Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand

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    A 10-year review of maternal mortality in Chon Buri Hospital, Thailand.
    (1993-06-01) Pinchun, P; Chullapram, T
    1. The overall maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Chon Buri Hospital in the 10-yr period from 1982-1991 was 51.1/100,000 livebirths. 2. The top causes of death were abortion related complications, pregnancy induced hypertension, puerperal infection and postpartum hemorrhage. 3. What we have done is to improve the quantity and quality of obstetric and medical care, solve the problem of vital statistics reports in our hospital, contact doctor in nearby hospitals in referral and interhospital OB-GYN conferences to meet and discuss both knowledge and management problems. 4. What we still faced in the last 4-yr were deaths from abortion related complications, puerperal sepsis and postpartum hemorrhage. Most of the deaths were preventable. 5. So what we have to target to lessen the MMR is to improve the obstetric and medical care, improve the quality of medical personnel in our area in KAP aspect (knowledge, attitude, practice) especially in the field of family planning to prevent unwanted pregnancies, proper prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage, and prevention and treatment of puerperal and postabortal infection.
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    A 12-case series of Penicillium marneffei pneumonia.
    (2006-04-16) Deesomchok, Athavudh; Tanprawate, Surat
    BACKGROUND: Penicillium marneffei, an endemic fungus in Southeast Asia and southern China, is the cause of opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients who may present with symptoms and signs of the lungs, and abnormal chest radiographs. However, only a few cases of pulmonary infection from this organism have been reported. OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical manifestations of patients with Penicillium marneffei pneumonia diagnosed by sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid culture MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective descriptive study of patients who were diagnosed with Penicillium marneffei pneumonia at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital from September 1999 to July 2004. RESULTS: Twelve patients (eight males, four females) were included with mean age of 36.1 years. Nine cases were HIV-infected. Their presenting symptoms included fever, cough, dyspnea and weight loss. Skin lesions, hepatomegaly and lymphadenopathy were extrapulmonary signs. Chest radiographs revealed diffuse reticulonodular, diffuse reticular, localized alveolar, localized reticular infiltration, and cavitary lesion. The diagnosis was made by cultures from the sputum in five cases and BAL fluid in the others. Co-infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Strongyloides stercoralis were found. Most of them were treated by intravenous amphotericin B followed by oral itraconazole, or oral itraconazole. CONCLUSION: Penicillium marneffei pneumonia has non-specific clinical manifestations, it cannot be excluded from other infections and may have co-infections. Physicians should include this infection in their differential diagnosis especially in immunocompromised patients.
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    12-week clinical effects of erythropoietin espogen in end stage renal patients undergoing hemodialysis.
    (2007-04-10) Thitiarchakul, Supachai; Tasanarong, Adis
    BACKGROUND: Anemia is one of most common complications in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Erythropoietin has been recommended for treatment of anemia in these patients. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety and usefulness of newly imported erythropoietin, called Espogen, usage in ESRD undergoing hemodialysis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An open, non-comparative, prospective study of administered Espogen was conducted in 30 ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis for a 12 week period. Eligible criteria included hemoglobin of less than 8 g%, hematocrit of less than 25% for at least three consecutive months with a serum ferritin of more than 100 ng%. Initial dose of drug was 150 units/kg/week subcutaneously, two or three times a week and dosage was adjusted to maintain the Hb at 10-12g%. RESULTS: In 28 patients, hemoglobin and hematocrit were increased significantly from 7.1 +/- 1.14 g/dl and 22.1 +/- 3.24% at baseline to 10.1 +/- 1.49 g/dl and 31.7 +/- 4.01% at the end of the study period respectively (p < 0.05). Mean weekly of Espogen dosage was 8390 +/- 2452.7 IU/week, which was 152.1 IU/kg/week. Some patients could reduce the dose at week 10. Reticulocyte increased significantly from 0.69 +/- 0.58% at baseline to highest value, 1.41 +/- 0.74 at 2 week and 1.30 +/- 0.66 at the end of the present study. Serum vitamin B12, serum folate, and red blood cell folate were not significantly changed. However serum ferritin decreased significantly from 840.6 +/- 948.95 to 582.7 +/- 990.70 ng/ml (p < 0.05). General condition including SF-36 score and tiredness were improved. There were no significant adverse events except mean arterial blood pressure of pre dialysis value which was statistically significant increased at the end of the present study (from 101.0 +/- 17.65 at week 0 and 110.4 +/- 16.8 mmHg at week 12, p = 0.0223). CONCLUSION: This clinical study showed that Espogen has proven effective and safe for treatment of anemia in hemodialysis patients. No serious adverse events occurred during the study period.
