International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151200

ISSN: 2231-086X

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.sciencedomain.org/journal-home.php?id=3

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Hop-derived Xanthohumol Induces HL-60 Leukemia Cells Death
(Science Domain International, 2020-02) Pacurari, M.; H. Brown; Rieland, A.
Background : Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) affects both kids and adults, however it is more prevalent in younger population. Although APL has a favorable prognostic, patients that relapse often do not respond positively to additional chemotherapy. Therefore, there is a need to further identify ways to overcome these challenges. Hypothesis: In this study, we examined antileukemic effects of xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated flav onoid derived from hops ( Humulus lupulus L ), on human promyelocytic HL - 60 cells. Materials and Methods : HL - 60 cells were exposed to different concentrations of XN (?M) for 24 h. Cell viability, cell morphology, chromatin condensation, cPARP - 1 level, and caspase - 3 activation, and the expression of p21 WAF1/Cip1 were analyzed. Results : XN reduced HL - 60 cell viability in a dose - dependent manner. XN induced a dose - dependent morphological changes including cell shrinkage and b lebbing , and significantly increased the number of cells with condensed chromatin. XN significantly increased the level of cPARP - 1, active caspase - 3, and the expression of p21WAF/CIP mRNA. Conclusion : These data indicate that XN induces HL - 60 cell death by regula ting cell cycle progression and apoptosis. This study suggests that XN may have antileukemic preventive effects.
Nutrient and Bioactive Components of Annona muricata and Fagara zanthoxyloide of South-Southern Nigeria
(Science Domain International, 2020-04) Ekere, O. U.; C. C., Monago-Ighorodje; Ogunka-Nnoka, C. U.
Introduction:Prediabetes is associated with dysglycemia, endothelial dysfunction,obesity and inflammation, placing them at an increased risk of cardiovascular events.Aims: The present study aimed to investigate the risk of cardiovascular disease associated with prediabetes by estimation of serum interleukin-6, myeloperoxidase and urine microalbumin and their correlation with fasting plasma glucose and anthropometric measurements.Study Design:Cross sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College Hospitals, Mangaluru between 2014 and 2015.Methodology:Eighty subjects were categorised into prediabetes and healthy controls based on their fasting plasma glucose values. Anthropometric data (weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio from all subjects were recorded. Interleukin-6 & myeloperoxidase were estimated in serum sample whereas microalbumin was estimated in random urine sample Results:The mean anthropometric measurements and cardiovascular disease risk markers (interleukin-6, myeloperoxidase and urine microalbumin) were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in prediabetes group. Myeloperoxidase had significant correlation with fasting plasma glucose (r-0.388) in the prediabetes group. Interleukin-6 and myeloperoxidase also showed a positive correlation with body mass index (r -0.339, r -0.327), waist circumference (r -484, r -0.493) and waist-to-hip ratio (r -0.430, r -0.493) while urine microalbumin did not correlate with fasting plasma glucose and anthropometric measurements in prediabetes group.Conclusion:This study suggests that prediabetes is associated with central adiposity and have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
Assessment of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Prediabetes
(Science Domain International, 2020-03) Agarwal, Ashish; Hegde, Anupama; Ahmad, Afzal; Yadav, Charu; Manjrekar, Poornima A.; Rukmini, M. S.
