Microbiology Research Journal International

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151203

Chief Editor: Prof. En Tao Wang
ISSN: 2456-7043

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.journalmrji.com/index.php/MRJI

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Abilities of Trichoderma Species to Persist within Maize (Zea mays) Stem Long after Inoculation.
(2011-10) Sobowale, A A; Babalola, O O; Ayansina, A D V; Obisesan, A O
Different Trichoderma species were examined for their abilities to persist within the maize (Zea mays) stem at different points above and below inoculation points. Different Trichoderma species were isolated from different parts of the maize (Z. mays) plant and its rhizosphere. They were later sent to International Mycological Institute, England for identification. Maize seeds (DMR-LSRW) were planted in pots in the screenhouse. Four weeks after planting, each of the Trichoderma species was inoculated into the stems of the potted plants at the 2nd internodes using the toothpick method. Toothpicks dressed with sterile distilled water served as control. Cut sections of the inoculated stems were examined for presence or absence of the inoculated Trichoderma species at different points far from the inoculated point in the upper and lower internodes after 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks of inoculation. Ten Trichoderma species were identified; these include five strains of T. pseudokoningii, three strains of T. harzianum, T. hamatum and T. longibrachiatum. All the Trichoderma species were able to move within the stem tissues into the upper and lower internodes. All of them were re-isolated at distant points from inoculation point in the upper and lower internodes even after 6 weeks of inoculation. T. pseudokoningii strain 2 and T. harzianum strains 1 to 3 had the best endophytic movement into the upper and lower internodes. T. hamatum and T. longibrachiatum had the weakest movement into the upper and lower internodes. All the Trichoderma species could thus be said to possess the abilities to persist (endophytic capability) within the maize (Z. mays) stem. T. pseudokoningii and T. harzianum could also be said to be among the best species in the genus Trichoderma with good prospect of biocontrol potential.
Adhesion, Autoaggregation and Hydrophobicity of Six Lactobacillus Strains.
(2014-04) Abdulla, Anwar A; Abed, Thikra A; Saeed, A M
Aims: The aim of this study was to assess probiotic attributes such as adhesion, auto aggregation, hydrophobicity and antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus strains from dairy products. Methodology: In this study, the autoaggregation, coaggregation, hydrophobicity and adhering abilities and antimicrobial activities of six Lactobacillus strains belonging to different species were assessed. Hydrophobicity was determined by bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons, xylene, n-hexadecane and chloroform. Results: The percentage of hydrophobicity of the strains range from 29.5% to 77.4% as measured by the described test. The autoaggregation among Lactobacillus strains range from 15.8% to 63.1%, while coaggregation range from 18.6% to 55.1%. Adhesion of the tested strains to buccal epithelial cells range from 8.0% to 50%. The tested Lactobacillus strains demonstrated variable inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that one Lactobacillus strain expressed broad antibacterial activities against a group of bacterial pathogens and along 2 other strains exhibited ability to adhere to epithelial cells as shown by aggregation, coaggregation and hydrophobicity, indicating that such isolates can be good candidates for probiotic use.
Advances in Viral Pathogenesis and Control in Plants: A Review
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, Ph.D., 2024-12) Meena, PK; Prasanna, NL; Patait, NN; Dehariya, R; Yuvarani, R; Nigam, R; Kumar, S; Saloni, S.
Plant viral diseases pose a significant threat to global agriculture, leading to substantial yield losses and affecting food security. Advances in viral pathogenesis and control have been driven by a combination of traditional and modern approaches. This review highlights key areas of progress, including virus-host interactions, molecular mechanisms of viral replication, and host immune responses. Traditional control methods, such as crop rotation, sanitation, and vector management, remain foundational but face limitations due to the evolving nature of plant viruses. Breeding for genetic resistance, while effective, is challenged by the rapid adaptation of viral pathogens. The emergence of biotechnological strategies, such as RNA interference (RNAi), CRISPR/Cas systems, and the development of transgenic plants, has provided novel tools for enhancing resistance. Furthermore, molecular diagnostics, including PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS), have revolutionized virus detection, enabling precise and early diagnosis. The integration of omics approaches-genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics-has facilitated a plant-virus interactions, while synthetic biology and systems biology are opening new frontiers in engineering virus-resistant crops. Climate change exacerbates the challenge by altering virus spread, vector dynamics, and host susceptibility, necessitating adaptive strategies. Emerging and re-emerging plant viruses underscore the need for robust surveillance and biosecurity measures, emphasizing the role of international collaboration in controlling these threats.
