Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science (JAPS)

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/149611

Editor: Dr. Khalid Akhter Ansari

ISSN: 2231-3354; (Print)

Frequency: 12 issues a year

Language: Englishh

An Official Publication of Open Science Publishers

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.japsonline.com/

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 2398

Hypoglycemic Activity of Artemisia herba-alba (Asso.) used in Egyptian Traditional Medicine as Hypoglycemic Remedy.
(2011-03) Awad, Nagwa E; Seida, Ahmed A; Shaffie, Zakaria El-Khayat Nermeen; El-Aziz, Ahmed M Abd
In vitro and In vivo screening of hypoglycemic activity of Artemisia herba-alba (Asso.) herbs emphasized its activity in hypoglycemic remedy. Further investigation on fractions of 70% ethyl alcohol extract of Artemisia herba-alba (Asso.) herbs revealed that the ethyl alcohol extract produces hypoglycemic effect more than any of its fractions. Four compounds were isolated and identified from fractions of 70% ethyl alcohol extract of Artemisia herba-alba (Asso.) herbs. These compounds were previously reported for their hypoglycemic activity.
The Efficacy and Undesired Effects of High Dosage Zinc Treatment.
(2011-03) Kockaya, Guvenc; Ufuktepe, Baran; Kockaya, Pinar Daylan; Sen, Selcuk; Altunel, Ozlem; Uresin, Yagiz
Zinc is an essential micronutrient for human health. It is very important for body functions, and they have an interaction potential in several systems, including nervous system. Although there is no global regulation about the daily amounts, it is shown to reduce the incidence of diarrhea and pneumonia. Zinc deficiency is a global problem, especially in developing countries. Zinc has been shown to be effective in treatment of zinc deficiency, Acrodermatitis Enteropathica, protein energy malnutrition (PEM), Wilson disease, pica, diarrhea, unrecovering ulcers etc. Although under 50 mg daily is enough for diarrhea, anemia, infections, immundeficieny etc., higher dosages may be required in Wilson`s disease, pica and acrodermatitis enteropathica up to 220 mg daily. Also it was reported that high dosage of zinc treatment can lead neurotoxity, Alzheimer`s disease or impaired lipid metabolism. So caution should be exercised when prescribing the zinc to the patients who have risk for neurotoxity, Alzheimer`s disease or impaired lipid metabolism.
Design and development of Orally Disintegrating Tablets of Famotidine Prepared by Direct Compression Method Using Different Superdisintegrants.
(2011-03) Khinchi, Mahaveer Pr; Gupta, M K; Bhandari, Anil; Sharma, Natasha; Agarwal, Dilip
Orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) are gaining popularity over conventional tablets due to their convenience in administration and suitability for patients having dysphagia. Moreover no water is required for swallowing the tablets and hence suitable for geriatric, pediatric and traveling patients. Super disintegrants (such as Ac-Di-Sol, Crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate), Diluents (Dibasic calcium phosphate) along with sweetening agent (aspartame) were used in the formulation of tablets. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, water absorption ratio, in-vitro disintegration time (DT), in-vitro disintegration time in oral cavity and in vitro drug release. Using the same excipients, the tablets were prepared by direct compression and were evaluated in the similar way. Maximum drug release and minimum DT were observed with Crospovidone excipient prepared by direct compression.
Spectrophotometric simultaneous determination of hydrochlorothiazide and telmisartan in combined dosage form.
(2011-03) Gangola, Rekha; Kaushik, Sunil; Sharma, Paras
Simple, sensitive, specific and economic spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantitation of Hydrochlorothiazide and Telmisartan in tablet dosage form. New method based on the simultaneous estimation of drugs in a binary mixture without previous separation was developed. In simultaneous equation method, Hydrochlorothiazide and Telmisartan were quantified using their absorptivity values of at selected wavelengths, viz., 273 nm and 295 nm respectively. The accuracy and reproducibility of the proposed method was statistically validated by recovery studies. The simultaneous equation method permits simple, rapid and direct determination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Telmisartan in commercially available tablet dosage form without previous separations and can therefore be used for routine analysis of both drugs in quality control laboratories.
An unlimited scope for novel formulations as orally disintegrating systems: Present and future prospects.
(2011-03) Thakur, Reeta Rani; Kashi, Mridul