This study was aimed at investigating the nutrient and bioactive components of Annona muricataand Fagara zanthxoyloidefrom south-southern Nigeria. The roots and leaves of these plants were collected from communities within this region and an analysis of the phytochemical, mineral and vitamin components of these plant parts were carried out using standard methods. The results of the investigation revealed the a high presence of alkaloids (27.34 ± 0.15 and 12.98 ± 0.98), flavonoids (19.66 ± 0.04 and 3.71 ± 0.46) and phenols (15.10 ± 0.11 and 0.07 ± 0.42) in the leaves and roots of Annona muricatawhile alkaloids (35.55 ± 0.95 and 50.90 ± 0.83), tannins (28.70 ± 0.19 and 55.37 ± 0.47) and terpenoids (18.23 ± 0.08 and 41.21 ± 0.16) were observed in leaves and roots of Fagara zanthoxyloide. Mineral analysis revealed the presence of iron (20.23 ± 0.01 and 5.21 ± 0.02), calcium (3.67 ± 0.06 and 1.59 ± 0.01), copper (2.17 ± 0.011 and 0.16 ± 0.01) and magnesium (3.04 ± 0.01 and 2.18 ± 0.005) in leaves and roots of Annona muricataand iron, copper (2.53 ± 0.011and 7.38 ± 0.017) and zinc (5.16 ± 0.02 and 5.32 ± 0.011) in leaves and roots of Fagara zanthoxyloide.The leaves and roots of both plants also showed the presence of folate (26.82±0.48 and 23.47±0.03 for A. muricata and 15.82±0.18 and 20.63±0.91 for F. zanthoxyloide) and ascorbate (31.97±0.03and 26.89±0.19 for A. muricataand13.86±0.13 and 30.21±0.01for F. zanthoxyloide) in appreciable quantities while vitamins D, E and K were also observed in minute concentrations in both plant samples. These results may thus suggest that these plants from this region as a result of their rich nutrients and bioactive compositions may play a large role in alleviating the salient nutritional, physiological and medical challenges observed among people within this region.
Effect of the Garcinia kola Seed on Glycemia, Creatininemia and Aminotransferases in Adult Subjects
(Science Domain International, 2020-03) Gomina, Moutawakilou; Salifou, Tarik; Djidonou, Gilbert; Zinsou, Stanislas
Background:The administration of extracts of Garcinia kolaseed to experimental rats has a hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective effect.Objective:Assess the effect of daily consumption of Garcinia kolaseed on glycemia, creatinine and serum aminotransferases among adult subjects.Methods:We carried out an intervention study based on quasi-experimental approachduring three months i.e. from May 1 to July 30, 2019. A sample consisting of 40 adult subjects (18 men, 22 women) had participated to the study after their written consent and approval by the institutional ethics committee. After the baseline testing which consists of fasting glycemia, creatininemia, alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), each subject consumed one Garcinia kolaseed per day during 90 days. Then, every 30 days, the same testing was performed. Glycemia was determined by endpoint colometric method for assaying enzyme using glucose oxidase; creatinine by colometric kinetic assay using the JAFFE reagent; and aminotransferases by UV enzyme kinetics. Student’s t test helped compare the mean values of the parameters determinedat the beginning and at the end of the experiment at the threshold of 5%.Results:The mean values at the beginning and at the end of the experiment were glycemia in g/L (0.81±0.20 vs 0.84±0.14), creatininemia in mg/L (9.36±2.44 vs 8.01±2.15), ALAT in UI/L (27.19±15.77 vs 25.60±12.45) and ASAT in UI/L (28.46±11.52 vs 23.30±8.48). A significant decrease of creatininemia and ASAT was observed (p = .010 and .025 respectively).Conclusion:The consumption of the Garcinia kolaseed has a nephroprotective and hepatoprotective effect.
The Essentials of Biochemistry of the Proteins as Related to Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review
(Science Domain International, 2020-02) Prasad, A. S. V.