Aminoglycoside Resistance Patterns of Certain Gram Negative Uropathogens Recovered from Hospitalized Egyptian Patients.
(2013-10) Hamed, Samira M; Aboshanab, Khaled M A; Elkhatib, Walid F; Ashour, Mohamed S
Aims: To determine resistance rates and patterns of certain uropathogens, including E. coli, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp., isolated from hospitalized urinary tract infections patients, to aminoglycoside antibiotics and to detect the most prevalent plasmidmediated aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs). Methods: Uropathogenic isolates (150) were recovered from urine specimens of hospitalized UTI patients in Cairo, Egypt and identified by conventional methods. The recovered uropathogens (E. coli, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp.) were tested for their susceptibility to gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, neomycin, netilmicin, and kanamycin by disc diffusion method. Plasmid-mediated aminoglycoside resistance was determined by transformation experiments as well as by using plasmids as templates for PCR screening of the AMEs-coding genes aph(3')-I, aac(6')-I, aac(3)-I, aac(3)-II and ant(2'')-I in all resistant isolates. Results: Of a total of 150 uropathogenic clinical isolates, 110 isolates were of the above mentioned genera and were selected for the current study. Sixty three isolates (57.2%) were resistant to at least one aminoglycoside antibiotic. Highest and lowest resistance rates were observed to kanamycin (53.6%) and amikacin (7.2%), respectively. The resistance rates to gentamicin, neomycin, tobramycin and netilmicin were 33.6%, 24.5%, 23.6% and 14.5%, respectively. AMEs-coding genes were detected on the plasmids of 93.6% of resistant isolates with prevalence rates of 53.9% for ant(2'')-I, 38% for both aac(6')-I and aac(3)-II and 33.3% for aph(3')-I, while aac(3)-I gene was not detected in any of the tested resistant isolates. Double and triple combinations of AMEs-coding genes were detected in ich49.2% of resistant isolates. Conclusion: A high prevalence of plasmid-mediated resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in Gram negative uropathogens from hospitalized patients was observed. Uropathogens may represent potential reservoirs of panaminoglycoside resistance in hospitals, having on their plasmids combinations of AMEs-coding genes. Good infection control measures in Egyptian hospitals together with periodic screening of prevalence rates of different resistance genes are required.
An Analysis of the Electronic Structure of an Imidazo [1,2-a] Pyrrolo [2,3-c] Pyridine Series and Their Anti-Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Activity.
(2014-09) Gómez-Jeria, Juan S
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between electronic structure and anti Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus activity in a series of imidazo[1,2-a] pyrrolo [2,3-c]pyridine derivatives. The electronic structure and the local atomic reactivity indices were obtained with density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level. A statistically significant equation (n=15, R=0.90, R2=0.82, adj R2=0.77, F(3,11)=16.60 (p<0.0002), outliers>2σ=0, SD=0.29) relating the variation of the antiviral activity with the variation of the electrondonor and electron-acceptor properties of three atoms was obtained. The variation of antiviral potency is orbital-controlled. A partial antiviral pharmacophore is proposed.
Antibacterial Activity of Phenolic Compounds Derived from Ginkgo biloba Sarcotestas against Food-Borne Pathogens.
