Union of Burma Journal of Life Sciences

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Abridged national life table, Burma 1960-62
(1968-01-01) Khin Maung Lwin
One method of measuring the mortality condition is constructing life tables that express the level of mortality in a particular area during a given year or period of years. The period 1960-62 which is free from any significant outbreak of epidemic diseases was chosen and the mid-year estimated population of the reporting towns covered by the vital registration system was taken and anabridged national life table constructed. The expectation of life at birth for a male was found to be 45.2 and for a female, 47.0.
Active immunization against tetanus.I. Relative efficacies of the fluid and the adsorbed tetanus vaccines (Toxoids)
(1973-01-01) Maung Maung Mya; Myint To; Maung Sein, Stanley
Non-immune workers of the Burma Pharmaceutical Industry (B.P.I.) were immunized with either the purified fluid or the purified adsorbed Purified Toxoid Aluminium Phosphate (PTAP) tentanus vaccines. The antigenic or immunizing potencies of these vaccines were measured by titrating the serum antitoxin of thesubjects at varying time intervals after the first, second and third doses of vaccine.Statistical analysis to determine the significance of difference in mean antitoxin titres was caarried out by the "t" test for small samples. The adsorbedvaccine was found to be superior to the fluid vaccine in respect of eaarlier initiation of active immunity after the first dose and ht production of a four to eight-fold higher mean antitoxin titre after the second and third doses of vaccine. This higher mean antitoxin titre also persisted at a therapeutically protective level for a longer period.
Active immunization against tetanus.II. Optimum schedules and incidence of undersirable reaction
(1973-01-01) Maung Maung Mya; Myint To; Than Yin; Mon Tin Win
The age of onset of presbyopia in Burmese subjects
(1969-05-01) Ko Gyi
A total of 238 males and 166 females of ages 35 years and above were examined to determine the Visual Acuity for distance, Near Point, the cause of defective vision for cases where Visual Acuity was below 6/9, and the power of the lens to bring the Near Point to 25 cm for cases were the Near Point was over 25 cm. No significant difference was found either between the right eye and the left eye or between males and females. The age of onset of persbyopia in Burmese subjects was found to be before 35 years of age and this may be attributable to a permature sclerosis of the lens or an early development of cataract.
Age of puberty in the Burmese male and female
(1970-05-01) Francis, C.J.R.; Mamsa
A total of 1,510 school boys (ages ranging from 9 to 18 years) and 1,770 school girls (ages ranging from 10 to 19 years) were examined to determine the age of puberty in the Burmese. The median age of adolescence for Burmese boys was found to be 4.67 years. The mean age of menstruation in girls was found to be 12.4 years (S.D. 1.71). Results were compared with those obtained by researchers in other countries. That onset of puberty in tropical climate occurs two years later than in temperate climate, as popularly held by many medical authorities, is still open to criticism.
Amaemia in two Burmese villages
(1969-05-01) Khin Kyi Nyunt; Thein Than; Hla Pe; Aung Than Batu
A mass haemoglobin (Hb) survey was done on a total of 1, 961 subjects from two villages: Shan-te-gyi in Insein district and Tu-ywin-bo in Myingyan district. 90 per cent and 80 per cent respectively of the population was covered. Blood film : mean corpuscular Hb concentration : serum iron; serum protein; serum, whole blood and red cell folates; Hb electrophoresis and osmotic resistance tests were done on adults with Hb less than 11g per cent. Stool examination for helminthic infestation and a dietary survey were done in both villages. The mena Hb value if 520 adult males was 14.08 g per cent (S.D.1.81) and that of 648 adult females was 12.335 g per cent (S.D.1.79). 50 per cent of the males, 34 per cent of the females and 55 per cent of the 793 children below 15 years were anaemic according to WHO criteria. Pregnancy and lactation are significant factors in lowering the mean Hb; the mean Hb of the pregnant group and lactating group being 10.86 g per cent (S.D.1.60) and 12.13g per cent (S.D.1.92) respectively, both of which are significantly lower than the mean Hb of the 12.58g per cent (S.D.1.67) of the non-pregnant, non-lactating group. However, the percent anaemic according to WHO criteria is 28 per cent and 42 per cent respectively in the pregnant and lactating group versus 33 per cent in the non-pregnant, non-lactating group. 47.1 per cent of the anaemic females and 28.60 per cent of the anaemic males had serum iron values below 50g per cent. There were only 4 cases of Thalassemia-E disease among the 117 anaemic adults tested. The stool survey on adults showed that only 4 out of 74 anaemics (5 per cent) and 5 out of 54 non-anaemic controls (9 per cent) had hookworm ova in Shan-te-gyi. Of 54 anaemics and 28 non-anaemic controls tested in Tu-ywin-bo, none had hookworm ova. In the village the iron intake was adequate according to the Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense (ICNND) standards.
