Indian Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine

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A study on treatment outcome of tuberculosis cases registered under RNTCP in Sonbhadra District: A Medico-Geographical Perspective
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-03) Kumar, Shailesh; Srivastava, GN; Mishra, AP
Introduction: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mostly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) and sometime affect other sites (extra pulmonary TB). The disease is spread when people who are sick with pulmonary TB expel bacteria into the air by coughing. Overall, a relatively small proportion (5–15%) of the estimated 1.7 billion people infected with M. tuberculosis will develop TB disease during their lifetime. Objective: To assess the treatment outcome of tuberculosis patients registered under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) and to find out spatial pattern of tuberculosis patients. Materials and Methods: A retrospective record based study was conducted based on the secondary data pertaining to the patients registered at six different tuberculosis units (TU) and 29 designated microscopic centers (DMC) in Sonbhadra district during the period from 2005 to 2015. Results: Overall 85.8% were new cases and among them 80.0% were as pulmonary cases observed. Sputum conversion rate of new sputum-positive case at 2 or 3 months after treatment was 89.9%. Cure rate for new sputum-positive pulmonary TB cases was 84.9% and out of all smear-positive cases, it was 62.4%. Default among new smear-positive cases was 5.5%. Conclusion: The observed treatment success rate in form of cured and treatment completed (91.5%) reveals that the DOTs as an effective strategy for tuberculosis treatment may be classified as better alternative for area like Sonbhadra.
Factors associated with nutritional status among mothers and children in India
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-03) Pandey, Krishna Kumar; Singh, RD; Kumar, Alok
Background: This study examined the relationships between child, maternal, health care utilization and household characteristics and nutritional status of both mother and child in India. Nutritional status is the best indicator of the global well-being of a society. In India 36 percent of children, under five years of age suffer from underweight due to acute under nutrition. Methods: This study analyzed secondary data from fourth round of National Family Health Survey. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were preformed to estimate the effect of independent variables on dichotomous dependent variables. Results: Result shows that prevalence of stunting among male and female children was 39.14% and 37.52% respectively. Prevalence of underweight and stunting increases with the increase in child age group. Prevalence of underweight was more between both the rural and poorer mothers. The odds of stunting among female children was significantly lesser than their male counterparts (OR=0.93). Children belong to the older mother were less likely to be underweight (OR=0.81 and 0.70 for the mother in the age group 25-34 and 35-49 years respectively). Household characteristics show a significant result for the risk of underweight among women. Conclusion: Finding suggests that child sex and age influence the nutritional status significantly. Analysis indicate that increasing maternal age and educational attainment have statistical significant and positive effect on both maternal and child nutritional status. Study also found that utilization of health care services has better impact on nutritional status of both mother and child.
Prevalence of diseases and usual treatment places among the elderly: A preliminary study in eastern Uttar Pradesh
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-03) Bihari, Anand; Srivastava, Subhi; Kumar, Alok
Background: The increasing number of the elderly persons and their health problems has greater implications on public health programs in developing countries. Estimates of health problems of the elderly are required from time to time to predict trends in disease burden and to further plan health care for them. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalent diseases and places for seeking treatment among the elderly in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Data & Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out for the elderly people (60 years & above) and the information was collected in a pre-tested instrument. Using multistage stratified random sampling procedure, a total of 417 elderly respondents were participated in the study. Information was sought on the respondents' socio-demographic characteristics, living arrangements and self-reported diseases suffering by the elderly. Results: Maximum numbers of diseased cases were among females (38.06 %) than males (26.45 %). Breathing problem was found one of the major problems among each sex of the elderly. It was found that more than half of the elderly living alone were suffering from one or more diseases. Most of the elderly of lower and middle social status groups were more inclined towards the private health facilities. About one-third of male and female elderly covered more than 5 kms from their residence to seek their treatment. Conclusion: Breathing problem and joint problems were prevalent in both male and female elderly populations. Social status and age of the elderly play important role in seeking treatment from the private/government health care facilities.