(2014-01) Carraturo, Antonio; Raieta, Katia; Tedesco, Idolo; Kim, Jinwoong; Russo, Gian Luigi
Aims: We investigated the antibacterial activity of three groups of phenolic compounds obtained from the chloroform (CHCl3) extract of the fleshy seed coat (sarcotestas) of Ginkgo biloba. Study Design: An experimental study. Methodology: Inhibition of microbial growth was measured by an agar diffusion method and susceptibility tests were performed by the broth microdilution method. Bactericidal effect of Ginkgo biloba compound 5-7 against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was assessed by time-kill assay. Results: Ginkgo biloba compounds 5-7 and 8-10 showed high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including several food-borne pathogens. In particular, compounds 5-7 and 8-10, containing phenolic acids and bilobols, respectively, were highly effective against Salmonella enteric serovar Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Shigella dysenteriae. On the opposite, compounds 1-4, containing cardanols, showed little antibacterial activity. Compounds 5-7 exerted a bactericidal and bacteriolytic effect on Salmonella enteric serovar Typhimurium with a Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and a Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of 8.3 μg ml–1. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that phenolic compounds derived from Ginkgo biloba sarcotestas, because of their strong inhibitory characteristics towards food pathogens, can be considered ideal candidates for possible application in food microbiology due to their natural origins.
Antibacterial Activity of the Himalayan Lichen Parmotrema nilgherrense Extracts.
(2011-04) Sati, S C; Joshi, Savita
The antibacterial activity of the methanol, ethanol, chloroform and aqueous extracts of the lichen Parmotrema nilgherrense collected from Nainital, Kumaun Himalaya, has been investigated. The extracts were tested against five pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Xanthomonas phaseoli) using agar-well method. All the extracts of P. nilgherrense were found effective by showing a mark zone of inhibition (ZOI) except aqueous extract. The chloroform extract exhibited potential antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms (ZOI, 23-38mm) followed by ethanol and methanol extract (ZOI, 12-24 mm). Solvents treated wells were used as negative control and wells filled with standard antibiotic served as positive control in the experiment. Obtained results showed that P. nilgherrense extracts possess a broadspectrum activity against a panel of bacteria responsible for the most common plants and animal diseases.
Antibacterial Activity of Two Brown Algae (Cystoseira compressa and Padina pavonica) Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
(2014-08) Dulger, Gorkem; Dulger, Basaran
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from two brown algae (Cystoseira compressa (Esper) Gerloff et. Nizamuddin) and Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy) have been investigated for their ability to inhibit 35 hospital isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the plant were effective on MRSA. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of the ethanolic extract with the greatest antibacterial activity were those of Cystoseira compressa MIC 3.2-6.3mg/mL and MBC 6.3-25mg/mL, respectively.
Antibacterial Effects of Negro Pepper Extract on Meats in Mile 1 Market, Port- Harcourt, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, Ph.D., 2024-12) G, A; O, O; OO., E.
The increasing concern over the safety and quality of meat products has led to a search for effective natural preservatives, especially in regions where refrigeration is limited. Natural alternatives to synthetic preservatives are essential to mitigate the risks of microbial contamination and spoilage. Negro pepper (Xylopia aethiopica), a plant used in traditional medicine and cooking, is gaining attention for its antimicrobial properties due to its diverse phytochemical profile. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness, sensory qualities, and shelf-life extension potential of Negro pepper extract as a natural preservative for meats sold in Mile 1 Market, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.Meat samples were treated with varying concentrations of Negro pepper extract (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL), sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, or left untreated as controls. Antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp., Bacillus spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the agar well diffusion method, with ethanol as a control. Sensory qualities (taste, aroma, color, and texture) were evaluated by a panel of 20 participants. For shelf-life assessment, microbial load was measured at intervals over 14 days at 4°C. ANOVA confirmed significant differences among treatments. Results indicated that Negro pepper extract possesses potent antibacterial properties, enhances sensory qualities, and significantly extends meat shelf life, highlighting its potential as an affordable, natural preservative for local markets.
Antibacterial Properties of Young and Mature Mango Leaves (Mangifera indica) Extract on Some Clinical Isolates
(Microbiology Research Journal International, 2022-07) Ogbonna, D. N; Lugbe, Q; Nrior, R. R.
Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial properties and efficacy of mango (Mangifera indica) leaf extracts on some clinical isolates as test rganisms. Study Design: The study employed statistical analysis of the data and interpretationPlace and Duration of Study: Young and mature mango leaves were collected from the Botanical Garden, Kenule Beeson Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic, Bori, Nigeria, and taken to the laboratory for analyses. Methodology: The samples were dried in an oven at 80oC for 3 days. Thereafter, 50 g of each ground mango leaf (young and mature leaves) were soaked separately in 500 ml of water, ethanol (95% v/v), and acetic acid (99.9% v/v) respectively for another 3 days. The soaked materials were filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper into sterile beakers and evaporated to dryness in a water bath at 80oC. The dried extracts obtained were reconstituted with water at concentrations of 100, 75, 50, and 25 mg/ml. Test organisms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained after proper laboratory screening of isolates from the diagnostic laboratory of the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, for confirmation of identity and storage in universal bottles in a refrigerator. Sensitivity tests were carried out with the agar well diffusion method against the test organisms, using tetracycline as the standard control drug, with cultures incubated accordingly. The measured zones of inhibition were compared with the controls and interpreted as resistant, intermediate, or susceptible to mango extracts in accordance with the interpretive guidelines published by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Assay for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was also carried out. Results: Results obtained showed that acetic acid young leaf extract at 100mg/ml produced 50 % susceptibility and 50 % intermediate response of test bacterial species. Generally, at 100 mg/ml, acetic acid young leaf extracts yielded 50% susceptibility and 50% intermediate response among both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Ethanolic extracts gave 100% intermediate sensitivity of Gram-negative species and 50% each of resistant and intermediate response in Gram-positive forms. Aqueous extracts also produced no susceptibility among the test organisms as there was 100% resistance. Extracts of mature mango leaves of all solvents and at all concentrations used yielded no susceptibility response among the test bacterial species on the NCCLS scale. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were found to range from 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml. Additionally, it was observed that the sensitivity of organisms to mango extracts increased with concentration.Conclusion: In conclusion, acetic acid has a better extracting potential than ethanol and water as a solvent for the extraction of mango parts. More so, young mango leaves extracted with acetic acid possess higher broad-spectrum antibacterial properties than the mature mango leaves extracted from the same plant. It is therefore recommended that young mango leaves, extracted with acetic acid, be used for the treatment of microbial infections at concentrations not below 50 mg/ml.
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns and Plasmid Profiles of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Human Samples.
(2014-02) Ibe, Chibuike; Onyeagba, Reginald Azu; Ugochukwu, Solomon Charles
Antibiograms and plasmid profiles are commonly used to characterizemethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) inepidemiologic studies. However, antibiograms are frequently inadequate to accomplish the differentiation. Plasmid profile being more informative has been reported to be useful in tracing the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance patterns and plasmid profiles of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from human specimens were investigated to determine the discriminatory power of plasmid profile analysis in conjunction with antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Specimens were analyzed using disc diffusion assay and restriction enzymes analysis of plasmid DNA procedure. The 51 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were grouped into 18 groups using their resistogram. Twenty four (47.1%) strains out the 51 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates harbored plasmids. Single plasmid isolates were 14(27.5%), double plasmid isolates were 6(11.8%) while tripple plasmid isolates were 4(7.8%). The 24 isolates containing plasmids were categorized into 14 groups based on their resistogram. Plasmid profile showed greater similarity between isolates (10 profiles) than antibiotic resistance pattern which showed a higher disparity (14 patterns). However, resistance to various antimicrobial agents was not consistent with the presence of plasmids. No particular molecular size plasmid could be associated with any particular antimicrobial resistance patterns. Resistance was observed in isolates with various molecular size plasmids as well as in those that had no plasmids. Nonetheless, 2 pairs of isolates with the same plasmid profile also had similar (almost the same) resistance pattern. Plasmid profile analysis in conjunction with the antibiotic resistance typing is valuable in the epidemiological investigation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Bacteria Isolated from Patients Hospitalized at the Sylvanus Olympio University Teaching Hospital in Lomé, Togo
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, Ph.D., 2024-04) Dossim, S; Bawe, LD; Dossouvi, KM; Maba, D; Lawani, A-A; Godonou, AM; Tchedie, E; Salou, M; Dagnra, AY; Prince-David, M.
