International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences
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Editor: Dr.Vasudha Devi
ISSN: 2278-0068
Frequency: Quarterly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://www.ijpcs.net/>
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Item Adherence Assessment of Medication Errors Reporting System at the Public Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-06) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Al-Shubaar, Nisreen; Lubad, Nadia; Albusalih, Fatimah AliObjective: Medication errors have noteworthy implications in the field of patient safety. Error detection through a dynamic supervision and an efficient error reporting system unveils medication errors and boosts safe practices. The overall goal of this study is to explore the pharmacist’s adherence to medication errors reporting system in adults and pediatrics at the public hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article describes 9 months retrospective cohort study in year of 2015. A retrospective study was conducted on all inpatients at a 300-bed hospital where all medication procedures in each ward were monitored by a clinical pharmacist. The study was conducted at the Public Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The hospital had medication safety officer with medication safety committee. The program led by trained pharmacist and delivered basic medication safety education programs to all health professional. The medication error report consisted of patient demographic information, qualification of committing mistakes, time of errors occurs, type of medication errors, reasons for medication errors, medications stages involved and errors outcome. Results: The total number of reports were 805. The most common adherence documentation of error involving medications were cost related information (100%), error related information with an average (90.59%), patient related information (50.37%) and drug related information (49.39%). While the action related information (0.57%) was harmless. The most common completed of error related information were causes of medication errors 775 (96.3%) and type of medication errors 770 (95.6%) followed by outcome of medication errors 764 (94.9%) and medication process stages involved 711 (88.3%). While the patient’s demographic information completed only (50%) in reports. Conclusion: Despite the medication error reporting is consider new at the public hospital, the number of reporting was high. The system needs more determination to follow completeness medication errors reporting system and that by development of an electronic reporting system, program awareness and positive documentation system feedback changes in pharmacy practice.Item Adult Standardized Concentration of Antibiotics Intravenous Infusion: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2020-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Bahadig, Faiz Abdullah.; Alhamdan, HaniObjectives: To demonstrate the adult standardized concentration of Antibiotics intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of Antibiotics services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of Antibiotics intravenous infusion services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients as exemplified in the review. The continuous of the project assured by risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project though closing project stage was explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of Antibiotics intravenous infusion services is a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of Antibiotics will lessening drug-related problems and improve patient safety at hospital practice; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Item Adult Standardized Concentration of Cardiovascular Medications Intravenous infusion: A New Initiative in Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2020-06) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Alshomrani, Afnan Owedah; Bahadig, Faiz Abdullah.; Alhamdan, HaniObjectives: To declare the adult standardized concentration of cardiovascular intravenous infusion as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of cardiovascular services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of cardiovascular medications intravenous infusion services defined as vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients, the continuous of the project assured by risk management model description and the monitoring and controlling of the services as illustrated in the review. The transition to operation project though closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of cardiovascular intravenous infusion services is a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of cardiovascular will diminish healthcare professional workload and avoid economic burden on healthcare system; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Item Adult Standardized Concentration of Central Nervous System Medications Intravenous Infusion: A New Initiative in Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2020-09) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Alhamdan, Hani; Bahadig, Faiz A.Objectives: To declare the adult standardized concentration of central nervous system medications intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of central nervous system medications services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of central nervous system medications intravenous infusion services defined as a vision, mission and goals. The services had various profits including clinical and economic on patients, the continuous of the project assured by risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services and the transition to operation project though closing project stage explored in the analysis as illustrated in the review. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of central nervous system medications intravenous infusion services is a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of central nervous system medications maybe leads to reduction of medication errors and improve patient safety culture at healthcare organization; it is highly suggested to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Item Adult Standardized Concentration of Chemotherapy Intravenous Infusion: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2020-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Bahadig, Faiz Abdullah.; Alhamdan, HaniObjectives: To explore the adult standardized concentration of chemotherapy agent intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of chemotherapy agent services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of chemotherapy medications intravenous infusion services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients as explored in the review. The continuous of the project assured by risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project though closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of chemotherapy agent intravenous infusion services is a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of chemotherapy medications will reduce medication misadventures, decrease healthcare professional workload and avoid economic burden on healthcare system; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Item Anti-psychiatric Therapeutic Interchanges: A Narrative Reviews(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2020-06) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Bahadig, Faiz Abdullah.Objective: To review the anti-psychiatric therapeutic interchanges drug therapy. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases comprised the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to alternative based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 repeated studies, and 380 studies included for future assessment. After assessment, there were 20 studies discussed the therapeutic interchange of anti- Psychiatry. Of those 20 studies, three studies included for evaluation. Conclusion: Anti-psychiatric therapeutic interchange is seldom finding in the kinds of literature. Few observational studies discussed this matter. Further studies claim to standardized Anti-psychiatric therapeutic interchange in practice.Item Antibiotics Therapeutic Interchanges: A Narrative Reviews(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2020-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Bahadig, Faiz AbdullahObjective: To review the antibiotics therapeutic interchanges. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases included the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various type of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to substitute based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future evaluation. After evaluation, there were 27 studies discussed the therapeutic interchange of antibiotics. Of those 27 studies, eight studies included for evaluation. Conclusion: Antibiotics therapeutic interchange system properly applicable implementation in practice. Further studies mandate to validate antibiotic therapeutic interchange. Antibiotic therapeutic interchange is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Item Assessment of Patient Satisfaction with Pharmaceutical Services in Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province, Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-06) Almaznai, Mohammed Mohsen; Almadani, Osama Mohammed; Aloraifi, Ibrahim Abdul Kari; Alsallouk, Saleh Ali; Alkabaz, Hussain; Alotaibi, Abdulaziz Saud; Alamri, Hamdi Abdullah; Al-Hennawi, Kairat Imad; Al-Hennawi, Mohanad Imad; Alomi, Yousef AhmedObjective: Patient satisfaction is considered as a measure of the quality of care in health system. Investigation of satisfaction with pharmaceutical services will disclose gaps in training and barricades of implementation. The study examined patient satisfaction of pharmaceutical services at Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-sectional self-administered survey of patient satisfaction of pharmaceutical care in Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province, Saudi Arabia. The survey comprises two parts; the first part was demographic data about the patients, the second part was several domains about various pharmaceutical care services at East Province in Saudi Arabia. The 5-point Likert response scale system used with closed and ended questions. The survey scattered through five hospitals in East Province involved a public, pediatrics, maternity and psychiatry hospitals ambulatory care patient. All data and variables analyzed by Microsoft Excel program version 10. Results: The study sample size was 892. Out of 892 patients, 815 (95.66%) was Saudi and 37 (4.34%) was non-SaudiSaudi. Of that 213 (25%) was female and 639 (75%) was male. The majority of patients were between the ages of 20-40 (61.33%) and 41-60 years (39.44%) old. The average score of pharmacy location and related issues was 3.69/5.00. The domain of pharmacy location was ranked highest (4.05/5.00), while the domain of pharmacy waiting area was ranked lowest (3.47/5.00). The average score of medication related issues was 4.28/5.00. The domain of the drug label stickled with all medications was ranked highest (4.43/5.00), while the domain of the medication reconciliation was ranked lowest (3.56/5.00). The average score of pharmacist related issues was 4.66/5.00. The domain of the pharmacist assure by your name before dispensing was ranked highest (4.58/5.00), while the domain of the pharmacist provides you with medication counseling and encourages you to ask questions was ranked lowest (3.91/5.00). The overall pharmacy evaluation was 4.55/5.00. Conclusion: The patient satisfaction of pharmacy services was adequate at MOH hospital in East Province, Saudi Arabia. The outcomes showed a lack in pharmacists ‘interaction with patients and exertions should be focused towards involvement in a more patient-oriented training in Saudi hospital pharmacies.Item Asthma Disorders Therapeutic Interchanges Drug : A Narrative Reviews(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2020-09) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Bahadig, Faiz AbdullahObjective: To analysis the anti-asthmatic medications therapeutic interchanges drug therapy. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases comprised the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It encompassed the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of Anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to another based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future assessment. After assessment, there were 14 studies about therapeutic interchange of medicines for asthma. Of those 14 studies, one study included for evaluation. Conclusion: Anti-asthmatic therapeutic interchange studies are occasionally finding in the literature. International asthma management guidelines as an alternative interchange of this matter. Further studies claim to standardized anti-asthmatic therapeutic interchange pharmacy field.Item Attitudes and Perceptions of Healthcare Professionals towards Pharmaceutical Care Services in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-06) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Aldosary, Ban Abdullah; Al-Hathlool, Sarah Abdullah; Almulhim, Maryam Ibrahim; Alashaq, Amal Ali; Aboshalaf, Yousef; Al-Ethan, MythamObjective: Pharmaceutical care is a health science discipline in which pharmacists deliver patient care that improves medication therapy and helps health, wellness and disease prevention. An important issue in this area emphases on patient oriented rather than drug product-oriented service. The aim of this study to evaluate the attitudes and perceptions of health care professionals towards Pharmaceutical care services in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A 4-months cross-sectional survey of healthcare professionals was conducted in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two-part demographic information and second part forty-nine questions divided into four domains. It included domain one: It included domain one: Primary or essential information about healthcare providers pharmacists, domain two: healthcare professionals information about the ambulatory care pharmacy, domain three: healthcare professionals information about pharmacist’s relationship and counseling and domain four: Healthcare providers perception of Pharmaceutical care services. All type of healthcare professionals included in the study. A 5-point Likert-type scale was used. There were open and closed-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media by using what’s App to more than one thousand healthcare professionals overall Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey was made in an electronic format and it analyzed domain two: healthcare professional’s information about Pharmaceutical care services through survey monkey system. Results: The total responders were 170 healthcare providers. Of those 150 (93.8%) were Saudi and 10 (6.25%) were non-Saudi. The gender distribution 129 (75.9%) were females and 41 (24.1%) were males. The most of the healthcare professionals were pharmacists 81 (47.65%), followed by nurses 27 (15.88%) and physicians 23 (13.53%). The majority of patient had visited a pharmacy more than 10 times in the past 12-months was 53 (31.36%), while 40 (23.67%) of respondents visited a pharmacy more than 5 to 9 times. The most common performances of pharmaceutical care services were dispensing of prescribed medication 119 (73.91%), medication consultation 89 (55.28%), dispensing of over the counter medications 88 (54.66%) and dispensing of non-medications supplements 74 (45.96%). The highest scores of pharmaceutical care services provides to the patients were at private’s hospitals (3.45) and non-MOH governmental hospitals (3.40). The most current experience of perception and challenges with high propriety scores were few pharmacist and clinical pharmacists, un-available of patient medication counseling privacy and Unclear handwriting prescription. The most Future Perception suggestion with high Propriety and Opportunity scores were Increase awareness of pharmacist role in public health and Implement patient counseling clinic operated by the pharmacy. Conclusion: Healthcare professional’s insight is the dynamic tool to develop pharmacy services. Increase the number of the clinical pharmacist, expand the awareness of pharmacist to the public and implement patient counseling clinic, will change the future vision of pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia.Item Cardiovascular Medications Therapeutic Interchanges: A Narrative Reviews(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2020-06) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Bahadig, Faiz AbdullahObjective: To review the cardiovascular medications therapeutic interchanges. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases included the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy, type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to alternative based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future evaluation. After evaluation, there were 64 studies about therapeutic interchange of cardiovascular medications. Conclusion: The cardiovascular therapeutic interchange studies are wide-ranging and common available findings in the literature. Most of the studies have observational non-randomized. Comparative studies published in management guidelines as an alternative interchange of this matter. Cardiovascular therapeutic interchanges are highly recommended for execution in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Item Chronic Diseases Therapeutic Interchanges Drug Therapy: A Narrative Reviews(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2020-09) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Bahadig, Faiz AbdullahObjective: To review the chronic diseases (gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatic arthritis etc.) therapeutic interchanges drug therapy. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases included the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication based on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to alternative based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future evaluation. After evaluation, there were 19 studies about therapeutic interchange of chronic medications (Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or Gastrointestinal disorder (GIT). Of those 19 studies, eight studies included for evaluation. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal and rheumatic arthritis medications, therapeutic interchange more practical and prevent the economic burden on healthcare systems. The implementation of therapeutic interchange of those medications is highly recommended at healthcare institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Item The Clinical Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions in Total Parenteral Nutrition services in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-06) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Fallatah, Aisha Omar; Al-Shubaar, Nisreen; Qohal, Abdulaziz Abdullah; Alameer, Lila YahyaObjectives: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is the perilous component of nutritional care for neonatal, pediatric and adult patients. TPN is designated for someone who cannot or should not consume nutrients through their regular oral pathway. In this study, we explored the clinical outcomes of pharmacist intervention in Parenteral Nutrition at the public hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: In prospective cohort studies, we simulated the data of 12 months of 2015 related to TPN services for neonatal, pediatric and adult patients. Most of the TPN units at hospitals works eight hours per day and seven days per a week. The hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia has 300 beds. The pharmacist intervention consisted of an International Study Model, measure level of activity, rational of clinical intervention, recommendation, and patient with outcome impact. The data were analyzed through Survey Monkey system. Results: The total number of pharmacist interventions were 402 of recognized TPN-related problems. The total number of TPN orders was 394 prescribed to 82 patients. The majority of patients were neonates 303 (75.56%) followed by Pediatrics 97 (24.19%). The highest number of critical care interventions were found to be potentially serious 108 (28.8%) and potentially significant 174 (46.4%). The documented rationale of clinical intervention activities was inappropriate dose 93 (24.8%) drug therapy omission 50 (13.3%) and inappropriate route of administration 41 (10.9%). Most of the patient outcomes were laboratory value improved 170 (45.33%) and patient condition improved 137 (36.53%). Conclusion: TPN clinical pharmacist had an essential vital role of preventing a TPN-related problem, improve patient outcome, and avoid the unnecessary supplementary cost. Increasing TPN clinical pharmacist assigned for all TPN services at all health care system in Saudi Arabia.Item Cost Analysis of Activities for Network Drug Information Centers at the Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Aldosary, Ban AbdullahObjectives: In this study, we aimed to analyze the cost of network drug information services at the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Method: In this study, we simulated the 2-month cross-sectional survey data of all drug information centers at the MOH hospitals. Any drug store that has provided services to the healthcare professionals and the public participated in the questionnaire. National, regional and local drug information centers in the healthcare institutions participated in this survey. All type of hospitals or primary care centers (e.g. public, pediatric, maternity and psychiatry) were included in this study. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collects demographics data and the second part analyzes the cost of activities of drug information centers. The clinical activities were derived from the model of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP). The type cost consisted of related central drug information activities, the cost of the patient-centered drug information activity and the cost of Administrative drug information activities. All cost used US dollar currency. Results: The survey was distributed to 60 drug information centers and a total of 46 centers responded to the survey; the response rate was 76.66%. Most of the hospitals (11 (23.9%)) had 100–199 beds and the others (11 (23.9%)) had 200–299 beds. The total daily cost of drug information activities was 6,002.18 USD. The highest cost of drug information activities was central drug information activities (2,654.69 USD (44.23%)) followed by the administration of drug information activities (2,280.59 USD (37.99%)) and patient-specific drug information activities (1,066.9 USD (17.77%)). The highest daily cost of drug information activities among central drug information center was responding to drug information inquiries ((536.24 USD)) followed by the residential training ((9274.46 USD)) and pharmacist’s training ((263.14 USD)). Conclusion: The central activities of drug information centers costed the highest. Expanding the services to patient-specific activities will decrease morbidity, mortality and justify cost analysis at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.Item Cost Efficiency of National Drug Information Center Services Through Ministry of Health Hotline Calling Center (937) in Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Almudaiheem, Hajer YousefObjective: Since January 2013, the national drug information center (NDIC) has started providing services and since December 2013, it is answering all the public and professional inquiries made through the Ministry of Health (MOH)-Hotline Calling Services (937). Therefore, in this study, we explored the cost avoidance analysis of national drug information inquiries by the hotline services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: We simulated the drug information inquiries related to the adults and children for the duration of 12 months of 2014 through MOH-hotline calling services (937). At least 10 on-call clinical pharmacists and expert trained pharmacists were receiving calls made from public and professionals inquiring about drug information. The data were collected in the drug information data collecting form through manual documentation system of drug information inquiries. Results: The drug information pharmacist implicated that the high-cost avoidance at the public side came from the dose standardization (30,310 USD (37.5%)) of the total cost avoidance followed by the drug administration and adverse drug reaction (16,532 USD (20.45%) and 9,347.5 USD (11.56%), respectively), which represent more than 50% of the total cost avoidance from the public side. With regard to professional inquiries, the drug information pharmacist implicated that the highest cost avoidance was through inquiries related to drugs in pregnancy, which was around 7,527.50 USD (26%) of the total cost followed by the drug administration, drug–drug interaction and drug identification (4,792 USD (16.5%); 4,141.50 USD (14.3%); and 4,135.50 USD (14.2%), respectively), which represent more than 50% of the total cost avoidance from the professional side. Conclusion: NDIC was the first in calculating cost avoidance from answering drug information inquiries from professional and public separately in the Middle Eastern countries. It is highly implicated in the drug information services in the healthcare organization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Item Cost of Total Parenteral Nutrition Services at the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Fallatah, Aisha Omar; A.L. qahtani, Amjad Ahmad; Al-Shubbar, Nesreen; Al-Yahya, Maha F.; Al-Smail, Estiqlal HussainObjectives: The estimation of cost of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a part of the pharmacoeconomic program at the Ministry of Health (MOH), Saudi Arabia. In this study, we explored the cost analysis of TPN services by using American Model with local cost. Methods: Simulation was performed for all 6 months of TPN services for neonate, pediatric and adult patients. King Salman Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was chosen as the study site; it has 300 beds. The physician or the pharmacist prescribed TPN to their patients. The pharmacist reviews and prepares TPN. The nurse administers TPN and follows up with the doctor or the pharmacist. TPN was prepared through sterile 797 standards and automated compounding facilities. The costing was derived from MOH information database. The cost was calculated based on the variable expenses including personal cost, material cost and supply cost. Fixed costs included direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All costs were estimated in US dollar currency and local prices. Results: A total number of 112 patients were prescribed with (1631) TPN orders; the total volume of TPN was 619,161.90 mL. Of these, 103 (91.96%), 6 (5.36%) and 3 (2.68%) were prescribed for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. Of those with TPN orders, 1484 (90.99%), 108 (6.62%) and 39 (2.39%) were prescribed for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. The total average number of orders per day was 4.47. Of those, 4.07, 0.3 and 0.11 was for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. The average duration of TPN for adults, neonatal and pediatric patients was 18, 14.4 and 13 days, respectively. The total average direct cost for active ingredient in the TPN was 61.81 USD. Of those, 38.54 USD (62.35%), 16.63 USD (26.91%) and 6.64 USD (10.74%) was for pediatric, adult and neonatal patients. The estimated cost of TPN services for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients was 863.74 USD, 691.3 USD and 618.16 USD per day, respectively. The total annual and daily estimated expenditures of TPN orders were 629,865.02 USD and 212.22 USD; 44,795.24 USD and 207.39 USD; and 5,303.77 USD and 68.00 USD respectively for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients. The total annual and daily estimated cost were 314,764.70 USD and 3,055.97 USD; 22,398.12 USD and 3,733.02 USD; and 2,652.00 USD and 884.00 USD respectively for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients. Conclusion: In this study, we performed cost-estimation of the TPN in Saudi Arabia. This is the first study at MOH in Saudi Arabia. It is an essential basic element of pharmacoeconomic program and cost analysis of TPN-related healthcare services.Item Demand for Pharmacy Technician Workforce at Primary Healthcare Centers during the Past 12 Years (2006-2017) and in the Future (2018-2030) in Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-09) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Alghamdi, Saeed Jamaan; Alattyh, Radi AbdullahObjective: To explore the demand of pharmacy technician workforce at Ministry of Health’s (MOH) Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) over the past 12 years (2006–2017) and in the future (2018–2030) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of the demand of MOH’s pharmacy technician workforce during the past 12 years (2006-2017) and in the future (2018-2030). All data were derived from the MOH’s Statistical Year Books and any missing information regarding the pharmacy technician workforce will be estimated through allied healthcare professionals’ data from each region including data on gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and excluded all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist’s workforces at MOH hospital setting. All calculations were based on MOH’s workforce standards of PHCs and updated literature. All calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel version 10. Results: The demand for number pharmacy technicians based on the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:3) was (4–1,392) with an average number of (608.92) pharmacy technicians required. The demand for number of pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:4) was (37,453–46,058) with an average number of (41,611.17) pharmacy technicians required. While the demand for pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:2) was (18,281–22,218) with an average of (20,159.67). The number of pharmacist: pharmacy technicians required in the future based on the ratio standard (1:3) was 27,867–34,138 with an average number of (30,885.42) pharmacy technicians required. In the future (2018–2030), the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians based on the ratio standard (1:4) was (47,600–64,317) with an average of (54,895.23) pharmacy technicians required. However, the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians based on the ratio standard of (1:2) was (23,154–31,286) with an average number of (26,689.30) pharmacy technicians required. The number of pharmacist: pharmacy technician required based on the ratio standard (1:3) was (35,377–47,802) with an average number of (40,792.27) pharmacy technicians required. Conclusion: In this study, the demands and future forecasting of pharmacy technician workforces was determined. The pharmacist to pharmacy technician ratio should be standardized. Pharmacy technicians may be utilized at community pharmacies in the future. Periodic analysis of demand and forecasting at PHCs is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.Item Emergency Medications Order for Adults: Standardized Concentration System in Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-12) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Al Nemari, Manal Mansour; Al-Doughan, Fatimah; Ibrahim, Yasir Ahmed; Almalki, Hussam Saad; Alaza, Nouf; Alshamari, MalikaThe general administration of pharmaceutical care released several publications related to the administration of intravenous medications, which mention about the concentration of intravenous medications for adults, pediatrics and neonatal patients. The publications also include several emergency medications with their concentrations. This new initiative was started in order to guide physicians to select the primary emergency medications in intravenous drip administration. The medications were selected based on common evidence-based standardized concentration for adults. This project required to control high-alert medications and prevent drug-related errors. The list of medications may be covered as computerized physician order entry and this project may be implemented as pharmacy project management.Item Emergency Medications Order for Neonates and Pediatrics: A Standardized Concentration System in Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-12) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Al-Doughan, Fatimah; Ibrahim, Yasir Ahmed; Almalki, Hussam Saad; Alaza, Nouf; Alshamari, MalikaThe national pediatric pharmacy program was founded in 2014. It is a part of the pharmacy strategic plan. This program has implemented several projects including preparation and administration of intravenous medication to neonates and pediatric patients. The complementary new initiatives program is the neonates and pediatrics standardized concentration of emergency medications with an emphasis on medications used to treat critically ill patients and in emergency department. This new project has physician order form with selected dilutions, concentrations and route of administration. The form may be converted to a computerized order form. The new initiatives of the project may be implemented through project management tools. The project prevents drug-related problem and decrease economic burden on healthcare system for neonates and pediatrics hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Item Forecasting (2018-2030) and the Demand of Clinical Pharmacy Technician Workforce at Over Twelve Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-09) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Alghamdi, Saeed Jamaan; Alattyh, Radi AbdullahBackground: The workforce of clinical pharmacy technician is one the elements of pharmacy strategic plan in Saudi Arabia. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to explore the demand clinical pharmacy technician’s workforce at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals and primary health care centers over the past twelve years (2006- 2017) and forecasting during the years (2018-2030) in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of twelve years (2006-2017) of MOH hospitals, Primary Health Care Center (PHCs) of the pharmacy technician’s workforce and forecasting for future years (2018-2030). All data were derived from the Ministry of Health statistical year books and any missing appropriate information about pharmacy technician’s workforce that will be estimated through allied healthcare professional’s data in each region including gender. It included all types of pharmacy technicians included in the study while excluded all pharmacists or clinical pharmacist’s workforce at MOH intuitions. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospitals or PHCs updated literatures. All calculation was done using Microsoft Excel version ten. Results: The total average of hospitals was 253.92 in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at MOH hospitals will be (4,579.08) over twelve years (2006-2017) with a range (2,899 to 6,619). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at primary healthcare centers will be (1,303) over twelve years (2006-2017) with a range (891 to 1,623). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at hospital forecasting will be (10,271.34) over thirteen years (2008-2030) with a range (8,797.44 to 11,887.11). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at primary healthcare centers forecasting will be (14,270.87) over thirteen years (2018-2030) with a range (12,223.05 to 16,515.79). Conclusion: The Ministry of Health hospitals and primary care centers sectors will be with the highest demand for clinical pharmacy technician in the future. The ratio of pharmacist to clinical pharmacy technician needs to be standardized at hospitals and primary healthcare services. Further, the analysis of the clinical pharmacy technician workforce is required in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.