Assessment of drinking water in a rural area of Patna (Bihar) with special reference to human health
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-03) Sinha, S.K.; Shankar, Ravi
Water quality of rural area of Patna was studied. The water samples from rural area of Patna were collected to assess the quality of potable water. A laboratory test was conducted for assessment of water quality. The physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters were studied. The results obtained were compared with WHO/ICMR standard. Results showed high TDS, hardness at some locations and coliform counts were high at some sampling sites. Conductivity increases with increase of hardness of water. The pH of drinking water samples were followed by the standards recommended by the ICMR or WHO. TDS of water samples showed wide range of variations. Hard water is responsible for cardiovascular diseases. Such quality of water can cause various diseases like diarrhoea, jaundice, typhoid, dysentery etc.
Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Nutritional Status and Health Problems of Elderly Living in Old Age Homes in Varanasi: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-03) Sahu, Yogesh; Srivastava, Manushi; Kumar, Avadhesh; Singh, SP
Background: Old age is an imminent natural phenomenon and is a significant outcome of demographic transition. Ageing of population is primarily the results in reduction in mortality and fertility. The process of industrialization, globalization and urbanization results in overall demographic and family structure. India is also among the countries with the high burden of ageing population. Objective: To study the Socio-demographic Characteristics, Nutritional status and Health condition of elderly living in Old Age Homes. Methodology: This was a cross sectional exploratory study. Area of research was Old Age Homes of Varanasi district. Elderly who were aged 60 years and above formed the study population with a total number of 231 study subjects. Information was collected with a pre-designed and pre tasted interview schedule. Results: Elderly females were found approximately three times higher than male (73.6% vs 26.4%). Majority 44.7% belonged to age group 60-69 years. Most of them (96.5%) were Hindus. The illiteracy rate in this study group was 59.7%. Half (51.1%) belonged to lower socio-economic status, 47.6% had normal nutritional status, 45.9% were found to be suffering from Joint pain; the most common health problem. Conclusion: Majority of the study subjects was females, the literacy rate found very low, more than half have poor nutritional status and majority of them were suffering from different morbid illnesses.
Newer Vaccines: Opportunities and Challenges
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-03) Mishra, Chandra Pati; Jha, Sudhir Kumar
Food taboos and social beliefs among pregnant women in the rural population of Varanasi District
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-03) Jaiswal, Sudha; Singh, Shikha; Yadav, Anu; Shankar, Ravi
Food taboos are commonly found among around all societies of the world. In every society, culture and beliefs influence the women eating patterns during pregnancy. In Indian society, most food practices and beliefs have emerged from deeply rooted traditions and customs of particular geographical area or culture. Objectives: The objectives of the present study were- 1. To study the prevalence of food taboos and social beliefs among pregnant women. 2. To find out the avoided certain food and reason behind it during the pregnancy. 3. To study the association between the demographic characteristic of pregnant women and food taboos. Methods & Materials: Participants of the study were pregnant 105 women aged 18 to 35 years of Harahua Primary Health Centre, in Varanasi District. The cross-sectional study design was used to obtain the objective of the study. The finding of the study revealed that most of the pregnant women (70.47%) use to avoid some foods during pregnancy. Papaya was the most common food, which was avoided by the pregnant women, and reasons for not consuming the papaya, is it cause were abortion and it is a hot food. The findings of the present study also revealed no association between food taboos and pregnant women demographic characteristics such as age, category, type of family, educational status, socio-economic status, number of pregnancy etc. It means in every type of family, educated women, as well as of high socio-economic backgrounds women use to belief on food taboos.
Mobile phone addiction among MBBS students of a Medical College leading to Sleep Cycle Disturbances
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-03) Srivastava, Priyanka; Mishra, Pankaj; Sharma, Ankit; Verma, S.L.