Aims: Bacteria isolated from hospitalized patients are often responsible for healthcare-associated infections (HAI), particularly in developing countries. Thus, this study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from patients hospitalized at the Sylvanus Olympio University Teaching Hospital (CHUSO) in Lomé, Togo. Study Design: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out on laboratory data collected from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2019. Methodology: The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing and the results were interpreted according to the guidelines of the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology (CA-SFM, 2018). Results: A total of 639 samples were collected, including mainly pus (n = 339; 53.1%) and urine (n = 260; 40.7%). The samples were mainly from pediatrics (n=107; 16.7%), intensive care units (n=73; 11.4%) and surgical emergencies (n=72; 11.3%). A total of 698 bacteria were isolated, including mainly Escherichia coli (n=247, 35.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (n=123, 17.6%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=114, 16.3%). Enterobacteriaceae strains were resistant to almost all antibiotics tested, except amikacin and ertapenem, which had respective resistance rates of 2.8% and 8.4%. None of the P. aeruginosa strains were resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam. whereas 37.9% were resistant to imipenem. Among A. baumannii strains, 4.2% and 22.9% were respectively resistant to amikacin and imipenem, whereas 56.3% were resistant to levofloxacin. Almost all S. aureus strains (99.2%) were resistant to penicillin, whereas only 2.4% were resistant to rifampicin. Of the 698 bacteria isolated, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) was 41.3% (n = 288), whereas the prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was 51.3% (201/392). Conclusion: We reported various resistance profiles of bacterial species isolated from hospitalized patients at the CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Lomé, Togo. The study of bacterial ecology and resistance in every prefectural, regional, and university teaching hospital would be of great importance to reduce mortality associated with hospital-acquired infections throughout the Togolese territory.
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Intestinal Epithelial Cell Adhesion Pattern of Homo Fermenting Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Isolated from Kunu-Zaki, a Spontaneously Fermenting Nigerian Cereal Beverage.
(2014-12) Oluwajoba, S O; Akinyosoye, F A; Oyetayo, V O
Aim: To determine the antibiotic reaction and adhesion pattern of antimicrobial homofermenting LAB strains in the fermenting slurries of kunu zaki. Study Design: ANOVA. Inhibition of indicator lawn used ≥10mm inhibition as antibiotic susceptible. Adhesion was measured by staining and quantifying recorded as percentage and index values. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology Akure and Biotechnology Unit, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Nigeria between June, 2012 and December, 2012. Methodology: Kunu-zaki drinks were produced using spontaneously fermenting cereal grains of Digitaria exilis (acha), Sorghum bicolour (sorghum) and Pennisetum americanum (millet) in composite and non-composite proportions. LAB isolates were obtained on MRS agar. Homo-fermenting isolates were identified to species level using the API 50 CHL test kit. Antibiotic sensitivity testing on the identified isolates followed the modified standard Kirby-Bauer procedure on MRS agar (pH 7.4) using the disc diffusion technique with selected antibiotics. For quality control of the antibiotics, sensitive reference strains S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922 obtained from the Nigeria Institute of Medical Research were used. Adhesion and antimicrobial properties were determined using standard method. Results: Antimicrobial substances produced by the eight LAB isolates inhibited the growth of four selected human pathogens in vitro. All eight LAB isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin. L. plantarum126, L. paracasei subsp paracasei339 and Pediococcus damnosus32 were resistant to erythromycin whilst all others were susceptible. L. plantarum126 and L. paracasei subsp paracasei339 were resistant to all antibiotics tested. All LAB isolates demonstrated high in-vitro intestinal epithelial cell adhesion potential. Conclusion: LAB antimicrobial activity may not be affected if kunu zaki is consumed simultaneously with these antibiotic therapies. However, if these LAB strains are intended for use as kunu-zaki starter cultures, it is important that they should be further carefully examined for inability to transfer antibiotic resistance genes to food pathogens.
