Browsing by Author "Atawodi, S E"
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Item Acute Toxicity of Chloroform Extract of Artemisia macivera Linn in Swiss Albino Mice.(2014-08) Ene, A C; Atawodi, S E; Fatihu, M YThe acute toxicity of chloroform extract of Artemisia maciverae Linn was studied in Swiss albino mice. The mice were randomly distributed into four groups of three animals each. The groups were respectively administered both intraperitoneally and orally chloroform extract of Artemisia maciverae at 0, 10, 100 and 1000mg/kg in a single dose and monitored frequently for 24h and daily for 13 days in the first phase of the experiment. In the second phase of the experiment, the animals were administered single doses of the extract at 0, 200, 400 and 800mg/kg both intraperitoneally and orally and monitored frequently for 24h and 13 days respectively. The number of deaths in a group was recorded. The results of the second phase experiment were used to calculate the LD50 of the plant extract. All surviving animals were sacrificed after 14 days. Selected organs of the animals i.e. heart, lungs, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach and intestine of both the dead and sacrificed animals were removed and stored in 10% formal saline ready for histopathological analysis. Tissue specimens of the organs were examined histopathologically after processing and staining with haematoxylin and eosin. Lesions were observed in the liver, kidney and intestine of mice administered 800 and 1000mg/kg of chloroform extract of Artemisia maciverae. From this result, the LD50 of the chloroform extract of Artemisia maciverae was calculated to be 566 mg/kg. The results indicate that the extract may be toxic at a high dose and short term exposure.Item In vitro and In vivo Antitrypanosomal Effects of Petroleum Ether, Chloroform and Methanol Extracts of Artemisia maritima Linn.(2014-03) Ene, A C; Atawodi, S E; Apeh, Y E OPetroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of the whole plant of Artemisia maritima Linn were studied in vitro and in vivo for antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei in Swiss albino mice. The extracts were also screened for phytochemicals/secondary metabolites. All the extracts showed trypanocidal activity against T. brucei brucei in vitro with the petroleum ether extract showing the highest activity. The in vivo study revealed that only the chloroform extract A. maritima exhibited antitrypanosomal activity. This extract at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight significantly (p<0.05) reduced the parasitemia in T. brucei brucei infected mice when compared with the other treatment groups. The chloroform extract of A. maritima at this dose reduced the level of parasitemia to 26%. This reduction in the level of parasitemia is statistically significant (p<0.05) compared to the other treatment groups and the untreated control group. The result of the phytochemical analysis revealed that the extracts contain secondary metabolites like flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, anthraquinones and alkaloids. The presence of these secondary metabolites in this plant might be responsible for the antitrypanosomal activity exhibited by its extracts.Item Purification, Characterization and Vaccine Potential of Trypanosoma brucei brucei Glycosyl Phosphatidyl Inositol Specific Phospholipase C.(2015) Abdullahi, A S; Nzelibe, H C; Atawodi, S EAims: To investigate possible use of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (GPIPLC) as a target protein for the development of vaccine against Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection was investigated. Study Design: GPI-PLC from T. brucei brucei was purified, characterized and the protein was used as antigen in raising antibody against the parasite Place and Duration: Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria-Nigeria, between September 2011 and October 2012 Methodology: GPI-PLC was isolated from T. brucei brucei and purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE). The GPI-PLC was further used to raise antisera in rabbits, which was subsequently used to immunize rats for 14 and 21 days pre-infection to investigate the possible use of T. b. brucei GPI-PLC as target protein in vaccine production against T. b. brucei infection. Results: An overall yield of 48.76% and purification fold of 10.86 were recorded after gel filtration. The result from SDS-PAGE showed the enzyme to be a 39.585 kDa protein with optimum temperature, optimum pH and activation energy to be 35°C, 8.1 and 19.494 kJ/ mol respectively. The Vmax and Km values were 6.67 × 10-3 μmol/hr and 2.67 × 10-3 μM respectively when 212.5 μg of enzyme was used in the reaction mixture. Immunization with anti GPI-PLC for 14 and 21 days pre-infection significantly lowered the Packed Cell Volume (PCV). Result for the time course of parasitemia following infection with 7.9 x 105 Cells/ml showed a decrease in parasitemia level, thus leading to lowering of mortality rates in Groups immunized with GPI-PLC for 14 and 21 days pre-infection by 20% and 40% respectively relative to Group infected but not treated. Conclusion: These results suggest that GPI-PLC as a target protein significantly reduced the progression of the T. b. brucei infection.