Introduction: Mobile phone has become such a daily routine essential part of our life causing good and adverse effects both in our performance. The aim of the present study is to see the effects of mobile addiction and sleep cycle disturbances in today’s life among medical students. Methods: The study was carried out among 218 MBBS students age group of 18 to 25 years, out of which 108 (49.5%) were females &110 (50.5%) were male. Internet addiction Test and PSQI Scale was used to assess the subjects and Chi square test was done for statistical analysis and p value (<0.05) is taken as significant. Result: The results are as follows: 218 undergraduate medical students participated in the study out of which 108 (49.5%) were females and 110 (50.5%) were male's age group between 18 to 25 years. Majority of them 204 (93.6%) were smart mobile phone users and 75 (34.4%) uses phone for near 2 hours per day, (34.4%) slept for less than 5 hours at night, 61(28%) reported ringxiety, ie, false perception of ring. Conclusion: We conclude that mobile use in present scenario affects sleep disturbances of the students. Identifying it early in life and motivating the students to indulge more in out-door sports and activities to refresh them.
Study of breast feeding practices, problems and factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding in Barabanki District of Uttar Pradesh - A Hospital Based Study
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-06) Kashif, Mohammad; Mirza, Sadaf; Pandey, Abhay; Shukla, KM; Mishra, Pankaj
Background: Breast feeding and colostrum is the first birthright of every newborn. It is the least expensive, safe, healthiest, natural feed that can be given very easily to any newborn baby for proper physiological growth and psychological development. Exclusive Breast feeding is a term used to define the process by which only breast milk is given to the new born till the first six months of life. Early initiation of breast feeding is very important in reducing infant morbidity and mortality. Rate of exclusive breast feeding is only 35% world-wide and complementary feeding is not started timely. Objective: To know the current situation of exclusive breast feeding, problems encountered by lactating mothers, factors affecting exclusive breast feeding and complementary feeding. Material and Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 200 mothers having children less than 2 years of age attending pediatrics OPD, Gynecology & obstetrics OPD and postpartum ward of Mayo Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh. The information about subjects’ demography and practices towards breast feeding were collected from the mother on structured proforma. Result: 200 lactating mothers were included in the study. Majority of mothers are from age group 24-29 years ie 105 (52.5%).out of 200 babies 110 are female and 90 are male and 20 (10%) lactating mothers initiated breastfeeding within 1 hours of delivery. Majority of mothers 102 (51%) initiated breastfeeding within 1-6 hours and only 46.5% babies were exclusive breastfed upto 6 months. 89% of mothers given colostrum to their babies. 47% of mothers given pre-lacteals to babies and formula milk (23%) was the common pre-lacteals followed by cow’s milk (11%). Only 49.3% children were started complementary feeding between 6-9 months. 45% do not encountered any problem during breastfeeding. 55% were having some problem during feeding. 20% mothers were having feeling of insufficient milk secretion followed by 12.5% not knowing about time and frequency of feeding. Conclusion: There were many demographic, social-economic factors and literacy of mother affecting exclusive breastfeeding. Breast feeding is almost universal in India but the rate of early initiation of breast feeding and exclusive breastfeeding are very low. Several factors can be attributed on the breast feeding practices. Social awareness programs, benefits of breast feeding and mass education of family regarding feeding practices should be started to promote exclusive breast feeding and complementary feeding.