Antifungal Activities of Some Nigerian Medicinal Plants against Non-dermatophyte Molds Isolated from Cases of Onychomycosis among Rice Farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria.
(2012-04) Ekwealor, C C; Oyeka, C A; Okoli, I
Aims: To investigate in vitro antifungal activities of methanol, hexane and cold water extracts of Cassia alata, Mitracarpus villosus and Lawsonia inermis against nondermatophyte molds isolated from rice farmers with onychomycosis in Anambra State, Nigeria. Study Design: Examination of antifungal activity of medicinal plants among cross-section of farmers. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka. Anambra State, Nigeria between November 2009 and June 2011. Methodology: Clinical samples were collected from 135 rice farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria and identified. Dried leaves of C. alata, M. villosus and L. inermis were extracted by soxhlet using methanol and hexane as solvents. Cold water extraction was also carried out using fresh leaves. The extracts were tested against the isolated non-dermatophyte molds using disc diffusion method at varying concentrations (10mg, 20mg, 40mg, 80mg). Discs impregnated with 2% dimethylsulphoxide were used as negative control while those impregnated with 2mg/disc ketoconazole served as positive control. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MIC) of the crude extracts were assayed for against the test isolates. Results: The organisms recovered included Aspergillus terrus, Aspergillus sclerotiorum, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp., Chrysosporium sp. and Scopulariopsis sp. The organisms were sensitive to all the methanol extracts of medicinal plants with minimum inhibitory concentration range of 10-40mg/disc except A. flavus which was inhibited only by L. inermis extract at concentration of 40mg/disc. The mean zone of inhibition produced ranged between 6.0mm and 14.2mm with C. alata extract showing the highest zone of inhibition (14.2mm) against Fusarium sp. The standard Ketoconazole range was 6.0-12.4mm diameter. Hexane extract of L. inermis inhibited all isolates at 20-40mg/disc concentration. A. flavus resisted hexane extracts of C. alata and M. villosus, while A. terrus resisted extract of M. villosus alone. All isolates except A. flavus were sensitive to cold water extract of L. inermis with diameter zone of inhibition range of 6.2-8.2mm. Methanol extracts of C. alata and L. inermis showed fungicidal actions against all test isolates at 10-40mg/disc range except for A. flavus. Conclusion: The various antifungal extracts showed inhibitory/fungicidal effect against the isolated non-dermatophyte molds which compared favorably with that of standard antifungal drug, ketoconazole. The plant leaves could serve as sources for development of new antifungal drugs.
Antifungal Activity of Various Plant Extracts against Aspergillus and Penicillium Species Isolated from Leather-Borne Fungus
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, Ph.D., 2024-01) Zenat, MEA; Haque, NN; Hasan, MR; Begum, MN; Munshi, JL; Rahman, MZ; Alam, MA.
This investigation aims to examine the antimicrobial properties of a few types of medicinal plants on fungi transmitted by leather. In the soxhlet method, the antifungal agents were successfully extracted from the leaves of Azadirachta indica, Lantana camara, Wedelia chinensis, Moringa oleifera and Coccinia grandis using methanolic solvent. The fungus isolates from leather bags, shoes and wallets were cultured in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates. The two leather-borne fungi Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. were the targets of the antifungal assay. Here plant extracts were applied in concentrations of 5.0%, 10.0% and 15.0%. Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera and Lantana camara extract were the most successful treatments for inhibiting the controlled growth of the fungi under this investigation. Furthermore, it is stated that the pathogenic fungi's capacity to proliferate increases with the concentration of plant extracts in the culture. This two-plant showed promising results in treating two cases of fungus, suggesting that it may be used to treat fungi carried by leather.
Antifungal Effect of Henna (Lawsonia inermis) Extract on Pathogenic Fungi
(Microbiology Research Journal International, 2022-07) Hassan, M; Fadayomi, V. K; Innocent, I. G; Suleiman, M.