An analysis of mitral stenosis in Burmese patients
(1972-01-01) Shwe Tin
Based on data derived from 1,055 rheumatic cardiac cases from the Cardiac Clinic and from 506 mitral stenosis patients operated at the Cardiac Unit, Rangoon General Hospital, pure mitral stenosis (MS) in sinus rhythm occurred in only 33 per cent. Association of atrial fibrillation occurred in 35 per cent, of jet mitral incompetence (mi) in 15 per cent, of aortic incompetence (ai) in 13 per cent, of tricuspid incompetence (TI) in 12 per cent, of inaudible mi in 7 per cent, on pulmonary incompetence (PI) in 6 per cent, of both PI and TI in 2 per cent and of jet mi/ai in 2 per cent.Of the 506 mitral valvotomies, there were II with mixed aortic stenosis (as) and incompetence, 4 with/pure aortic stenosis, 4 with Lutembacher's syndrome, 3 with jet mi and mixed aortic stenosis and incompetence, 2 with jet milas, 2 with organic TI and 2 with tricuspid stenosis. Juvenile MS (under 16 years of age) occurred in about 6 per cent. Silent MS occured in 8 instances.
The Anopheline mosquitoes of Burma
(1971-05-01) Khin Maung Kyi
The distribution, bionomics, relation to malaria, and susceptibility to insecticides of the twelve anopheline species and varieties of the series Anopheles and Myzorhyncus, under the subgenus Anopheles so far recorded in Burma, are presented. All the members of the series Anopheles-A. aitkeni and its variety bengalensis, A. gigas. A. Lindesayi, A. insulaeflorum and A. kyondawensis are proved to be wild species recorded only at high altitudes, and take no part in malaria transmission in this country. Of the anopheline species and varieties under the series Myzoryncus, the hyrcanus group is of considerable importance and should not be overlooked in Burma, as it is proved to be responsible for malaria transmission in the neighbouring countries like China and Malaya. The usual practice of malaria workers in Bunna was to recognize only two Oriental forms of A. hyrcanus; varieties nigerrimus and sinensis. But, basing on Reid's (1953) classification, hyrcanus group is split into five varieties in Burma, viz. A. nigerrimus, A. sinensis, A. peditaeniatus, A. argyropus, and A. indiensis. A barbirostris, which is the closest ally of this group, is not important as a vector of malaria in Burma.
The Anopheline mosquitoes of Burma 2.Subgenus Myzomyia Blanchard groups Neomyzomyia and Pseudomyzomyia Christophers
(1971-05-01) Khin Maung Kyi
The distribution, bionomics, relation to malaria, and susceptibility to insecticides of the six anopheline species and varieties under the groups Neomyzomyia and Pseudomyzomyia of the subgenus Myzomyia so far recorded in Burma, are presented. A. balabacensis balabacensis is found to be highly anthropophilic and exophilic, and maintaining hyperendemic malaria during the monsoon, wherever it is present in thickly forested areas of Burma. Although this species is highly susceptible to DDT, it is not easy to control by house spraying alone, due to its natural exophilic habit. A. sundaicus, though not a vector of regular annual importance, was proved by indirect epidemiological evidences, to be responsible for sharp local outbreak of malaria in Arakan coastal areas of Burma. So far this species does not appear to develop complete resistance to DDT in Burma. The remainder species of these groups-A. tessellatus, A. vagus, A. subpictus and A. kochi are not proved to be taking part in malaria transmission, in this country.