A review on association of eating patterns and body image perception among young adult females and its effect on their Body Mass Index in India
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-06) Yadav, Anu; Singh, Shikha; Jaiswal, Sudha; Srivastava, Deepali; Nayak, Pallavi; Shankar, Ravi
Background: Eating patterns differ vastly among young adult females due to their body image concern and this consequently affects their BMI status. In most cases the subjects choose to skip meals, change their eating pattern, switch on to exercise so as to lose weight to gain appreciable body image. But it is also seen that in the way to have perfect body image, these subjects tend to have unhealthy food habits that affect their BMI, i.e., either they become underweight or overweight, and it results in malnourishment. The present paper reviews association of eating patterns and body image perception among young adult females and the effect of this association on their BMI. Methodology: In depth literature review was carried out using available search engines such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct etc, for published original articles, government reports with specific reference to young adult females were collected. Results: A total of 10 original articles and 3 systematic review articles were included regarding this paper. All the 10 original articles had study subjects belonging to urban background and majority included medical students. A high prevalence of malnourishment was seen among subjects and majority of them were dissatisfied with their body image. Conclusion: This review article focused on the young adult female groups which may be useful for future studies because the body image perception and changing eating patterns are the major issues in the young adult females. Through this review article, various aspects have been revealed that would lead to significant step towards the improvement in the eating patterns of young adult females.
Association of Socioeconomic Status on STI/STD Awareness Among OPD patients attending a Tertiary Care Hospital
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-06) Singh, Pankaj; Singh, Piyush P; Mishra, Pankaj K
Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are a major public health, social, and economic problem leading to morbidity, mortality and stigma. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the STIs and demographic factors. In Indian society, discussing STDs is considered taboo; where ethics and social factors give rise to many obstacles. This study is designed to explore the conception and knowledge about protection against STDs within the patient community. In the present study we aim to study the association of various socioeconomic variables; and the knowledge and awareness level of STI/STDs. Methods: The convenience sample was taken from the adult patients attending and consenting to participate in the study during April- June 2018, using a semi-structured Performa. Collected data was analysed using SPSS soft ware. Results: Age, Education, and income were associated with the awareness about the STI/STD awareness. Conclusions: Socio-economic factors have an association with STI/STD awareness, and hence carry public health importance.
Ocular Morbidity Profile of elderly attendees of the teaching hospital of SGT University, Gurugram
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-06) Sachdeva, Priyanka; Mohapatra, SC; Shingal, P; Singhal, VK
Introduction: Quantum of ocular morbidity in India especially in elderly has been increasingly high year over, probably due to their increasing population, higher longevity and unavailability of timely ophthalmic care as well as increasing life expectancy. Materials & Methods: The present study was thus designed to study the ocular morbidity profile of elderly people attending SGT Hospital, Gurugram. A hospital based cross-sectional study on ocular morbidities among elderly was conducted at Medical College Hospital, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana for a period of one year, from June 2017 to May 2018 after the institutional ethical clearance. A total of 1236 elderly patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled, out of which 841 subjects were willing to participate in the study. All selected cases were subjected to history taking, personal interview, detailed ocular examination and necessary investigations as required. Data entry and analysis was done using Epi-info software. Results: Out of total 841 study participants, 433 (51.9%) were males and 408 (48.1%) were females with a male to female ratio of 1.06:1 with no statistical significant difference between the age groups and the gender. Refractive error was found to be the most common ocular morbidity among all the study participants followed by cataract, corneal opacity, retinopathies, glaucoma and ARMD. The other ocular morbidities were pterygium, dry eye, conjunctivitis, meibomitis, blindness, dacryocystitis, keratitis, endophthalmitis, entropion and blepharitis respectively. Thus It is required to define the priorities for eye care services based on the current population-based data.
Self-medication practices among rural households atChiraigaon Block, Varanasi
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-06) Nirala, Santosh K; Ahmad, Shamshad; Kumar, Dhananjay; Srivastava, Ratan K
Background & Objective: Self-medication is defined as medication taken on the patient own initiative or on the advice of pharmacist or any other lay person. Unavailability of qualified medical personnel in rural areas pushes the rural households for self-medication practices. The present study was conducted to elicit the self-medication pattern among rural households and its indicators across various socio-demographic parameters. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 270 household. The study was carried during November 2013 to January 2014. A predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used for the study. The door to door approached was used. Out of 1500 household, 270 were sampled in this study. Statistical Analysis: Data analysis was done by using Microsoft excel 2007.Result: Medicine was available in 46.7%. Among these medicine Antibiotics was most commonly available (84.1%), followed by Antipyretics (74.6%), Analgesic (64.3%), anti-histaminic (58.7%), Multivitamin (24.6%).Fever was the most common indication (83.3%) for self-medication, followed by Body ache/Headache (51.6%). Diarrhea (53.2%), Cough (61.9%) Weakness (23.8%). In 11.1% household medicine was found expired. 77.8% of household check expiry before use medicines. Unavailability of qualified doctor (36.5%) was most common reason for self-medication. Responded were getting these medicine from medical shops either by telling symptoms (38.1%) or by using empty blister/bottle (30.2%).Conclusion: Self-medication is increasing at alarming pace. There is need to ensure community education, safety and efficacy of self-medication.