The study aimed at undertaking preliminary phytochemical studies and antifungal activities of Lawsonia inermis leaf extracts against clinical Candida isolates from female patients attending Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital (DASH) Lafia, Nasarawa State. HVS (High Vaginal Swab) samples were collected from 185 subjects and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Microbial culture and isolations were done on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), Blood agar, Potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Sabouraud dextrose broth. Identification of clinical isolates was done following standard guideline for Candida identification including microscopic, cultural and biochemical characteristics (sugar utilization and fermentation). Antifungal susceptibility tests of the plant extracts at different concentrations were carried out against Candida isolates. Distilled water and ketoconazole drug served as negative and positive control respectively. Zones of inhibitions, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the extracts were determined. Data were analysed on the Minitab 16.0 software for descriptive (mean with standard error) and inferential statistics and Chi Square at 95% confidence limit. In conclusion, L.inermis leaf has been shown to have antifungal properties since it contained quality phytochemicals in sufficient quantity that may be explored in the synthesis of drugs against some species of Candida. This finding is crucial in the management and control of candidiasis in the study.
Antifungal Effect of Surface Quick (HELVEMED) Solution on Candida Strains Isolated From Patients with Denture-Related Candidiasis.
(2013-07) Taheri, Jamileh Beigom; Azimi, Somayyeh; Rohani, Seyed Ali Razavi; Tarahhomi, Mohammad Reza
Aim: Surface Quick, an alcohol-based solution has been prepared by HELVEMED Company and various advantages have been mentioned for it; however all these claims have not been assessed scientifically. This study evaluated the antifungal efficacy of Surface Quick solution on candida albicans species obtained from the patients with denture-induced candidiasis. Study Design: This is an experimental study for evaluation of antifungal effect of surface quick solution. Place and Duration of Study: This study was done in Oral medicine and microbiology department of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran in 2012. Methodology: In this experimental in vitro trial, standard Candida albicans species (PTCC 5027) were obtained and the samples were prepared from 30 patients with denture-induced candidiasis using sterilized swab. Candida albicans species were grown in the sabouraud dextrose agar medium and the diameter of the inhibitory zone were calculated after exposing the medium to Surface Quick solution. The difference of inhibitory zone diameter between men and women was statistically analyzed by Student t test and the association of the individuals’ age and gender with inhibitory zone diameter was assessed by logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the inhibitory zone diameter after exposing candida albicans species with Surface Quick solution was 10.13 mm and 3.33 mm. No significant differences were found between candida albicans species obtained from the male and female individuals. There was no significant association among participants’ age and gender with the inhibitory zone diameter. Conclusion: According to the results, Surface Quick solution was effective against Candida albicans species obtained from candidacies patients even in the least concentration. Therefore this solution could be used for surface disinfection caused by candida albicans.
Antimicrobial Activity against Some Saprophytic and Pathogenic Microorganisms of Bacillus species Strains Isolated from Natural Spring Waters in Bulgaria.
(2014-12) Tumbarski, Yulian; Valcheva-Zhekova, Nedyalka; Koleva, Irina; Denkova, Zapryana
It is well known that many members of genus Bacillus possess an antimicrobial activity against a variety of microorganisms. In this study we present a primary screening for antimicrobial activity against some saprophytic and pathogenic microorganisms of nineteen strains identified as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus subtilis, isolated from eight natural thermal springs in two districts - Haskovo and Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. The inhibitory activities of the Bacillus sp. strains were determined by agar-well diffusion method. Test microorganisms were preliminarily included into the agar medium, whereas the Bacillus sp. strains were added to the wells. After 48 hours of incubation, the antimicrobial effects were determined by measuring the diameter of zones of inhibition around the wells. Most of Bacillus sp. strains showed high antimicrobial activitiy against the molds Penicillium sp., Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus awamori, Fusarium moliniforme and Rhizopus sp. Inhibitory activity against the mold Mucor sp. and bacterium Enterococcus faecalis ranged between low and moderate. Two of the strains (Bacillus cereus 52/GI1 and Bacillus thuringiensis 56/H3) possessed moderate antimicrobial activity against bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One strain (Bacillus subtilis 47/YA1) had high activity against the mold Mucormucedo; one strain (Bacillus cereus 36/GI6) showed moderate activity against yeasts Candida utilis, while bacterium Escherichia coli was not inhibited at all.
