pesticide manufacturing industrial wastewater was investigated. Effect of carbon dosage, pH and contact time on the removal of COD was also studied. Equilibrium and kinetic studies were carried out and the data was fitted in Freundlich and Langmuir models. The study proved that activated coconut shell carbon (acc) is an efficient adsorbent for treatment of cypermethrin industrial wastewaters under study.
Adsorptive removal of basic dyes from aqueous phase onto activated carbon of used tea leaves: a kinetic and thermodynamic study.
(2004-10-03) Singh, D K; Rastogi, Kavita
Activated carbon has been prepared from used tea leaves impregnated with H3PO4 (50%, w/v) and carbonized at 300 degrees C. Its adsorption capacity has been tested for the decolourisation of wastewater containing malachite green and methylene blue. The effect of system variables such as concentration, temperature, pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and particle size was studied. The optimum pH range is 8-10 and dosage required is 1.2 g/L for 100% removal of both malachite green and methylene blue (100 mg/L). Break-through and exchaustive capacities for malachite green and methylene blue are 300.0 and 314.7 mg/g; 275.0 and 290.4 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption data follow Langmuir model as well as Freundlich model.
Air quality modelling of vehicular emissions under GIS environment, for Coimbatore Corporation (west zone).
(2005-07-18) Meenambal, T; Palani, P K; Dhandapani, N; Manikumar, R
Environment pollution is simply a consequence of the anthropogenic activities of mankind. Emissions from the motor vehicles have been shown to be the major contribution to air pollution in the urban environment. The major pollutants are SO2, No(x) and CO. Of these pollutants carbon monoxide is of utmost importance as the pollutant has serious toxicological effects and proves fatal on mankind. In this study, the concentration of Carbon-Monoxide (CO) along and near the major roads at Coimbatore west zone due to vehicular emission is predicted using the Air Quality Modelling Software Called CALINE4 model. Using MAPINFO GIS environment, thematic maps of the CO pollution at different receptor heights were prepared. Also, the concentration of CO for the year 2004 at 1.8 m height and 5 m height were predicted. In addition, to create awareness about the air quality, suggestions had been given to take suitable measures from engineering and environmental point of view.
Air quality status at selected locations in Hyderabad City.
(2004-04-03) Sastry, M S; Suneela, M; Kumar, N P Shashidhar; Hussain, S K
A case study for assessing the air quality status is elaborated for Hyderabad city. Monitoring was carried out at 11 locations during March 2003. These observations on air quality status and AQEI predicts that most of the localities in Hyderabad are experiencing the air pollution stress and the trend is likely to worsen in near future if proper control measures are not implemented.
Anaerobic sustainability for integrated biomethanation of sugar mill waste and municipal sewage.
(2004-04-03) Saravanane, R; Sivasankaran, M A; Sundararaman, S; Sivacoumar, R
The study investigates the viability of biogas generation by integrating the biodegradable waste product of sugar industry viz., pressmud with municipal sewage using biomethanation process. The total solid content of pressmud and sewage mixture was optimized with respect to maximization of biogas yield with continuous monitoring over several operating parameters. Optimum total solid content of 5% found to yield 80 m3 of biogas per ton of pressmud compared to 65m3 per ton of conventional digestion of pressmud alone. It is estimated that 3.4 x 10(8) m3 of biogas can be generated through integrated biomethanation from the potential of4.2 million tons ofpressmud available annually in India.
Analytical study of heavy metals of industrial effluents at Jaipur, Rajasthan (India).
(2006-04-05) Singh, Vijendra; Singh Chandel, C P
Heavy metals contamination has been recognized as a major environmental concern due to their pervasiveness and persistence. These heavy metals are not biodegradable, hence there is a need to develop such a remediation technique, which should be efficient, economical and rapidly deployable in a wide range of physical settings. For the characterization of heavy metals of various industrial effluents, some heavy metals, like Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Lead and Zinc were analyzed. The results exhibited that As, Cd, Cr and Pb were not found in any studied wastewater samples, while some of the following heavy metals ranged from: Cu (0.0 - 1.0 mg/L), Fe (0.1 - 0.4 mg/L), Mn (0.0 - 0.4 mg/L), Ni (0.01 - 0.07 mg/L) and Zn (0.68 - 60.84 mg/L). Copper, Iron, Manganese and Zinc were found above the standard limit recommended by IS: 3307 (1977). However, Nickel was found below the regulated safety values for all studied samples.
Aspects of thermal discomfort during summer over a tropical city--Delhi (India).
(2007-07-15) Das, Yashvant; Padmanabhamurty, B
The changes in the city configuration modify the temperature and humidity of the urban and its adjacent biosphere, which affect thermal discomfort and inadvertently modify the city climate. Assessing the urban climate in a physiological significance manner require the use of method of human biometeorology. In the present paper, temperature and humidity for 40 diverse locations over Delhi are analyzed for thermal discomfort during summers of 1998 and 1999. The small-scale spatial variations of discomfort index (DI) associated with heat island intensity (HII) are discussed. Long-term changes in the urban thermal discomfort as a sequel of urbanization have also been elucidated through the examination of thermo-hygrometric index (THI) trend, during summer. Results showed the significant spatial variation of DI associated with pockets of HII corresponding to the industrial, commercial and densely populated urban areas. Based on the analysis, the entire city is found to be falling under discomfort and partial discomfort category.
Assessment and mapping of water pollution indices in zone-III of municipal corporation of hyderabad using remote sensing and geographic information system.