Amyloid plaques and Tau tangles, constitute the pathological hallmarks of the brains of the patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. They are identified as far back as 1996 by Alois Alzheimer, a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist, but till this date, how they produce neuronal death remained an enigma. The amyloid cascade theory held its sway until recent times until the emphasis is shifted to the metabolites of amyloid Beta precursor protein (APP). Several metabolites of APP are formed depending on by which pathway, the APP is metabolized, either by the non - amyloidogenic pathway (forming ? - C terminal fragment - CTF? / C83 and the N - terminal fragment sAPP? / P3 and the APP intracellular domain AICD). Or amyloidogenic pathways. ( Forming extracellular A? and APP intracellular domain - AICD). The hyperphosphorylation is held responsible for the tau protein tangles. The over activity of the tau kinases or the failure of inhibition by the tau phosphatases i s implicated, in tau tangle deposits. These biochemical aspects of AD assumed importance in connection with the interventional therapeutic strategies that are developed in the years bygone, as well as those still are in the developing stage. In keeping with this fact, it is attempted to review the essentials of the biochemical aspects of the involved proteins, as related to AD, in this article
Effect of Leaf Extract of Senna alata on Biochemical Indices of Wistar Rats Infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei
(Science Domain International, 2020-02) Kugama, M. A.; T., Tese; Sabo, H.; T., Andrew; Y. A., Onaolapo; O. G., Allen; A., Agbo; D. W., Danjuma; A. M., Usman; L. M., Umar; Baji, P. J.
This study was aimed at determining the effect of leaves of Senna alata extract on biochemical indices of Wistar rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei . Phytochemical screening revealed the absence of steroids in all extracts, absence of saponins in chloroform extracts and the presence of free anthraquinones only in chloroform extract. Post - infection treatment of animals stirred the emergence of parasitaemia by Day 3. Only animals receiving 200 mg/kg b.wt. of chloroform extract survived by day 16. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in ALT for groups receiving methanol (400 mg/kg b.wt.), chloroform and aqueous extracts and significant (P<0.05) increase in unconjugated bilir ubin in the group receiving methanol extract (200 mg/kg b.wt.) compared to infected not treated rats. Significant (P<0.05) decrease in potassium concentration in groups receiving methanol and chloroform, and a significant (P<0.05) increase in sodium concen tration in the group receiving 400 mg/kg b.wt. of aqueous extract compared to the infected not treated rats. These results thereby demonstrate the ameliorative potential of Senna alata leaves against T. brucei brucei .
Antidiabetic Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Stem Barks from Trichilia emetica (Meliaceae) in Alloxan-Induced Diabeticalbinos Rats
(Science Domain International, 2020-04) Prisca, Djoupo Agnon; Luc, Dere Kwadjo Anicet; Kahissié, Manhan; Félix, Yapi Houphouet; Georges,Tiahou Gnomblesson
Aims: This study was designed to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trichilia emetica(TE) stem bark in albinos rats.Methodology:24 rats of comparable weight were divided into 2 lots, including a control lot of 3 rats and a test lot of 21 rats. Diabetes was induced by injecting Alloxan® intraperitoneally (125 mg/kg bw) for 7 days. After the onset of diabetes, the animals were divided into several groups and given the extracts of Trichilia emeticaand Diastabol®orally for 6 days according to the following protocol: Normal Control (NC) received normal saline, group diabetic control (DC) it consists of untreated diabetic, group DD10 and DD20 was comprised of diabetic animals treated with Diastabol® at a doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg bw respectively , group DTEE100 and DTEE200 it consists of diabetic animals treated with ethanolic extract at a doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg bw respectively,group DTEA100 and DDTEA200 was comprised of diabetic animals treated with aqueous extract at a same dose (100 and 200 mg/kg bw). At the end of experimentation, some blood was collected for the determination of some biochemical parameters such as insulin, blood glucose, AST, ALT, urea and creatinine. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), cardiac frequency (CF) were also recorded. Results:The results showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in insulin levelsin diabetic rats compared with NC. In addition, diabetes caused a significant increase (P<0.05) in blood glucose, urea, creatinine levels,transaminase activity, and in blood pressure numbers (DBP, SBP and CF) still in comparison with NC. However, the treatment of sick animals with the extracts and the Diastabol at the doses listed above significantly (P <0.05)increased insulin levels and reduced the sames biochemical parameters levels as well as the blood pressure numberscompared with DC.Conclusion:The data obtained showed that this part of the plant would have antidiabetic effects with ethanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg bw had the highest pronounced effect and could be used as a good alternative for diabetes management, thus justifying its use in traditional medicine
Effects of Repeated Administration of Extracts from Arachis hypogaea Hulls on Blood Parameters and Histological Organization of Heart, Liver and Kidneys of Rats
(Science Domain International, 2020-02) Nazaire, Djyh Bernard; Otis, Tra Bi Irié; Désiré, Oungbé Monkoué; Laurent, Gnahoué Goueh; Mathieu, Kra Adou Koffi; D’almeida, Marie-Anne Kayi; Djaman, Allico Joseph
Place and Duration: Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët - Boigny, from March to June 2018. Methodology: Serial extraction was done using methanol and water as solvents. The study was evaluated by orally daily doses of extracts 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg. The treatment for 28 days concerned seven groups of animals, the control group and six treated groups. Each group included six animals, 3 males and 3 females. Animals of control group didn’t have any treatment. Animals were observed for general behavioural and signs of abnormalities during the experiment. After all treatments, blood was collected for haematologi cal and biochemical analysis. Liver, kidney, and heart were removed, weighed for histological study. Results: The results showed that, there were not any significant (p ?0.05) changes in both the absolute and relative organ weights between the control and the test groups. Biochemical parameters were statistically equal in all groups. In addition, both extracts did not induce any significant effect on RBC and indices relating to it (HGB, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC) throughout the experimental period. But, there was a decrease ( 16.33±1.68) on WBC with methanolic extract compared to control ( 13.79±2.73 ). Histological exam ination of the liver, kidneys, and the heart showed normal organisation and structure of heart, kidneys and liver. Conclusion: It appears that the methanolic and aqueous extracts of hull of Arachis hypogaea did not produce any toxicity in oral subacute toxicity study. However, further studies are needed to confirm long term toxicities.
Structural and Gene Characterization of a New Antifungal Peptide Obtained from Penicillium crustosum FP11 Strain
(Science Domain International, 2020-02) Menegotto, Juliana Beal; Ribeiro, Lucas F.; Simão, Rita de Cássia Garcia; Maller, Alexandre; Kadowaki, Marina Kimiko; C.Silva, José Luis da
A novel antifungal peptide, PcAFP (6.48 kDa, pI 8.83 ), was obtained from the culture supernatant of the fungus Penicillium crustosum . The gene encoding the PcAFP peptide was isolated b ased on its homologue in Penicillium chrysogenum , PgAFP. PcAFP is a small, cystine-rich peptide, and th e mature peptide consists of 58 amino acid residues. The i mmature P. crustosum antifungal protein (AFP) showed 95.65% identity to the antifungal prote in of P. chrysogenum , while the mature peptide showed 98.28% identity with PgAFP. Molecular modeling of the tertiary structure of the mature peptide revealed details of the conserved stru cture of the AFPs, such as the ? -barrel motif stabilized by three disulfide bonds and the ? -core motif. Analysis of the extract by 16% tricine SD S- PAGE showed a 6.9 kDa peptide, which was close to the pr edicted molecular mass of the mature peptide of 6.48 kDa. Assays of antimicrobial activity , performed by broth microdilution using the crude extract obtained from the culture medium, showe d activity against Candida albicans . These results demonstrate the conservation of the PcAPF gene and the high level of identity with the PgAFP antifungal protein of P. chrysogenum . Given these structural and biochemical characteristics, PcAFP could be a potential candidate for future investigations that may aid in the development of new antifungal compounds.