A study on management issues of designated microscopic centre in Urban Health Training Centre at Sunderpur area, Varanasi
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-06) Kumar, Madhu Rendra; Gupta, Tulika; Shankar, Ravi
Background: The management of full term course of Tuberculosis at DOTS centres and achieving the desired goals of RNTCP is a major challenge. As the treatment is of long duration so the staffs and patients and their relatives need a great cooperation for the accomplishment of treatment. Also there are many factors which influence proper functioning of the DOTS centre and patient care. It is very important to know the challenges and successes of DOTS centres and hence it is decided to take up this study. Objective: To identify the challenges and success of DOTS centre, the difficulties faced by the patients and staffs of the centre and to suggest recommendations for better functioning of the DOTS centre. Material and Method: The present descriptive study was conducted in DOTS centre of Urban Health Training Centre, Department of Community Medicine, IMS BHU, Varanasi. The staff members and the patients of the DOTS centre were included in the study. This study was conducted for a period of two and half months. Tabulation of data is done in terms of frequency; percentage and use of Microsoft office excel for analysis. Result: The Sunderpur DMC is a part of Sunderpur Tuberculosis Unit at a sub-district level, which is under the Varanasi District Tuberculosis Centre. Total 6 DOT centre is present under the Sunderpur DMC and Sunderpur DOT Centre is one of them. Some major challenges that found at the Sunderpur DMC cum DOT centre were the lack of hand washing facilities, lack of clean drinking water facility and lack of Binocular microscope at the DMC.
CBNAAT versus conventional sputum microscopy: Are we really prepared for this diagnostic strategy shift?
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-06) Das, Ranja
Effect of Women Empowerment on Reproductive Health Care Practices among Northern and Southern Regions of India
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-06) Srivastava, Subhi; Kumar, Alok
Introduction: It is believed that empowered women can contribute to the health, productivity and benefit of the whole family and community and improved prospects for the next generation. The empowerment of women is a fundamental prerequisite for their health. With better reproductive health practices, women can go safely through pregnancy, child birth and fertility regulations. Objective: The main objective of this study is to investigate whether women empowerment in two study groups i.e., Northern states and Southern states of India is linked with their reproductive health practices. Data and Methodology: The data from the 2015-16 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) was used in the study. Women who were currently married or living with a partner were included in the analysis. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between the reproductive health outcomes with the domains of women empowerment and other socio-economic and demographic variables. Results: Women‘s participation in household decision making having slightly higher percentage for a visit to family/ relatives in northern region under study, whereas the decision making in own health care as well as major and small household purchases were found higher in southern region. It can be surprisingly seen that women who justified refusing sexual intercourse to husband were significantly less likely to be assisted by a skilled person in delivery if overall Indian data is concerned, but no effect has been seen in northern and southern regions after the adjustment with socio-economic and demographic characteristics. The women who didn‘t support wife beating were more likely to use modern method of contraception in northern region.