An orally disintegrating tablet or orodispersible tablet (ODT) is a drug dosage form available for a limited amount of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications. ODTs differ from traditional tablets in that they are designed to be dissolved on the tongue rather than swallowed whole. The ODT serves as an alternative dosage form for patients who experience dysphasia (difficulty in swallowing) or for where compliance is a known issue and therefore an easier dosage form to take ensures that medication is taken. Common among all age groups, dysphasia is observed in about 35% of the general population, as well as up to 60% of the elderly institutionalized population and 18-22% of all patients in long-term care facilities. During the last decade, ODTs have become available in a variety of therapeutic markets, both OTC and by prescription. An additional reason to use ODTs is the convenience of a tablet that can be taken without water.
Recent advances in vaccine delivery.
(2011-03) Khyati, J Soni; Patel, Rakesh P; Asari, Vaishnavi M; Prajapati, Bhupendra G
Although currently available vaccines represent an outstanding success story in past few years and it is clear that improvements in vaccine delivery and introduction of new vaccines are required. Vaccine delivery improvements may include the use of novel routes of delivery including intradermal, intranasal, tanscutaneous, and needle free delivery. Intradermal delivery includes delivery of vaccine to the dermis or epidermis for enhancement of immunogenicity. Needle free delivery present lowest risk of needle stick injury and transmission of blood borne pathogen through needle and increase compliance. This review represents the different delivery system, characteristics and advancement in the field of vaccine drug delivery.
Evaluation of Shampoos Containing Silicone Quaternary Microemulsion.
(2011-03) Boonme, Prapaporn; Pakpayat, Natthida; Yotmanee, Kanokwan; Kunlawijitrungsee, Sarinnart; Maneenuan, Duangkhae
This study aimed to characterize properties and to evaluate conditioning performance providence of shampoos containing various concentrations, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 %w/w, of silicone quaternary microemulsion. The results indicated that all samples were clear yellowish liquids with good odor. Addition of silicone quaternary microemulsion in the investigated formulation did not markedly affect the characteristics of the obtained shampoos, except viscosity. Their averaged pH values were in the range of 6.59-7.17 which were acceptable according to TIS 162-2541. All samples provided stable foam, surface tension reduction and low viscosity with Newtonian flow. Under a light microscope, the cuticle arrangement of five tresses washed by the studied shampoos seemed to be better than their counterpart tresses before washing. However, no obvious difference on the cuticle arrangement of the tresses after washing by the identical manner with different shampoos was observed. Most of 50 referees rated and scored that the tress washed with shampoo containing 1%w/w silicone quaternary microemulsion provided the highest conditioning performance, i.e., smooth and softness, via contacting. It could be concluded that silicone quaternary microemulsion was able to be incorporated with the investigated shampoo formulation as an effective hair-conditioning agent.
Review article: High-throughput screening: the hits and leads of drug discovery- an overview.
(2011-03) Martis, E A; Radhakrishnan, R; Badve, R R
The mechanism-based approach which corresponds to the target-based approach screens for compounds with a specific mode of action. The highly effective nature of high-throughput screening (HTS) for identification of highly target specific compounds is attributed to its precise focus on single mechanism. This logical development of receptor technology is closely connected with the changes in strategy of chemical synthesis. The vast number of compounds produced by combinatorial chemistry and the possibility of testing many compounds, including natural products, in a short period of time by HTS attracted attention of many workers. Various detection techniques like fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), Homogeneous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF), etc are available, and the screening of more than 100,000 samples per day is possible. With the introduction of robotics, automation and miniaturization techniques, it became feasible to screen 50,000 compounds a day with complex work-stations. High-throughput screening methods are also used to characterize metabolic and pharmacokinetic data about new drugs. With the use of Cassette dosing techniques even the pharmacokinetic data can be assessed for large number of drug candidates, though not free of drawbacks, yet an effective technique to further increase the drug discovery and development rate. The objective of this article is to give an overview to the High-Throughput screening methodologies used in industries as well as in academic research programmes.
Phytochemical screening and Antimicrobial activity of the leaves of Memecylon umbellatum burm F.
(2011-03) Murugesan, Subban; Pannerselvam, Annamalai; Tangavelou, Arumugame Chanemougame