Toxicological Study of Leaf Extracts of Loranthus micranthus Linn Using Albino Wistar Rats
(Science Domain International, 2020-04) Nnenna, Ani Onuabuchi; Okwudili, Ani; Nwachukwu, Okwuosa Chukwugozie
This study was aimed to investigate the effect of high sub-chronic doses of the aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Loranthus micranthuson biochemical parameters of albino rats. Acute toxicity studies were performed according to standard methods. The animals were divided into 5 groups (n = 5). Aqueous and methanol extracts of L. micranthus leaves were administered in doses of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight to four groups of rats respectively for 30 days through the intraperitoneal route. The fifth group served as control and received saline (5 ml/kg b.w, i.p). Blood samples were collected by retrorbital puncture and analyzed for biochemical and haematological parameters using assay kits. Acute toxicity studies indicated that both extracts had an LD50> 5000mg/kg. The results indicated significant (p<0.001) increases in alkaline phosphatase serum levels in both extract treated groups. The extracts also produced significant elevation in serum bilirubin levels when compared with normal control (p<0.05). Both extracts did not affect the levels of alanine and aspartate transaminases significantly (p>0.05). There were significant increase in the serum levels of urea in the extracts treated rats (p<0.05; p<0.01). The 2000 mg/kg aqueous extract produced significant increases in mean serum chloride and bicarbonate levels of treated rats when compared with control (p<0.01). The extracts produced significant decrease in the serum creatine kinase levels of treated rats in a non-dose related manner when compared with control (p<0.05). There were no significant changes in sodium and potassium levels of treated rats. The methanol extract had no significant effect on the haematological indices studied. The aqueous extract produced significant reductions in the haemoglobin and PCV of treated rats (p< 0.01). The total and differential leucocyte counts were not affected by extract treatment (p>0.05). From these results, the extracts caused significant biochemical changes but were not cytotoxic to leucocyte cell lines. Therefore, there should be caution in the long term use of these extracts
Relation of Iron, TIBC and Oxidative Stress with Glycosylated Haemoglobin in Diabetes Mellitus
(Science Domain International, 2020-04) Qureshi, Nida Afreen; More, Kavita; Rai, Sandeep
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Scientific evidences suggest that high iron storage may play a role in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Excess iron accumulation induces organ damage due to the overproduction of ROS through Fenton reaction. Thus, the aim of this study was to find out the relation between serum iron, total ironbinding capacity (TIBC) and oxidative stress (OS) with glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.The study consisted of 90 subjects, which were divided into 3 different groups; Group 1 compromised of 30 healthy individuals, Group 2 included 30 T2DM patients with normal glycemic control and Group 3 included 30 T2DM patients with poor glycemic control. Blood samples were collected from the three groups and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), post-prandial plasma glucose (PPPG), HbA1c, Iron, TIBC, Hemoglobin (HB), Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were analysed.We found, that mean levels of FPG, PPPG, HbA1c, Iron and MDA were significantly higher (p<0.05) and mean levels of TIBC, SOD and CAT were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in group 3 as compared to group 2 and group 1.There was no significant difference (p>0.05) observed in iron, TIBC and Hb levels between group 1 and group 2. We found a significant positive correlation of Iron and MDA with HbA1c and significant negative correlation of TIBC, SOD and CAT with HbA1c in group 3.In our study we found significant positive correlation of HbA1c with MDA and iron that indicates poor glycemic control leads to increased glycation of haemoglobin and other heme containing proteins. It causes more release of iron that leading to production of oxidative stress and thereby it might plays significant role in early appearance of diabetic complications.
Physiological Basis of Memory Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease – An Overview
(Science Domain International, 2020-03) Prasad, A. S. V.
Phytochemical and Phytomineral Status of Spigelia anthelmia Linn Leaves
(Science Domain International, 2020-03) Awotedu, O. L.; Ogunbamowo, P. O.; Ariwoola, O. S.; Chukwudebe, E. P.