(2005-01-04) Asadi, S S; Vuppala, Padmaja; Reddy, M Anji
A preliminary survey of area under Zone-III of MCH was undertaken to assess the ground water quality, demonstrate its spatial distribution and correlate with the land use patterns using advance techniques of remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS). Twenty-seven ground water samples were collected and their chemical analysis was done to form the attribute database. Water quality index was calculated from the measured parameters, based on which the study area was classified into five groups with respect to suitability of water for drinking purpose. Thematic maps viz., base map, road network, drainage and land use/land cover were prepared from IRS ID PAN + LISS III merged satellite imagery forming the spatial database. Attribute database was integrated with spatial sampling locations map in Arc/Info and maps showing spatial distribution of water quality parameters were prepared in Arc View. Results indicated that high concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrates, fluorides and total hardness were observed in few industrial and densely populated areas indicating deteriorated water quality while the other areas exhibited moderate to good water quality.
Assessment of air pollution indices in opencast coal mining complex--an Indian case study.
(2004-01-03) Ghose, Mrinal K
India is world's third largest coal-producing country and to meet the future energy demand it will have to produce coal at a faster rate. The coal by opencast mining has been about 80% of the total production. This paper focuses on some of the key air pollution problems arising from increased use of opencast mining. It examines the utility of an Air Pollution Index (API) for tackling air pollution problems. A fact-finding survey was conducted to evaluate the status of air pollution due to opencast coal mining in Jharia Coalfield of Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. The approach for the selection of air monitoring stations, its monitoring programme, data analysis and results are discussed. The Oak Ridge Air Quality Index (ORAQI) was used to evaluate the relative ranking of overall air quality different locations within the mining complex. The paper recommends the use of API data rather than individual air pollution level data when attempting to develop effective air pollution control strategies for mining areas.
Assessment of coastal pollution through bioassay and transplantation of intertidal clams.
(2006-04-05) Jaiswar, A K; Kulkarni, B G; Chakraborty, S K
In the present study, a survey of Mahim creek and Bay area was undertaken that indicated absence of fauna, particularly molluscs from the area, which was a repository in the past. During bioassay experiments of Mahim creek water, the clams G. divaricatum and C. antiquata could not open their valves in 100% creek water and died within 12 hrs of exposure. The 96 hrs LC50 values of Mahim creek water for G. divaricatum and C. antiquata were found to be 20% and 40% respectively during summer and 38% and 57% respectively during rainy season. When two sets of the clams were transplanted at Mahim creek, they died within 12 hrs. These experiments suggest the extreme level of pollution in the area. This level of pollution is responsible for transforming the area into barren locality in terms of fauna, specially the rich molluscan diversity. However, Gorai creek was found to be comparatively very less polluted and it still serves as breeding and nursery ground for various fishes and prawn species. Hence it must be protected and conserved.
Assessment of groundwater quality status in Amini Island of Lakshadweep.
(2005-01-04) Prasad, N B Narasimha; Mansoor, O A
Amini Island is one of the 10 inhabited islands in Lakshadweep. Built on the ancient volcanic formations Lakshadweep is the the tiniest Union Territory of India. The major problem experienced by the islanders is the acute scarcity of fresh drinking water. Groundwater is the only source of fresh water and the availability of the same is very restricted due to peculiar hydrologic, geologic, geomorphic and demographic features. Hence, proper understanding of the groundwater quality, with reference to temporal and spatial variations, is very important to meet the increasing demand and also to formulate future plans for groundwater development. In this context, the assessment of groundwater quality status was carried out in Amini Island. All the available information on water quality, present groundwater usage pattern, etc. was collected and analyzed. Total hardness and salinity are found to be the most critical water quality parameters exceeding the permissible limits of drinking water standards. Spatial variation diagrams of salinity and hardness have been prepared for different seasons. It is also observed from these maps that the salinity and hardness are comparatively better on the lagoon side compared to the seaside. These maps also suggest that the salinity and the hardness problem is more in the southern tip compared to northern portion.
Assessment of hand pump waters in three tribal dominated districts of southern Rajasthan, India.
(2008-04-20) Sharma, B K; Sharma, L L; Durve, V S
Udaipur, Banswara and Dungarpur districts of southern Rajasthan (India) have dominance of tribal population. In these districts besides other water resources, hand pumps are catering the need for drinking water. The present study was undertaken to assess the level of chemical and bacteriological status for comparing the water quality with the prevailing standards. 18 hand pumps were studied for selected water quality parameters such as, pH, hardness, chloride, fluoride, NO3 -N, EC, orthophosphate, TDS, TSS, BOD, total coliforms and faecal coliforms, following the standard methods. The data on chemical parameters revealed that in all 18 hand pumps the water quality was within the permissible level of WHO. However, in eight hand pumps the faecal coliforms were higher (2-6 MPN/100 mL) than the permissible limit which confirm organic contamination in these drinking water resources. On the basis of this study, suitable remedial measures for protection of water quality have been suggested.
Assessment of occupational exposure to VOCs at the Gantry gasoline Terminal.
(2006-07-06) Pandya, G H; Gavane, A G; Kondawar, V K
The gasoline components dispersed in the workplace environment have direct impact on human health because of their carcinogenic and mutagenic potential. The volatile portion of these compounds generally consists of a mixture of monoaromatics such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and substituted benzene compounds. Investigation of levels of these chemicals at the petroleum liquid storage, and distribution facilities is of growing importance for assessing the occupational exposure of workers at these locations. A continuous monitoring was conducted at the Gantry Terminal of a refinery with portable samplers for determining 8-hr TWA at various locations involving petroleum liquid loading and distribution in road tank trucks, rail cars, and drums. After thermal desorption, the concentrations were determined in the laboratory with advanced Varian Model 2200GC/MS system. TVOCs level ranged between 0.10 to 1.97 mg/m3.The 8-hr TWA for benzene, toluene, and xylenes were low and within the limits for occupational exposure of gasoline components.

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