An ethnomedicinal plant, Memecylon umbellatum Burm. f., was investigated for preliminary phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening of various extracts of the leaves revealed the presence of various classes of compounds such as amino acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, gum, oil & resins, proteins, phenolic groups, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. Bioassay of antimicrobial activity of leaves of petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol extracts showed significant activity against the human pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae causing brain abscesses, pneumonia and septic arthritis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing urinary tract infections and septicaemia, Salmonella typhi causing typhoid fever, Vibrio species causing diarrheal infections and the fungus Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity of the petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanolic leaf extract showed concentration-dependent activity against all the tested bacteria with the zone of inhibition at various concentrations. Thus the findings revealed the medicinal potential of Memecylon umbellatum against various infectious diseases to develop a drug.
A Phytopharmacological overview on Tecomella undulata G Don.
(2011-03) Chal, Jagbir; Kumar, Vinod; Kaushik, Sunil
Tecomella undulata G. Don. is a popular medicinal plant has long been used in ayurvedic system of medicine. The plant has been found to exhibit diverse pharmacological activities. The present paper gives an account of updated information on its photochemical and pharmacological properties. The review of literature reveals that wide range of phytochemical constituents have been isolated from plant and it possesses important pharmacological activities like antibacterial, anticancer and its utility in treatment of certain ailments like syphilis, swelling, leucorrhoea and leucoderma, enlargement of spleen have also been reported. The reports are encouraging hence the herb must be extensively used for its therapeutic benefits. Also the study based on clinical trials should be carried out to support the usage of drug traditionally for treatment of various ailments.
Elucidation of Analgesic and Antipyretic activities of Ficus bengalensis linn. Leaves in rats.
(2011-03) Yadav, Sachdev; Kulshreshtha, Mayank; Goswami, Mradul; Rao, Chandana V; Sharma, Veena
The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic, antipyretic properties of the various (chloroform, ethanol and water) extracts from leaf of Ficus bengalensis (Moraceae) in rats. Dose of the different extracts 200mg/kg, i.p. were significantly reduced (p<0.05). The analgesic activity of leaf of Ficus bengalensis was studied using hot-plate method and tail-immersion method in rats. The antipyretic activity of leaf of Ficus bengalensis was studied in Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Ethanolic extract of leaf of Ficus bengalensis showed more significant activity, while, chloroform extract and water extract does not showed significant (p<0.05) analgesic activity as compared to standard drug using hot-plate method and by tail-immersion method. Extracts obtained were also subjected to evaluate antipyretic activity by yeast induced fevered rats. Aspirin (100mg/kg) was taken as standard drug. Water and chloroform extract showed significant decrease in elevated body temperature, while ethanol extract did not showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in elevated body temperature as compared to standard drug.
Ion Channels and their Modulation.
(2011-03) Tabassum, N; Feroz, A
Ion channels are pore-forming proteins that help establish and control the small voltage gradient across the plasma membrane of cells by allowing the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient. They may be classified by the nature of their gating, the species of ions passing through these gates and on the basis of number of gates (pores). There are a number of chemicals and genetic disorders, which disrupt normal functioning of ion channels and have disastrous consequences for the organism. Modulation of the properties of membrane ion channels is of fundamental importance for the regulation of neuronal electrical activity and of higher neural functions. The development of powerful new molecular biological and biophysical approaches has provided important new insights into the structure and function of ion channels and has revealed them as dynamic entities whose activity can be regulated.
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science (JAPS): A new open-Access international journal in the field of Pharmaceutical Science.
(2011-03) Ansari, Khalid Akhter
Causality assessment of suspected adverse drug reaction with anti-tubercular therapy by WHO probability scale.
(2011-03) Yadav, S; Pillai, K K; Kapur, P
The objectives of the study is to monitor and causality assessment of suspected ADRs by WHO Probability Scale in patients of tuberculosis undergoing treatment with anti-tuberculous drugs. An Open, Non- Comparative Study was carried out in the Medicine Department of Majeedia Hospital, Jamia Hamdard, over a period of 6 months. A total of 139 patients, satisfying Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria of the Study were enrolled. Potential study subjects were thoroughly interrogated for history in local dialect along with thorough clinical examination for both Pulmonary and Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The patients were followed upon a weekly basis during the period of treatment. Assessment of ADRs was done by formal methods; Timing, Pattern Recognition, Background Frequency and Re-challenge and the same was recorded in ADR Reporting and Documentation Form. All the categorical data was analysed by chi-square test on 120 patients. Causality assessment of ADRs was found to be statistically significant by WHO probability scale. 46.7% of patients reported ADRs to anti-tuberculous drugs. The severity of ADR’s was graded on 3- point scale (Mild-34.2%, Moderate-9.2%, Severe-3.3%). Close clinical monitoring in all tuberculosis patients for ADRs is important. ADRs remain one of the key factors for non-compliance of treatment, a reason for multi-drug resistance tuberculosis.