Aims:Spigeliaanthelmiais a medicinal plant used in the treatment of diverse diseases and contain plant-based natural bio-active constituents.Study Design:Phytochemical and mineral analysis ofSpigeliaanthelmialeaves using standard analytical procedures.Place and Duration of Study: Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, between May 2019 and July 2019.Methodology:Phytochemical and phytomineral status of Spigeliaanthelmialeaves were investigated using standard analytical procedures. Phytochemicals screening/analysis examined include; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, tannin, phenolics, cardiac glycosides, phlobatannin and terpenoids. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to determine the minerals which are calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu),while flame photometer was used in determining potassium (K) and sodium (Na).Data were presented using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation).Results:Result indicates the presence of phytochemicals in the leaves of S. anthelmia, the quantitativeanalysis shows: alkaloid (2.34mg/100g), flavonoid (6.13mg/100g), saponin (18.12mg/100g), tannin (9.61mg/100g), phenol (4.61mg/100g), cardiac glycosides (1.89mg/100g), terpenoids (0.98mg/100g) and phlobatannin (0.32mg/100g). The macro elements reveals Na (0.022%), K (0.23%), Ca (0.48%), Mg (0.15%), P (0.035%), while the micro element shows that Fe (0.19%), Mn (0.003%), Cu (0.001%), Zn (0.004%).Conclusion: The result suggests that S. anthelmiahas a strong pharmacological prowess and could be used in the prevention and treatment of various health-relateddiseases.
Correlation of Leptin and Vaspin Serum Concentration in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
(Science Domain International, 2020-02) K., Priya; Bansal, S. K.; Sharma, D. K.; Birendra, K. Y.
Objectives : The aim of the study was to explore the correlation of circulating leptin and vaspin levels with lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, HbA1c and anthropometric variable as inflammatory markers between diabetic patients and non - diabetic subjects. Material and Methods: This study was conducted with 120 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with age - matched 120 non - diabetic sub jects as controls. Results: We found that there is significant increase in the parameters like serum Leptin, Vaspin, FBS, PPBS, HbA1c and lipid profile (TC, TG & VLDL). No significant differences were found between BMI, LDL & HDL parameters of T2DM patient s compared to non - diabetic subjects. The results have been shown a significant positive correlation between Vaspin and Leptin in T2DM patients, (r = .755) and ( P ?0.01 ) as compared to controls. The body mass index was positively correlated with Vaspin in T2DM patients, (r = .50) and ( P <0.01 ) and with leptin in T2DM patients, (r = .265) and ( P <0.01) . A positive correlation had also observed between vaspin and LDL in T2DM patients, (r = .189) and ( p <0.05 ). We also found that significant increased leve l of leptin and vaspin in females compared to males in our study group. Conclusions: Serum leptin and vaspin level is positively associated with BMI and LDL and negatively correlated with fasting blood sugar, post - prandial glucose, HbA1c, VLDL and age.
Effect of Time Interval between Collection, Plasma Separation and Analysis and the Effect of Temperature on the Laboratory Results of Plasma Glucose Estimation
(Science Domain International, 2020-04) Agarwal, Ashish; Manjrekar, Poornima Ajay; Ahmad, Afzal; Yadav, Charu
Introduction:In a clinical laboratory, consistency of test results cannot be solely achieved by controlling the accuracy in the analytical phase of glucose estimation alone. Considering the high chances of pre-analytical errors, due consideration has to be given for storage criteria as well.Aims: Aim is to find out the quantitative alterations and the useful time interval between collection and analysis and the effect of temperature on the laboratory results of plasma glucose.Study Design:Cross sectional study.Place and Duration of Study:Study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College Hospitals, Mangaluru between 2015 and 2016.Methodology:In this study, 17 apparently healthyvolunteers aged 20-30 years wereenrolled with their consent.Plasma glucose levels were estimated by glucose oxidase-peroxidase kit method in semi-autoanalyzer at different temperatures and at different time intervals after collection and