Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology

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    0.5% Proparacain hydrochloride for clear corneal phacoemulsification in patients with co-morbid conditions.
    (2013-10) Kokkayil, Prathyusha; Rawre, Jyoti; Malhotra, Neena; Dhawan, Benu
    Genital tuberculosis is a common cause of female infertility in India. But, it is important to screen for other agents like Chlamydia trachomatis and genital Mycoplasmas as well to avoid persistence of infection and its long-term sequelae. Timely diagnosis of these infections using nucleic acid amplifi cation tests and institution of appropriate therapy will improve the conception rates in infertile women. We report a case of co-infection of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis in an infertile female patient with genital tuberculosis. The infections were diagnosed using polymerase chain reaction, and the patient responded to a combination of antituberculosis therapy and 1 g single-dose Azithromycin.
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    A 1-year-old male child with recurrent respiratory infections since birth.
    (2013-07) Mutreja, Deepti; Kotru, Mrinalini; Tyagi, Seema
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    1p/14q co-deletion: A determinant of recurrence in histologically benign meningiomas.
    (2015-10) Kakkar, Aanchal; Kumar, Anupam; Das, Amitabha; Pathak, Pankaj; Sharma, Mehar C; Singh, Manmohan; Suri, Ashish; Sarkar, Chitra; Suri, Vaishali
    Background: Meningiomas are the most common benign central nervous system tumors. However, a sizeable fraction recurs, irrespective of histological grade. No molecular marker is available for prediction of recurrence in these tumors. Materials and Methods: We analyzed recurrent meningiomas with paired parent and recurrent tumors by fluorescence in situ hybridization for 1p36 and 14q32 deletion, AKT and SMO mutations by sequencing, and immunohistochemistry for GAB1, progesterone receptor (PR), p53, and MIB-1. Results: 18 recurrent meningiomas (11 grade I, 3 grade II, 4 grade III) with their parent tumors (14 grade I, 2 grade II and 2 grade III) were identified. Overall, 61% of parent and 78% of recurrent meningiomas showed 1p/14q co-deletion. Notably, grade I parent tumors showed 1p/14q co-deletion in 64% cases while 82% of grade I recurrent tumors were co-deleted. AKT mutation was seen in two cases, in both parent and recurrent tumors. SMO mutations were absent. GAB1 was immunopositive in 80% parent and 56.3% recurrent tumors. MIB-1 labeling index (LI), PR and p53 expression did not appear to have any significant contribution in possible prediction of recurrence. Conclusion: Identification of 1p/14q co-deletion in a significant proportion of histologically benign (grade I) meningiomas that recurred suggests its utility as a marker for prediction of recurrence. It appears to be a better predictive marker than MIB1-LI, PR and p53 expression. Recognition of AKT mutation in a subset of meningiomas may help identify patients that may benefit from PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors, particularly among those at risk for development of recurrence, as determined by presence of 1p/14q co-deletion.
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    A 36-year-old man with vomiting, pain abdomen, significant weight loss, hyponatremia, and hypoglycemia.
    (2015-10) Mutreja, Deepti; Sivasami, Kartik; Tewari, Vanmalini; Nandi, Bhaskar; Nair, G Lakhsmi; Patil, Sunita D
    Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection can be a challenge. The key to a timely diagnosis is to have a high index of suspicion. We present a rare case of a 36-year-old human immunodeficiency virus negative male patient, who was on multidrug therapy for lepromatous leprosy and was treated for type 2 lepra reactions with steroids in the past. The patient presented with vomiting and pain abdomen, persistent hyponatremia, and terminal hypoglycemia. He had features of malnutrition and had a rapid downhill course following admission. A diagnosis of S. stercoralis hyperinfection with sepsis and multiorgan failure, adrenal hemorrhage, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion was established on a postmortem examination.
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    A 37-year-old male with extensive cerebral venous thrombosis: Clinicopathological correlation of a rare case
    (Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists, 2018-06) Mutreja, D; Saxena, R; K.Tilak, TV; Tewari, V; Moorchung, N; Nandi, B
    We present the autopsy findings and differential diagnosis of a 37-year-old immunocompetent male patient who presented primarily with extensive cerebral vein thrombosis and was found to have a rare association with JAK2V617F mutation positivity.
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    A 54-year-old male with diabetic nephropathy and suspected disseminated tuberculosis: Clinicopathologic correlation in a rare diagnosis
    (Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists, 2018-09) Misra, P; Jassar, A; Ghosh, AK
    Tuberculosis (TB) and Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) share similar clinical and radiological features, which make diagnosis a challenge. It is often difficult to rule out a diagnosis of extrapulmonary and/or disseminated TB because of its paucibacillary nature and difficulty in accessing the involved organs. In countries with high prevalence of TB like ours, empirical antitubercular treatment (ATT) is started, and the patient is followed up closely for response. We present a rare case of a 54-year old diabetic male who was suspected to be a case of disseminated TB but had a rapid downhill course despite ATT. A postmortem revealed features of a rare, aggressive T-cell NHL masquerading as disseminated TB.