Sida cordifolia (Linn) – An overview.
(2011-04) Jain, Ankit; Choubey, Shreya; Singour, P K; Rajak, H; Pawar, R S
Our world is fulfilled by various medicinal plants which are widely have been used in treatment of various diseases since ancient time. Medicinal plants still play an important role in emerging and developing countries. They also generate income to people of many Asian countries who can earn their livelihood from selling collected materials from the forest or by cultivating on their farms. Thus the medicinal plants constitute very important rational resources. In India plants have been trditionally used for human and veterinary health care needs. This reflects that medicinal plant and their products have taken an increasing demand. Herbs are staging a comeback and herbal ‘renaissance’ is happening all over the globe. The herbal products today symbolize safety in contrast to the synthetics that are regarded as unsafe to human and environment. Although herbs had been priced for their medicinal, flavoring and aromatic qualities. Malvaceae, commonly known as Bala, is an Ayurvedic medicine that is used to treat bronchial asthma, cold and flu, chills, lack of perspiration, head ache, nasal congestion, aching joints and bones, cough and wheezing, and edema. The root infusion is given in nervous and urinary diseases and also in disorders of the blood and bile. Sida cordifolia has been reported to posess analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic activities as well as hepatoprotective activity. Traditionally the plant Sida cordifolia (linn) syn has been used as CNS depressant, fat lose, analgesics, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, hepatoprotectiv. Presence of ephedrine has highlighted the utility of this plant .various ayurvadic preparation of this plant used in asthma diseases, fat lose and increase energy, Oil preparation is also cure pain, swelling disorder, and Gritha cures Heart diseases. This plant has great potential to develop the Ayurvedic, modern medicine and athletic supplements by pharmaceutical industries. The present review is highlights the traditional uses, Ayurvedic preparation, chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of Sida cordifolia (linn) syn. Country Mallow.
Soluble curcumin: A promising oral supplement for health management.
(2011-04) Gandhi, Puneet; Khan, Zeba; Chakraverty, Nivedita
Curcumin, the most active polyphenolic constituent of turmeric curcuminoids obtained from the rhizome Curcuma longa, holds a high place in ayurvedic medicine but its role in conventional disease management has also been established. However, it has poor bioavailability due to insolubility in water becomes a limiting factor. Increasing its solubility followed by assessment of effect of oral consumption of soluble curcumin on pathological parameters on healthy human volunteers, sixteen healthy subjects comprising of nine females and seven males in the age group of 24- 45 years, was undertaken. Oral administration was done in the form of 500 mg capsule, twice a day, for 15 days. Complete blood profile, levels of blood glucose, lipid profile, renal function tests and liver function tests were performed in subjects before the start and at the end of the study. Soluble curcumin was found to improve the liver functions, kidney functions and ameliorated the lipid profile, blood glucose in healthy volunteers, only in 15 days of oral consumption. Enhanced bioavailability of soluble curcumin in the near future is likely to bring this promising natural product to the forefront of therapeutic agents for treatment of human diseases, especially age related problems.
Comparison effect of Pioglitazone and Glimepiride alone on renal function marker in experimentally induced renal damage in diabetic rats.
(2011-04) Kakadiya, Jagdish; Shah, Nehal