The Anopheline mosquitoes of Burma 3. Subgenus Myzomyia Blanchard Group Myzomyia Christophers
(1971-01-01) Khin Maung Kyi
The distribution, bionomics, relation to malaria, and susceptibility to insecticides of the eight anopheline species under the group Myzomyia of subgenus Myzomyia so far recorded in Burma, are presented. Of the eight species, A. culicifacies is known to be responsible for the outbreak of sporadic epidemi of malaria in the plain areas of Central Burma. A. minimus is recorded to be the most important vector maintaining hyperendemic malaria throughout its range of distribution in the country. A. jeyporiensis complex, due to its preference for man, and in view of its high infection rates recorded previously in East Pakistan, Burma (the then Bengal portion of Arakan) and Burma-China borders, it should be regarded as a possible vector wherever it occurs in any abundance. varuna, A. fluviatilis, and A. majidi are not proved to be vectors of malaria in Burma, but A. aconitus should not be overlooked as it could possibly play a secondary role in malaria transmission depending on the man/cattle ratio of a particular area. A. Culicifacies develop and vigour tolerance and/or complete resistance to DDT in areas where indoor insecticidal treatment is continued for some years. But resistance in this species is, so far, of little or no operational significance in malaria eradication. So far, there is no report regarding the development of resistance of A. Ininimlls to IDT in Burma.
The Anopheline mosquitoes of Burma 4. Subgenus Myzomyia Blanchard Group Neocellia Christophers
(1971-01-01) Khin Maung Kyi
The distribution, bionomics, relation to malaria, and susceptibility to insecticide of the eleven anopheline species and varieties, under the group Neocellia of the subgenus Myzomyia, so far recorded in Burma are presented. A. annularis in this group, appears to be locally important as a vector of malaria in the Arakan coast of Burma. It is also responsible for sporadic epidemics following the periodic cycles. In some localities, it plays a secondary role in malaria transmission, as a result of its deviation to human host due to scarcity or absence of cattle. A. philippinensis was recorded to be a vector' of local importance in Bhamo, Kabaw valley and East Pakistan-Burma border areas. It should not be overlooked elsewhere in this country, as a possible secondary vector.
Anti-thiamine activity in Burmese fish
(1969-01-01) Khin Maung Naing; Tin Tin Oo; Kywe Thein
20 species of fish, 2 species of clams (shell fish), crustacean and their products were analysed for enzymatic and the-mostable anti-thiamine activity. Anti-thiamine activity is scarcely detected in muscles of fish. Viscera of fish showed higher anti-thiamine activity than muscles. Out of the viscera of 4 species of fish tested, thiaminase is present in all the species whereas thermostable factor is present in 2 species only. But thiaminase predominates ther-mostable factor. Clams have the highest activity of thiaminase but no thermostable factor.
The assessment of iron stores
(1969-01-01) Thein Than; Aung Than Batu; Hla Pe
Urianary excretion of iron after administration of the iron chelating agent, Desferrioxamine-B, was investigated as a method of assessing iron stores. The test was performed on normals and on patients with iron deficiency anaemia and on 2 subjects with possibly high iron stores. The results indicate that this method will be useful for assessment of storage of iron.
Bacteriological findings in lake, river and well water supplies of Rangoon
(1971-01-01) Hla Gyaw, Salome; Sann Myint, Kathleen; Aung Thann; Kyaw Myint; Chen, H.; Tu, Margaret
Water samples, both unchlorinated and chlorinated, from 20 natural water sources in Rangoon town comprising lakes, river and wells were examined during the period July 1966 to July 1968 for the Presumptive Coliform Count, the Presumptive Enterococcus Count and the presence of presumptive Clostridium perfringens. Bacteria isolated from MacConkey bile salt lactose peptone water (Cruickshank, 1965) and sodium azide medium (Hannay and Norton, 1947) primary cultures were identified. Using as criteria the Presumptive Coliform Count, the Presumptive Enterococcus Count and the isolation of Escherichia coli and/or Klebsiella aerogenes and/or Streptococcus faecalis, 18 out of 20 samples were found unsatisfactory for drinking purposes. The bacteria isolated were E. coli, K. aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Alcaligenes faecalis, a Bacillus sp., Proteus mirabilis, P. morganii, P. vulgaris, a Providencia Etrain, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescent and s. faecalis.