at room temperature but separating plasma at different time intervals and correlating it with the initial value.Results:The mean of plasma glucose when estimated immediately after separation of plasma was 78.16 ± 13.28 mg/dL. Only when glucose was estimated within 2hrs when stored at 2-8° Celsius after plasma separation (71.57 ±12.64), non-significant difference was noted(p value –0.696) otherwise as the temperature and time interval for estimation increases, the value of glucose decreases significantly. The effect of delayed separation of plasma showed that as the time of separation increases the value of glucose decreases significantly in the sample.Conclusion:Most mistakes occur before the samples are analysed, either during sampling or preparation for analysis. Thus, proper storage temperature and time must be considered for plasma glucose estimation, if measurement cannot be done immediately
Antidiabetic and Modulatory Effect of Ethanol Extract of Neem Leaf on Some Essential Biochemical Parameters of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats
(Science Domain International, 2020-01) Christian, Ezeigwe Obiajulu; Chukwuemeka, Ezeonu Francis
The study was conducted to investigate the modulatory activity of ethanol extract of neem leaf on the essential biochemical parameters of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The 24-hour acute toxicity test of the orally administered ethanol extract was determined using Finney’s method. Diabetes was induced in the rats by a single intraperitoneal dose of 50mg/kgbwof streptozotocin(STZ). Blood was collected after 28 days of treatment and used for biochemical analysis. Biochemical analysis was done using standard biochemical methods. The acute toxicity study of the ethanol extract reveal that the median lethal dose was 5.0g/kg bodyweight. The anti-diabetic study carried out for a period of 28 days showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the fasting blood glucose levels of the animals treated with ethanol extract compared with the diabetic untreated rats. The urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin levels increased significantly (p<0.05) in the diabetic untreated rats compared with the groups treated with the ethanol extract of neem leaf. The serum alpha-amylase activity of the treatment groups decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared with the diabetic untreated group. The diabetic untreated rats showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in their insulin level compared with the insulin levels of animals treated with the ethanol extract of neem leaf. The ethanol extract of neem leaf is efficacious in lowering blood glucose level in STZ-induced diabetic rats by regenerating the beta cells integrity which was seen from the increase in the insulin level of the extract treated rats. It modulates the essential biochemical parameters of diabetic rats favourably towards recovery and improved health.
Enzyme Functional Screening, Discovery and Engineering; Automation, Metagenomics and High-throughput Approaches
(Science Domain International, 2020-01) Ali, Sikander; Hussain, Syed Shahid
Concerned with the construction and design of novel biocatalysts, the enzyme engineering served to overcome the limitations of native enzymes, in order to create biocatalysts with tailored functions, to facilitate industrial applications. The enzymes, being recognized by screening and discovery workflows and further tailored by engineering platforms, are of immense potential as improved biocatalysts. Functional metagenomics is a powerful tool to identify novel enzymes followed by the construction of metagenome-based enzyme libraries. And the subsequent screening of these enzyme libraries is in turn facilitated by ultra-high-throughput-based, for example FACS or microfluidics, enzyme engineering technologies. Relies on the compartmentalization of reaction components, in order to detect and measure assay signal within the reaction compartments, the enzyme engineering platforms are designed which include cell-as-compartment platforms, droplet-based platforms andmicro-chamber-based platforms. The metagenomics approach and high-throughput screening by these three prime enzyme engineer platforms are the focus of this review.
Comparative Efficacy of Aloe vera (Linn) and Aloe schweinfurthii (Baker) Powdered Leaf Extracts in the Control of Some Plant Fungal Pathogens
(Science Domain International, 2019-03) A. O., Alejo; A. M., Ajayi; Akinyele, B. O.