Use of New ACC/AHA 2017 guidelines for estimation of prevalence of hypertension among adult population visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital of Eastern India
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-06) Ahmad, Shamshad; Yadav, Ashish Kr; Chowdhury, Debashree; Bothra, Prerna; Das, Pujayita; JK, Lekshmi
Background: In November, 2017, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) released new guidelines for classification of hypertension among adults. JNC 7 guidelines are most used till now. The present study aimed to measure the burden of hypertension among adult population using new ACC/AHA guidelines and to compare it with JNC 7. Method: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried over a period of one month as a part of MBBS student project. Blood pressure of hospital visitors/attendants was measured using Omron HEM-8711 blood pressure monitor with standard technique. A total of 437 participants were got measured their blood pressure. Result: 31.6% of participants self-reported their hypertensive state. Out of 299 participants who were now aware about their blood pressure status, 55% labelled as hypertensive using new ACC/AHA guidelines as compared to only 22% with earlier JNC 7 guidelines.
The relationship between test anxiety and academic performance among undergraduate medical students
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-09) Singh, Sanjeet; Jha, Sanjay Kumar; Punia, Anita; Babita
Background: Undergraduate medical education comprises strenuous study and training for five and half years. Mental health of medical students remains affected throughout this period. Objective: To assess the test anxiety in the undergraduate medical students and to find out the relationship between the test anxiety and academic performance in the students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a Rural BPS Government Medical College for Women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat. The study population included all the undergraduate medical students enrolled from 2012 to 2016. Data pertaining to various socio-demographic characteristics were obtained by interview technique using a pre-designed, pre-tested questionnaire ensuring privacy and confidentiality and reviewing academic records. Nist and Diehl test anxiety questionnaire was used to determine the anxiety score of students. Statistical analyses were carried out with R v 3.5.1. Results: A total of 240 students participated in the study. More than one quarter (26.3%) of the students did not suffer from test anxiety, 62.9% students exhibited healthy test anxiety and 10.8% of the students experienced unhealthy test anxiety. In relation to academic performance of the respondents, 4 (12.5%), 47 (24.9%) and 12 (63.2%) of respondents who performed fair, good and excellent respectively had no anxiety level as against those who had healthy anxiety and unhealthy anxiety level and these differences were statistically significant. Conclusions: Text anxiety is significantly associated with academic performance. These findings suggest the need of healthcare provision to prevent unhealthy test anxiety among medical students, as it decreases the academic performance.
Business Impact Analysis (BIA) in Health Sector: The call for the day
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-09) Mohapatra, SC; Sachdeva, Priyanka
A study highlighting the reluctant use of ORS by mothers of children under-5 years in field practice areas of Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar, Rajasthan
(Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2018-09) Meena, Vandana; Gupta, Pankaj Kumar; Nagar, Arvind; Mulla, Shakila; Singh, Raghav; Shukla, Umashankar
Introduction: Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death and accounting for 9% of all deaths among children under 5years worldwide in 2015. It is both preventable and treatable. Rehydration therapy is a critical intervention to save the lives of children during the episodes of diarrhoea. Objective: Study was conducted to identify the gap between knowledge and practices of ORS use in diarrhoea among mothers of under 5 year’s children and treatment practices during diarrhoea. Material and method: A cross-sectional study was conducted by using pretested, semi structured interview schedule, among 320 mothers, of children under 5years who suffered from diarrhoea within two weeks before study, in field-practice areas of UHTC and RHTC, Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar (Raj.) from February 2017 to July 2017. Results: Among 320 children, 50% children had diarrhoea of age >6 month to 24 months. Majority of mothers (41.5%) were educated up to secondary level. 95% mothers knew the ORS but exact knowledge about preparation and use of ORS was only 29.3%. Majority of mothers got knowledge from Doctors. ORS use was 88.7% in rural area and 85.6% in urban area. Use of Zinc preparation was 2.5% and antibiotics was 76.5% during diarrhoea. Statistically significant association was found between education of mother, vaccination of children for measles and supplementation of Vitamin A with the knowledge about ORS of mothers. Conclusion: In present study knowledge and use of ORS is fairly good but the correct preparation and use of ORS is only among 29%.

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