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    A 60-year-old lady with leonine facies: A rare diagnosis.
    (2012-10) Mutreja, Deepti; Purohit, Abhishek; Singh, Pawan K; Pati, H P
    Systemic mastocytosis is a rare clonal disorder characterized by mast cell infiltration of one or more organs, with or without skin involvement. Leonine facies is a rare presentation and corresponds to the morphologic manifestation of diffuse dermal infiltration of the face as a result of long standing disease. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy findings in a 60-year-old woman, who had extensive cutaneous infiltration due to systemic mastocytosis, resulting in 'leonine facies,' are described, and causes of leonine facies are discussed.
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    8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome: A case report of this rare clinical entity.
    (2015-04) Rahman, Khaliqur; Kamboj, Meenakshi; Qayoom, Sumaira; Khurana, Anuj
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    A, B & H isoantigens in cervical lesions.
    (1998-01-15) Bisht, D; Misra, V; Gupta, S C; Mehrotra, R; Garg, S
    Expression of A, B and H isoantigens in cervical mucosa was demonstrated by specific red cell adherence test in 92 cervical lesions (40 chronic cervicitis, 12 dysplasia and 40 carcinoma cervix). Eighty percent cases of chronic cervicitis showed a moderate reaction. On the contrary, in carcinoma cervix, 75% cases were found to be SRCA negative. In dysplasia, the intensity of red blood cell adherence was found to be directly related to the degree of cellular differentiation. Study of A, B and H isoantigens might help in deciding the prognosis of dysplasia and/or early detection of malignancy.
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    Abdominal cocoon: Case report of a rare cause of intestinal obstruction.
    (2012-07) Chatura, Ramakantha K; Nayak, Vaibhav J
    Abdominal cocoon or sclerosing encapsulated peritonitis is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction often seen in adolescent girls. We present a case of an abdominal cocoon in a 14-year-old female presenting as a surgical emergency. The patient underwent excision of the involved segment of small bowel along with a part of ascending colon. Gross morphology revealed intestinal coils wrapped within a thick fibrous membrane. Diagnosis of this condition is seldom possible on radiological imaging. Characteristic gross appearance is showcased in our case, to create more awareness of this finding.
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    Abnormal chromatin clumping in leucocytes of Ph positive chronic myeloid leukemia cases - extending the morphological spectrum.
    (2008-10-15) Adhya, Amit Kumar; Ahluwalia, Jasmina; Varma, Neelam; Das, Reena; Varma, Subhash
    The syndrome of abnormal chromatin clumping is largely a morphological entity characterized by exaggerated chromatin clumping seen in the neutrophils. According to the recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification, it is categorized as a variant of atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML) or Ph-negative CML. Most of the cases reported in literature have been negative for the Ph chromosome or the BCR-ABL gene. Till date, Ph positivity has been demonstrated in just one case. We report two more Ph-positive CML cases with abnormal chromatin clumping in neutrophils. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second time in literature that such cases have been described. These two unusual cases go on to extend the morphological spectrum of granulocytic changes seen in Ph-positive CML.
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    Abnormal leukocyte histogram with a factitious automated white cell count due to Plasmodium vivax parasitemia--a case report.
    (2003-10-18) Kakkar, Naveen; Guliani, Sumeet
    Automated hematology analyzers are designed to produce accurate and precise blood counts on specimens which are either normal or show only numerical abnormalities. However they alert the operator in samples with unusual characteristics which could result in inaccurate measurement or require review of the blood smear. Even the most sophisticated instruments cannot recognize all the significant abnormalities that can be recognized by a human observer. Spurious automated white cell counts could result from platelet aggregates, nucleated red cells, non lysis of cells and a variety of other causes. We present a case with spurious leukocytosis due to Plasmodium vivax parasitemia which was flagged by the automated analyzer.
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    Abnormal morphological appearance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in blood culture: A microscopic observation
    (Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists, 2018-12) Saurabh, K; Nag, VL; Sharma, A; Maurya, AK; Hada, V
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    Abscess thyroid due to Salmonella cholerae-suis--a rare presentation of salmonellosis.
    (1988-10-01) Lalitha, M K; Ray, A K; Anandi, V; John, M; Walter, A; Devadatta, J D
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    Absence of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-1 expression in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the central nervous system: Does it signify a different nosologic entity from its systemic counterpart.