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    131 -I-fibrinogen metabolism and fibrinolytic activity in Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
    (1971-12-01) Areekul, S; Kanakakorn, K; Kasemsuth, R; Boonyananta, C; Matrakul, D
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    131-I-MAA scintiscanning of the lungs. An analysis of results from 313 performances.
    (1970-12-01) Bovornkitti, S; Suwanik, R; Satyavanich, S
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    131I treated hypothyroidism and thyroid antibody levels.
    (1979-02-01) Vejjajiva, S; Poshyachinda, M; Yenbutra, D
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    14-day quadruple therapy with ranitidine bismuth citrate after Helicobacter pylori treatment failure in Thailand.
    (2006-09-28) Thong-Ngam, Duangporn; Mahachai, Varocha
    BACKGROUND: A quadruple therapy with a proton pump inhibitor, bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline is recommended as a second line therapy after Helicobacter pylori treatment failure. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of 14-day ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) base quadruple therapy after H. pylori treatment failure in Thai patients. METHOD AND MATERIAL: Between June 2003-May 2005, thirty-four patients who were H. pylori positive after first line (Omeprazole, Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin or Metronidazole) treatment failure received 14-day quadruple therapy with RBC (400 mg bid), Rabeprazole (20 mg bid), Metronidazole (500 mg tid) and Tetracycline (500 mg qid). Four weeks after completion of treatment, eradication was confirmed with 14C-urea breath test. RESULTS: There were 18 males (52.9%) and 16 females (47.1%) with a mean age of 47.3 +/- 14.6 years. Four patients dropped out due to side effects. Per-protocol eradication rate was 86.7% and the intention-to-treat eradication rate was 76.5%. Adverse effects were found in 38.2% with a bitter taste, nausea, and dizziness. The mean age in the treatment failure group was younger than that in the successful group (35.3 +/- 13.9 vs 51.1 +/- 13.9 years, p = 0.046, 95%CI, 0.3-31.5%). The abdominal symptoms were improved after eradication (82.4%). CONCLUSION: The 14-day quadruple therapy with ranitidine bismuth citrate is effective and well tolerated for the patients who failed with the Helicobacterpylori treatment. The patients with older age may receive a more favorable outcome of the treatment.
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    180 doses in 26 weeks vs 56 doses in 24 weeks of chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis: a preliminary report.
    (1988-05-01) Jittinandana, A; Kecharanandana, P; Payanandana, W; Daramas, M
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    23 years of stereotaxic neurosurgery.
    (1971-01-01) Chitanondh, H
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    A 25-year follow-up on diabetes in a Japanese rural district.
    (1987-03-01) Doi, K; Oribe, T; Kawara, A; Baba, S
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    375 childhood primary headache: clinical features, the agreement between clinical diagnosis and diagnoses using the international classification of headache disorders in Thai children.
    (2007-07-23) Ruangsuwan, Surapee; Sriudomkajorn, Somjit
    OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical features of patients with headache and agreement between clinical diagnoses and ICHD II criteria diagnosis in primary headaches in Thai children. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Patients with headache who, over a 4-year period, consulted the neurological clinic, were interviewed by questionnaire, examined, diagnosed, treated, and followed up by pediatric neurologists. The result from the questionnaire was used to define the type of headache according to the ICHD II criteria. The clinical features were analyzed and clinical diagnosis was compared with diagnoses using the International Classification of Headache disorders. RESULTS: Three hundred and seventy-five primary headache patients were defined by ICHD II criteria. One hundred twenty eight (35.2%) were migraine, 47 (12.5%) were tension-type, 123 (33.3%) were probable migraine, 31 (8.3%) were probable tension-type, and 40 (10.7%) cannot be classified because the symptoms were not compatible with diagnosed criteria. Using clinical diagnosis as the standard, the sensitivity of the ICHD-based definition of migraine without aura and probable migraine was 89.96% whereas the specific was 65.09%. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the International Classification of Headache disorders-based definition of infrequent episodic tension-type and probable infrequent episodic tension-type was 56.34% whereas the specific was 87.50%. CONCLUSION: The present study shows the increase of sensitivity but decrease of the specificity of ICHD II criteria in diagnosed pediatric migraine headache. However, the duration of attack and quality of headache are still the limitation of diagnosis for pediatric headache. Therefore, the diagnosis criteria in pediatric headache should be developed distinctly from adults.
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    3D geometrical assessment of femoral curvature: a reverse engineering technique.