Evaluation of the relative efficacy of powdered leaf extracts of Aloe vera(Linn) and Aloe schweinfurthii(Baker) in the control of some plant pathogens was undertaken in this work. Antimicrobial activities ofthe extracts obtained using cold water, hot water and ethanol were tested against four fungal spp., namely, Alternaria solani,Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Sclerotium rolfsiiand Trichophyton rubrum. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts of the two aloe species revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phytates and oxalates. The extracts were observed to exhibit varying inhibitory effects on the selected fungi. Ethanolic extract of A. veraat 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml had the greatest impact on A. solaniand C. lindemuthianum respectively.Similarly, cold water extract of A. schweinfurthiiat 100mg/ml was the most effective against S. rolfsiiandT. rubrum.However, hot water extract of A. vera wasleast effective against C. lindemuthianum. Also, the efficacy of cold water extract of A. schweinfurthii at 50mg/mlwas very low against T. rubrumand A. solani. The hot water extract of A. schweinfurthii at 20mg/ml also showed the least effect against S. rolfsii. Consequently, extracts from both Aloe species can be recommended in the management of the four fungal pathogens evaluated in this study. It is hoped that in no distant future, botanical fungicides would be developed from the two Aloe species
Proximate, Phytochemicals and Reducing Power of Leaf Extracts of Colocasia esculenta and Ipomoea batatas
(Science Domain International, 2020-01) Achadu, Abraham Eleojo; Charles, Umeh Chisom; Mohammed, Nimat
Background:Reports has shown that edible leaves of vegetable plants serve both nutritional and medicinal purposes, yet are poorly utilized due to inadequate enlightenment of the major populace on their compositions. Aims:The aim of this study was to determine the proximate, phytochemicals and reducing power of leaf extracts of Colocasia esculenta and Ipomoea batatas.Methodology:Washed and air dried leaf samples were milled and subjected to proximate and phytochemical analysis.Determination of calcium, iron and sodium content was by Atomic absorption spectroscopy. Reducing power was determined by the Potassium ferricyanide reducing power method. Results:Ipomoea batatasleaves was found to be higher in moisture (14.05%) and carbohydrate (29.33%) while Colocasia esculentaleaves was higher in ash (10.00%), Crude fiber (16.27%), Fat (10.17%) and protein (29.41%).A better antioxidant activity and higher levels of all phytochemicals and minerals were observed in leaves of Colocasia esculentacompared to leaves of Ipomoea batatas.Conclusion:This study suggests that both leaves are of importance to human nutrition considering the observed levels of nutrients, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. While C. esculentaleaves should be preferred for its nutrient and antioxidant advantages, both leaves can contribute immensely to the daily nutrient requirements.
Effect of Boiling on Chemicals, Phytochemicals and Nutritional Composition of Solanum nigrum L. Leaves Harvested in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)
(Science Domain International, 2020-02) Dappah, Dogni Kouassi; N’Dri, Denis Yao; Kouassic, Nestor Kouakou; Georges, N’Guessan Amani
Aims: In tropical Africa, leafy vegetables are traditionally cooked and eaten as a relish together with a starchy staple food. The current study aimed to evaluate the influence of boiling on bioactive, proximate and antinutrients compounds in Solanum nigrumleaves. Methodology:The leaveswere subjected to boiling in pressure cooker for 10, 15 and 20 min and proximate composition, minerals, nutritive and anti-nutritional components were determined according tostandard methods for nutritional guidelines.Results:The result of the study revealed that longer time of boiling (higher than 10 min) caused negative impact by reducing nutritive value but positive impact by reducing anti-nutrients. The registered losses (p < .05) at 10 min were as follows: ash (12.37%), proteins (33.69%), vitamin C (11.23 mg/ 100 g), polyphenols (125.41 mg/ 100 g) Tannins (81.96 mg/ 100 g) and Flavonoids (14.03 mg/100 g). The average increase of fibers content was (39.41%). Furthermore, after 10 min of boiling time the residual contents (p<0.05) of minerals was:Calcium (1079±29.04 to 386±78 mg/ 100 g), Phosphorus (405..24±10-508.88±2.58 mg/ 100 g), Iron (33.48±0.93–44.50±1.23 mg / 100 g) and Magnesium (572.78±19.76–662.99±27.23 mg/ 100g).The antinutrient composition for oxalic acid were ranged 72.61±6.29 to 223.67±6.35 mg/100 g. The different ratios sodium / potassium (<1) and oxalates/calcium (<2.5) were under the respective critical value for all boiling. Conclusion:These results suggest that the recommended time of domestic cooking must be less than 10 min for the studied leafy vegetables in order to contribute efficiently to the nutritional requirement and to the food security of Ivorian population.

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