    (2014-04) Govindan, Aparna; Mahadevan, Anita; Chakraborti, Shrijeet; Furtado, Sunil; Krishna, Susarla
    Background and Aim: Infl ammatory myofi broblastic tumors (IMFTs) are uncommon neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS) of intermediate grade biologic potential. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK-1), a diagnostic marker of anaplastic large cell lymphoma, is also expressed in a subset of IMFTs and appears to have prognostic signifi cance. Though, few studies have evaluated expression of ALK-1 in IMFTs of the CNS. This retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate the expression of ALK-1 expression in IMFT of CNS by immunohistochemistry and correlate with the clinical, radiological and pathologic features. Materials and Methods: Five cases diagnosed as IMFT/ infl ammatory pseudotumour/plasma cell granuloma, diagnosed in CNS over 10 year period (1998-2007) were retrieved from the archives of Department of Neuropathology of a tertiary referralcenter. The clinical profi le and imaging features were collected from the case records. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections were reviewed with immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle actin (SMA), vimentin, desmin, ALK-1, p53, MIB-1, CD68, leukocyte common antigen, CD3, and CD20. Results: All fi ve cases of IMFTs presented as duralbased space occupying or en-plaque lesions. Histologically, four cases had combined plasma cell granuloma-fi brous histiocytoma morphology, and one had fi brous histiocytoma-like morphology. Immunohistochemically, SMA was strongly positive in spindle cell component of the tumors confi rming diagnosis. ALK-1 expression could not be detected by immunohistochemistry in any of the cases. Conclusion: Further studies analyzing ALK-1 gene mutation and rearrangements are required to determine pathogenetic role, if any, in CNS IMFTs.
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    The absence of JC virus antigens in Indian children with medulloblastomas.
    (2009-01-13) Vasishta, Rakesh Kumar; Pasricha, Neelam; Nath, Avindra; Sehgal, Shobha
    BACKGROUND: The human polyoma virus, also known as the JC virus (JCV), replicates predominantly in the oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cells in the central nervous system and results in the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) especially in immunosuppressed patients with AIDS. Several investigators have also documented the presence of the viral genome and early and late antigens in a variety of brain tumors particularly in medulloblastomas, gliomas and ependymomas. Reports also indicate the presence of JCV in patients with colon cancer. The T antigen of JCV has been postulated to have oncogenic potential as substantiated by animal experiments. Although JCV infects 80% of the population, there are scant epidemiological studies regarding JCV from India. There are also reports of the low prevalence of PML in patients with AIDS from India and Africa. AIM: This study was undertaken to investigate if Indian children with medulloblastomas also show evidence of JCV. METHODS: Twenty-two consecutive cases of medulloblastomas were investigated for the presence of T antigen and agnoprotein of JCV in biopsy specimens by immunohistochemistry. Antibodies to the agnoprotein antigen raised in rabbits and a monoclonal antibody against SV40 T antigen raised in mice that cross-reacts with JCV T antigen were used. RESULTS: Out of 22 patients, 4 had desmoplastic tumors while the rest had classical tumors. All children were below the age of 10. Results indicate that while PML tissues showed consistent immunostaining both with antibody to T antigen and agnoprotein antibody, none of the tumors showed any positive staining for JC viral antigens. CONCLUSION: JCV antigens could not be detected by immunohistochemistry in the tumor tissues of Indian children with medulloblastomas.
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    Absolute lymphocyte count: A cost-effective method of monitoring HIV-infected individuals.
    (2011-01) Kakar, A; Beri, R; Gogia, A; Byotra, S P; Prakash, V; Kumar, S; Bhargava, M
    Aim: Depletion of CD4 cell count is a hallmark of disease progression in AIDS. CD4 cell count is essential for physicians to decide about the timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and for prophylaxis of opportunistic infections. WHO has recommended that, absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) of ≤1200/μL can substitute CD4 cell count of ≤200/μL in resource-constrained countries throughout the world. Materials and Methods: This study was undertaken to know whether there is a correlation between CD4 cell count and ALC in HIV-infected individuals. A single sample of blood was withdrawn for ALC and CD4 cell count. The samples received from December 1, 2004 to December 31, 2005 were analyzed. Results: A total of 196 samples were collected from 185 patients. After exclusion, a total of 182 samples were analyzed. Results revealed that male:female ratio was 126:56 and their age ranged from 13 to 67 years. The median ALC was 1747 cells/μL, whereas the CD4 cell count ranged from 5 to 2848. The correlation coefficient between ALC and CD4 cell count was significant (0.714). There were 49 patients with an ALC of ≤1200/μL of whom 77.6% patients had CD4 cell count ≤ 200/μL (true positive) and 22.4% had CD4 cell count > 200/μL (false positive). There were 133 patients with an ALC of >1200/μL of whom 84.2% had CD4 cell count > 200/μL (true negative) and 15.8% had CD4 cell count ≤ 200/μL (false negative). Taking ALC of ≤1200/μL as a predictor of CD4 cell count ≤ 200/μL ,the sensitivity of the test was 64.4% and specificity was 91.1%. The positive predictive value was 77.6%, negative predictive value was 84.2%, and accuracy was 82.4%. Conclusion: We found that an ALC of ≤ 1520/μL has higher sensitivity (78%) for a CD4 cell count of ≤ 200/μL. The ALC was found to be significantly cost-effective in our setup but chances of missing out patients requiring ART was 1 in 5 using the WHO guidelines.