    (2008-09-11) Chantarapanich, Nattapon; Sitthiseripratip, Kriskrai; Mahaisavariya, Banchong; Wongcumchang, Marut; Siribodhi, Pongwit
    OBJECTIVE: Investigate the 2D/3D geometry of femoral curvature and femoral length using the advanced technique of computerized tomography combined with reverse engineering techniques. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The present study was performed using reverse engineering technique based on CT data of 99 cadaveric femora. The femur was divided into three segments, proximal, mid-shaft, and distal regions by defining 35% and 65% of the femoral total length as a boundary of each region. The intramedullary canal in the mid-shaft region was mainly extracted to determine the set of circular center, which could consequence to approximate the 3D femoral radius of curvature using the 3D least square best fit. The 3D femoral curvature was then projected into A-P and M-L directions to investigate the correlation of 2D/3D femoral curvature as normal radiographic images. RESULTS: It was found that the average 3D Thai femoral curvature was 895.46-mm (SD = 238.06) and the average femoral total length is 421.96-mm (SD = 27.61). In addition, the 2D femoral curvature derived from sagittal radiographic image can be used to determine the 3D femoral curvature with this equation: R3D = RSagittal + 3.67 with r = 0.987. CONCLUSION: This described technique is a non-destructive method that can effectively assess the internal/ external 3D geometric data of the femur The obtained data is useful to develop a proper design of prosthesis that required inserting into the intramedullary canal. From the present study, it can be concluded that the 2DSagittal femoral curvature derived from standard radiographic image can be represented for the 3D femoral curvature.
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    A 4-week, double-blind comparison of olanzapine with haloperidol in the treatment of amphetamine psychosis.
    (2005-11-25) Leelahanaj, Thawatchai; Kongsakon, Ronnachai; Netrakom, Pongsatorn
    OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of olanzapines and haloperidol in treating patients with amphetamine psychosis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fifty-eight patients experiencing episode of amphetamine psychosis were randomly assigned to olanzapine (N=29) or haloperidol (N=29) in 1:1 (olanzapine: haloperidol) ratio. All patients started with 5-10 mg/day of the study drug; after each 7-day period, the study drug could be adjusted in 5-mg increments or decrements within the allowed dose range of 5-20 mg/day during the 4-week double-blind period. RESULTS: Clinical response was seen in both treatment groups since the first week. Ninety three percent of the olanzapine patients (N=27 of 29) and 79.3% of the haloperidol patients (N=23 of 27) were clinically improved at endpoint. These differences were not statistically significant (p=0.25). The Simpson-Angus total score change from baseline to endpoint reflected no extrapyramidal symptoms among the olanzapine-treated patients (median=0.0, range=0.0). In contrast, worsening occurred among the haloperidol-treated patients (median=0.2, range=0.0-3.1). The differences of mean change in Simpson Angus Scale significantly favored olanzapine (p<0.01). Change to endpoint on the Barnes Akathisia Scale showed that olanzapine-treated patients' scores were close to the baseline (median=0.0, range=-1.0-0.0), whereas haloperidol-treated patients' scores worsened from the baseline (median=0.0, range=-1.0-3.0). This difference was statistically significant (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Both olanzapine and haloperidol were efficacious in the treatment of patients with amphetamine psychosis. Olanzapine was superior to conventional neuroleptic haloperidol in treatment safety with lower frequency and severity of extrapyramidal symptoms.
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    .5 per cent plain bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia effects of posture.
    (1989-12-01) Vichitvejpaisal, P; Svastdi-Xuto, O
    0.5 per cent plain bupivacaine following intrathecal injection in the lateral position seems to be lower than that in the sitting position. The dosages of the drug according to the patients' height and the time for injection were shown to yield a desirable spread of analgesia. Provided that strict attention is paid to volume replacement, the technique is safe quick and reliable and provides excellent analgesia. It is satisfactory for use in orthopaedic surgery and abdominal surgery that does not take more than 2 hours.
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    5-fluorouracil and mitomycin-C: effective, low-cost chemotherapy for colorectal cancer.
    (2006-11-09) Aphinives, Potchavit; Bhudhisawasdi, Vajarabhongsa; Sae-seow, Otur; Uttaravichien, Thongueb
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the regimen of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin-C (MMC) in terms ofresponse rate and overall survival in advanced colorectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Between January 1993 and December 2000, 121 from 559 patients with advanced colorectal cancer were treated with chemotherapy. Bolus MMC (10 mg/m2) on first day, 5-FU (600 mg/m2/day) was given as a continuous infusion for 5 days, repeated every 4 weeks for 6 cycles. Toxicity and response were analyzed according to WHO criteria, and survival was analyzed according to Kaplan-Meier methodology. RESULTS: In the chemotherapy group (121 patients), 70 were males and 51 were females, the mean age was 52 years. The ratio of colon and rectal cancer was 0.57. Nearly all patients (88.89%) had tumors with moderate differentiation. Forty patients with liver metastasis showed an overall response rate of 45% (95% CI 35.4-54.6) with a CR in 3 (7.5%) and PR in 15 (37.5%). The median survival was 13.1 months. The regimen was well tolerated with 11.64% of patients experiencing WHO grade 3-4 toxicity. CONCLUSION: The present study has indicated a highly active, acceptable toxic, inexpensive regimen of old drugs to be used as an alternative to the more expensive combination including CPT-11 or oxaliplatin.