Antimicrobial Activity of Bacteria Associated with Seaweeds against Plant Pathogens on Par with Bacteria Found in Seawater and Sediments.
(2014-08) Suvega, T; Arunkumar, K
Aim: We report antimicrobial activities of bacteria associated with 10 native and one invasive species of seaweeds on par with bacteria found in the seawater and sediment. Bacteria exhibiting antimicrobial activity were phylogenetically analysed using 16S rRNA gene. Place and Duration of Study: Samples of seaweeds, seawater and sediments collected at 6 localities of south east coast of India between December 2009 and January 2010 during monsoon season. Methodology: Culturable bacteria in seaweeds (epibiotics and endobiotics), seawater and sediments were isolated through serial dilutions using 1.5% ZoBell marine agar (HiMedia, India). Bacterial isolates producing antibiotics were identified by screening against commercial antibiotics and they were subjected to morphological, Gram’s staining and biochemical studies. Chemical property and stability of antimicrobial substances obtained from the promising bacteria active against plant pathogens were studied. Phylogenetic analysis of antibiotics-producing marine bacteria was made using 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique. Results: A number of673 isolates obtained through the isolation process were found to be the member of 27 bacterial genera, with species of Bacillus recording a maximum of 40.2%. Generally species of bacterial isolates in the association (seaweeds: epibiotics, 39.54% and endobiotics, 40.74%, seawater 8.61% and sediments 11.11%) produced antibiotics and active against plant pathogens (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, X. oryzaepv. oryzae and Ustilaginoidea virens) were associated with seaweeds (epibiotics 33.46% and endobiotics 43.11%) and sediments (23.43%). Extracellular components of active bacteria are proteins and retaining bioactivity at pH 7.0, up to 40°C and antifungal property up to 60°C. Extracts obtained from the active bacteria are nonpolar lipophilic substances exhibited only antifungal activity. Conclusion: Bacterial population were considerably higher in seaweeds as compared to seawater and sediments, and at the same time higher bacterial population was recorded in Gulf samples than the open coast samples. Most of the bacterial isolates associated with seaweeds were found to produce antibiotics.
Antimicrobial Activity of Marsilea quadrifolia (L.) Against Some Selected Pathogenic Microorganisms.
(2014-09) Gopalakrishnan, Karikalan; Udayakumar, Rajangam
Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of leaf and stem of M. quadrifolia (L.) against selected human pathogenic microorganisms. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by well diffusion method. The antibacterial and antifungal studies were carried out at the Department Laboratory, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam – 612 001, Tamilnadu, India during the months of July to December 2013. Wells of 6 mm diameter were punched in the agar medium and filled with different volumes of extracts (50mg/ml) contains 2.5, 3.75 and 5mg concentrations. Results: The antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of leaf and stem of M. quadrifolia at different concentrations was analyzed. Among the concentrations, 5mg of both leaf and stem extracts showed best antimicrobial activity than other concentrations 2.5 and 3.75mg. The leaf and stem extracts showed antimicrobial activity and produced the zone of inhibition ranges from 8 to 23mm. The aqueous leaf extract showed maximum zone of inhibition 23mm against Streptococcus pyogenes followed by ethanolic stem extract showed 21mm against Bacillus subtilis. The minimum antibacterial activity 8mm was observed by diethyl ether stem extract against Klebsiella pneumonia. The antifungal activity of diethyl ether leaf extract showed positive results in all tested fungal strains when compared to other solvent extracts. The maximum zone of inhibition 13mm was observed against Aspergillus terreus at 5mg of diethyl ether leaf extract. Aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts had no antifungal activity in all tested fungal strains except 5mg of methanolic leaf extract. The aqueous and diethyl ether stem extracts showed potent antifungal activity and the maximum zone of inhibition 15mm was observed against Aspergillus niger. Diethyl ether stem extract also showed maximum zone of inhibition 15mm against Trichoderma viride. Conclusion: From this study, we concluded that it may be a new source for the discovery of novel antimicrobial compounds from M. quadrifolia.

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