Bacteriological findings in the chlorinated water supplies of 1968 in Rangoon
(1970-01-01) Tu, Margaret; Hla Gyaw, Salome; Chen, Henry; Kyaw Myint; Sann Myint, Kathleen; Aung Thann; Kyi Kyi Khin
The bacteriology of diarrhoea in children
(1969-05-01) Tu, Margaret; Hkun Saw Lwin; Aye Maung
75 samples of stools from children under 5 years at the Children's Hospital Rangoon were examined bacterilogically using Mac Conkey agar and desoxycholate citrate agar as primary plating media and selenite F broth and tetrathionate broth as primary enrichment media. 25 non-diarrhoeic stools from children from an urban quarter in the same age group served as a control. Salmonella typhi was the only well-defined bacterial enteropathogen isolated (1.3 percent). The parasites Ascaris Lumbricoides, Trichurus trichiura and Giardia lamblia were found in respectively 13.5, 5 and 5 percent. It is concluded that in the group studied, bacteria did not play a mojor role in the aetiology of diarrhea, but that the parasites found may have been involved. It is recommended that a survey for enteroviruses in diarrhoeic stools from Burmese children be made. It is also suggested that the role played by other possible aetiological agents in diarrhea be investigated.
The bacteriology of the water supplies of Rangoon.1.Monsoon and post-monsoon seasons
(1969-05-01) Tu, Margaret; Hla Gyaw, Salome; Chen, Henry; Kyaw Myint; Sann Myint, Kathleen
38 water samples taken from piped and natural sources in Rangoon during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 1966 were examined bacteriologically using Mac Conkey broth as a primary culture medium. 31 of the 38 samples were found unsatisfactory for drinking purposes. The species isolated included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, an Entero-bacter sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Chromobacterium janthinum, Proteur, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens and Serratia marcescens. Viabilities at 4C of E. coli, the Enterobacter strain, A. faecalis and P.fluorescens varied from 7-56 days, that of C. janthinum and s. marcescens was a minimum of 7 days. At room temperature (22.8C to 31.1C) E. coli and P. fluorescens were viable for 28, and K. aerogenes for less than 7 days.
The bacteriology of the water supplies of Rangoon.II.Cool dry and hot dry seasons
(1970-05-01) Sann Myint, Kathleen; Tu, Margaret; Chen, Henry
Water samples from 19 piped and natural sources in Rangoon were examined bacteriologically during the cool dry season of 1966-67 and the hot dry season of 1967 for the Presumptive Coliform Count, the Presumptive Enterococcus Count and the presence of Presumptive Clostridium perfringens. Bacteria isolated from Mac Conkey bile salt lactose peptone water (Cruickshank, 1965) and sodium azide medium (Hannay and Norton, 1947) primary cultures were identified. Using as criteria the Presumptive Coliform Count and the isolation of Escherichia coli and/or Klebsiella aerogenes and for Streptococcusfaeca.zis, for the cool dry season, all of the 15 samples tested were found unsatisfactory for drinking purposes. Again, for tile cool dry season, all of the 16 samples tested were found unsatisfactory.
The bacteriology of the water supplies os Mandalay town
(1969-01-01) Tu, Margaret; Aye Maung
30 samples of water taken from various sources in Mandalay Town were collected in the months of June and October 1968. These were examined for the Presumptive Coliform Count, the Presumptive Enteroeoccus Count and the presence of presumptive Clostridium perfringens. Bacteria isolated from macConkey bile-salt lactose peptone water ( Cruickshank, 1965) and sodium azide medium (Hannay & Norton, 1947) primary cultures were also identified. In the June pilot survey, all 6 samples collected were unsatisfactory for drinking purposes using as criteria the Presumptive Coliform Count, the Presumptive Enterococcus Count, and the isolation of Escherichia coli and/ or Streptococcus feacalis. In the October Survey, the Yenimyaung, Moat, artesian well, shallow well, canal and Irrawaddy river samples were all unsatisfactory. Only 1 sample, viz, a rain water sample, was satisfactory. The bacterial species isolated included E. coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Alcaligenes faecalis and S. faecalis.
The basal metabolic rate of the Burmese
(1969-01-01) Tin May Than; Mya Tu, M
The basal metabolism of 180 males and 236 females was studied. In the male 15 and above age group, the percentage deviation from both the Du Bois and the Mayo Foundation standards was found to be negative, weather the BMRI or the Du Bois Body Surface Area formula was used. In the 5 to 9 year and the 10 to 14 year male groups, the percentage deviation from the Du Bois and the Mayo Foundation standards were positive when the Du Bois formula was used. It shifted to the negative side when the BMRI nomogram was used. In the case females in all age groups, the percentage deviations were positive whether the body surface area standard of Du Bois or the BMRI was used. It was also found that neither the Aub and Du Bois nor the Mayo Foundation standard can be used for Burmese subjects. Therefore, a fresh standard for the Burmese was drawn for use as an interim measure in Burma before data on large sample of the population were obtained.

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