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    A 5-year prospective study of conventional risk factors of coronary artery disease in Shinawatra employees: a preliminary prevalence survey of 3,615 employees.
    (2000-11-24) Bhuripanyo, K; Mahanonda, N; Leowattana, W; Ruangratanaamporn, O; Sriratanasathavorn, C; Chotinaiwattarakul, C; Krittayapong, R; Kangkagate, C; Chaithiraphan, S
    We conducted a prevalence survey of conventional risk factors of coronary artery disease in 3,615 Shinawatra employees and we planned to prospectively follow up this population to determine the impact of the risk factors in the development of coronary disease. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, obesity, physical inactivity and smoking were 7.4 per cent, 1.4 per cent, 21.1 per cent, 13.9 per cent, 76.3 per cent and 16.3 per cent respectively. The awareness of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia were 42.2 per cent, 78 per cent and 32.9 per cent respectively. The prevalence of the risk factors was more common in males and increased with increasing age. Dependent variables which were associated with hypertension included: excessive weight; male sex; increasing age; hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus. Variables which were associated with diabetes mellitus were hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, male sex, increasing age and excessive weight.. Variables which were associated with hypercholesterolemia were hypertriglyceridemia, high HDL-cholesterol, increasing age, excessive weight and hematocrit level while overweight, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL-cholesterol, smoking, hematocrit level, low income and increasing age were associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Excessive weight was associated with hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-Cholesterol, presence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, increasing age and low education.
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    50 grams glucose challenge test for screening of gestational diabetes mellitus in each trimester in potential diabetic pregnancy.
    (2008-06-14) Punthumapol, Chanvitya; Tekasakul, Putthawan
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cutoff value of the 50 grams glucose challenge test (GCT) for screening of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in each trimester in potential diabetic pregnancy and to determine the prevalence of GDM. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive study (Diagnostic test). SETTING: Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taksin Hospital. SUBJECTS: Two thousand and ten potential diabetic pregnant women who attended the antenatal care clinic at Taksin Hospital between August 2004 and December 2005 were identified and recruited based on risk indicators. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A GCT was performed If GCT was positive, 100 grams oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done to confirm the GDM. All relevant data including demographic information, GCT and OGTT results were collected The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to identify the cutoff value of GCT for screening of GDM. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The cutoff value of GCT for screening of GDM in each trimester by using ROC curve. RESULTS: The cutoff values of GCT in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and all trimesters were 179, 177, 184, and 179 mg/dl respectively The authors recommended 177 mg/dl as the cutoff value of GCT for screening of GDM in potential diabetic pregnancy in each trimester The prevalence of GDM in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and all trimesters were 14.22, 13.04, 11.96, and 13.2% respectively. CONCLUSION: The threshold of 177 mg/dl was recommended as the cutoff value of GCT for screening of GDM in each trimester in potential diabetic pregnancy. The prevalence was 13.2%.
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    A 50-g glucose challenge test: is there any diagnostic cut-off?
    (2008-09-11) Yamasmit, Waralak; Chaithongwongwatthana, Surasith; Uerpairojkit, Boonchai
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of 50-g glucose challenge test for diagnosis of gestational diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of pregnant women who had a 50-g glucose challenge test of 140 mg/dL or higher and followed by a 100-g glucose tolerance test. Results were categorized in 10 mg/dL increments. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed using National Diabetes Data Group criteria. RESULTS: The present study included 2,226 cases from universal screening of 11,084 pregnant women. The incidence of gestational diabetes was 3.2% (351/11,084). Only 1.6% (6/374) of patients with positive screening results of less than 145 mg/dL had gestational diabetes. All of the 6 women undiagnosed by this threshold were gestational diabetes class A1 and had at least one risk factor Of 1,875 women, seven cases (0.4%) would be over diagnosed as gestational diabetes if 100-g glucose tolerance test was not performed after a result of 50-g glucose challenge test of > or = 250 mg/dL (99.6% specificity, 85.8% negative predictive value, 12.3% sensitivity and 86.0% positive predictive value). CONCLUSION: A 50-g glucose challenge test may be used as a diagnostic test when the value is > or = 250 mg/dL. The present data suggested that the value of glucose screening of > or = 145 mg/dL can be used as a threshold for a positive test in the low risk women.