Present study was designed to evaluate in Renoprotective activity of Pioglitazone and Glimepiride on Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced renal damage in diabetic rats. Ischemia/reperfusion injury, which is commonly seen in the field of renal surgery or transplantation in diabetic condition, is a major cause of acute renal failure. Type 2 Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of Streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, STZ) in overnight fasting rats followed by the i.p administration of Nicotinamide (110 mg/kg, NIC) after 15 minutes. After right nephrectomy, Piogltazone (10 mg/kg/day, p.o) and Glimepiride (0.5 mg/kg/day, p.o) were administered for 15 days. On the 16th day, ischemia was induced in contra lateral kidney for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 hr. renal function marker and oxidative parameter were estimated at the end of 24 hr reperfusion. At the end of experimental period the level of malondialdehyde formation/ lipid peroxidation (LPO) in kidney tissue and serum marker Creatinine, Urea and Uric acids were significantly increased. Whereas, the activity of biomarkers of oxidative stress such as reduced glutathione (GSH), Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were found to be decreased significantly compared to control rats. Pioglitazone improved the renal dysfunction and oxidative stress after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats, but Glimepiride less improved the renal marker change compared to treatment of Pioglitazone. In conclusion, Pioglitazone shows potent may improve renal function marker and oxidative stress in kidney in I/R induced renal damage in type 2 diabetic rats.
Investigation of in-vitro anthelmintic activity of Bauhinia racemosa linn.
(2011-04) Kumar, Tekeshwar; Alexander, Amit; Ajazuddin; Dewangan, Dhansay; Khan, Junaid; Sharma, Mukesh
Helminth infections are the most common health problems in India, in developing countries they pose a large treat to public. These infections can affect most population in endemic areas with major economic and social consequences. The plant Bauhinia Racemosa Linn. is a species of flowering plant belongs to Fabaceae family. The different parts of plant being traditionally used in catarrh, infection of children, boil, glandular and swelling. The present study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity of different extracts of whole plant of Bauhinia Racemosa Linn. The different successive extracts namely petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous using an adult Indian earthworms, Pheretima posthuma as a test worm. Three concentrations (50, 75 and 100 mg/ml) of each extracts were studied in the bioassay which involved the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worm. Albenzadole in same concentration as that of extract was included as standard reference and normal saline water as control. The results of present study indicate that the crude ethanolic extract significantly demonstrated paralysis and also caused death of worm in dose dependent manner, while aqueous and petroleum extracts show weak anthelmintic effect. Further studies are in process to isolate the active principles responsible for the activity.
In-Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Croton Bonplandianum Baill.
(2011-04) Hapse, S A; Pagar, H J; Suruse, S D; Ugale, S S
The aim of present study was to evaluate anthelmintic activity of aqueous, ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of leaves of croton bonplandianium baill using earthworms. Various concentrations i.e.20, 40,and 60mg/ml of above mentioned extracts were tested in bioassay which involves determination of time of paralysis( P) and time of death(D) worms. Albendazole of same concentration was included as standard reference of normal saline solution as control. The results of present study indicated that the ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of Croton bonplandianum shows significantly Anthelmintic activity when compared to the reference Albendazole drug. In conclusion the traditional use of leaves of plant Croton bonplandianum as an anthelmintic have been confirmed.
Nano technology: A review.
(2011-04) Rangasamy, Manivannan
The recent research on bio-systems at the nano-scale and the nanotechnology has created one of the most dynamic science and technology domains at the confluence of physical sciences, molecular engineering, biology, biotechnology and medicine. This domain includes better understanding of living and thinking systems, revolutionary biotechnology processes, synthesis of new drugs and their targeted delivery, regenerative medicine, neuromorphic engineering and developing a sustainable environment. Nano bio-systems research is a priority in many countries and its relevance within nanotechnology is expected to increase in the future. The reduction of drug particles into the sub-micron range leads to a significant increase in the dissolution rate and therefore enhances bioavailability. There has been a considerable research interest in the area of developing drug delivery using nanoparticles (NP’s) as carriers for small and large molecules. Targeting delivery of drugs to the diseased lesions is one of the most important aspects of drug delivery system. They have been used in-vivo to protect the drug entity in the systemic circulation, restrict access of the drug to the chosen sites and to deliver the drug at a controlled and sustained rate to this site of action. Various polymers have been used in the formulation of nanoparticles for drug delivery research to increase therapeutic benefit, while minimizing the side-effects. This review article presents the most outstanding contributions in the field of nanotechnology as drug delivery system. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology based systems, methods of preparation, applications, advantages and disadvantages.

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