International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/150277

Editor: Dr.Vasudha Devi

ISSN: 2278-0068

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.ijpcs.net/>

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Healthcare Professional's Perception and Attitude toward Pharmacist during Pharmacy Visit in Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Al-Hathlool, Sarah Abdullah; Almulhim, Maryam Ibrahim; Alashaq, Amal Ali; Aboshalaf, Yousef; Al-Ethan, Mytham
Purpose: To explore the healthcare professional’s perception and attitude toward pharmacist during pharmacy visit in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of the healthcare professional’s perception toward pharmacist. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part has 49 questions divided into four domains: (1) the first domain captures information regarding healthcare professionals’ general perception of the pharmacist; (2) the second domain is regarding healthcare professionals’ perception of pharmaceutical care services; (3) the third domain is about healthcare professionals’ perception of visiting ambulatory care pharmacy; and (4) the fourth domain is regarding healthcare professionals perception of pharmacist’s relationship and counseling skills. All type of healthcare professionals included in the study. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media, namely, WhatsApp to more than one thousand healthcare professionals throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey was distributed in an electronic format and this study analyzes and presents data regarding domain three, that is, healthcare professionals’ perception of visiting ambulatory care pharmacy through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 170 healthcare professionals responded to the survey. Of them, 150 (93.8%) were Saudi and 10 (6.25%) were non-Saudi professionals. There were 129 (75.9%) female and 41 (24.1%) male responders. Most of the healthcare providers were pharmacists (81 (47.65%)), others (33 (19.41%)), nurses (27 (15.88%)) and physician (23 (13.53%)). Most of the healthcare professional visited the pharmacy in the past 12 months (53 (31.36%)) for more than 10 times, whereas the others 40 (23.67%) visited at least 5–9 times. Most of the patients (143 (87.2%)) spent less than 16 min waiting for the medication from the pharmacy. The average score of healthcare professional’s general perception toward a pharmacist during pharmacy visit was 3.51. The statement “received all medications prescribed to me” received the highest score (4.05), whereas the statement “pharmacy’s waiting area is located at the convenient place” received the lowest score (3.07). The average score of healthcare professional’s perception toward a drug monitoring pharmacist during the pharmacy visit was 2.58. The statement with the highest score was “the patient revived a copy of prescription contained medications” (2.99), whereas the statement with the lowest score was “the pharmacist gives follow-up call to the patient as prescribed” (1.86). The score for general evaluation of pharmacy visit was (3.31) with preference to visit the pharmacy or recommend it to patient’s bothers or friends was (3.26). Conclusion: The healthcare professional’s perception of a pharmacist during the pharmacy visit was good. Pharmacy’s waiting area, medications reconciliation and adherences missed. Improving of healthcare providers’ needs will augment healthcare professional’s perceptions and raise healthcare provider’s satisfaction during pharmacy visit.
Pharmacist's Awareness and Knowledge of Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions in Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Al Doughan, Fatimah Fouad; Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Iflaifel, Mais Hasan
Objectives: Pharmacovigilance is considered a useful tool in detecting, assessing, understanding and preventing Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to ensure the safety of medications and protect consumers from ADRs. Consequently, the progression and expansion of pharmacovigilance is urgent for safe and effective clinical practice; therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the awareness and knowledge of the community and hospital pharmacists toward reporting ADRs in different regions of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2016 to March 2016 in Saudi Arabia. A validated and structured questionnaire was distributed by hand or via Internet to 263 hospital and community pharmacists. The questionnaire collected pharmacists’ demographic information and pharmacists’ understanding and knowledge of the pharmacovigilance system and reporting of ADRs. Results: A total of 263 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire with 208 (79.09%) pharmacists from hospital pharmacy sites and 55 (20.91%) pharmacists from community pharmacy responding to the questionnaire. There is a significant difference in the pharmacovigilance concept (p<0.05) between the hospital and community pharmacists. Most community pharmacists were unfamiliar with the existence of a pharmacovigilance center in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, community pharmacists were unaware of where they could get an ADR reporting form, but hospital pharmacists were aware of this (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that pharmacists who work at hospitals among different regions in Saudi Arabia had a higher awareness of the pharmacovigilance system than that of community pharmacists who worked at the community pharmacy.
Cost Efficiency of National Drug Information Center Services Through Ministry of Health Hotline Calling Center (937) in Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Almudaiheem, Hajer Yousef
Objective: Since January 2013, the national drug information center (NDIC) has started providing services and since December 2013, it is answering all the public and professional inquiries made through the Ministry of Health (MOH)-Hotline Calling Services (937). Therefore, in this study, we explored the cost avoidance analysis of national drug information inquiries by the hotline services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: We simulated the drug information inquiries related to the adults and children for the duration of 12 months of 2014 through MOH-hotline calling services (937). At least 10 on-call clinical pharmacists and expert trained pharmacists were receiving calls made from public and professionals inquiring about drug information. The data were collected in the drug information data collecting form through manual documentation system of drug information inquiries. Results: The drug information pharmacist implicated that the high-cost avoidance at the public side came from the dose standardization (30,310 USD (37.5%)) of the total cost avoidance followed by the drug administration and adverse drug reaction (16,532 USD (20.45%) and 9,347.5 USD (11.56%), respectively), which represent more than 50% of the total cost avoidance from the public side. With regard to professional inquiries, the drug information pharmacist implicated that the highest cost avoidance was through inquiries related to drugs in pregnancy, which was around 7,527.50 USD (26%) of the total cost followed by the drug administration, drug–drug interaction and drug identification (4,792 USD (16.5%); 4,141.50 USD (14.3%); and 4,135.50 USD (14.2%), respectively), which represent more than 50% of the total cost avoidance from the professional side. Conclusion: NDIC was the first in calculating cost avoidance from answering drug information inquiries from professional and public separately in the Middle Eastern countries. It is highly implicated in the drug information services in the healthcare organization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Cost Analysis of Activities for Network Drug Information Centers at the Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Aldosary, Ban Abdullah
Objectives: In this study, we aimed to analyze the cost of network drug information services at the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Method: In this study, we simulated the 2-month cross-sectional survey data of all drug information centers at the MOH hospitals. Any drug store that has provided services to the healthcare professionals and the public participated in the questionnaire. National, regional and local drug information centers in the healthcare institutions participated in this survey. All type of hospitals or primary care centers (e.g. public, pediatric, maternity and psychiatry) were included in this study. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collects demographics data and the second part analyzes the cost of activities of drug information centers. The clinical activities were derived from the model of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP). The type cost consisted of related central drug information activities, the cost of the patient-centered drug information activity and the cost of Administrative drug information activities. All cost used US dollar currency. Results: The survey was distributed to 60 drug information centers and a total of 46 centers responded to the survey; the response rate was 76.66%. Most of the hospitals (11 (23.9%)) had 100–199 beds and the others (11 (23.9%)) had 200–299 beds. The total daily cost of drug information activities was 6,002.18 USD. The highest cost of drug information activities was central drug information activities (2,654.69 USD (44.23%)) followed by the administration of drug information activities (2,280.59 USD (37.99%)) and patient-specific drug information activities (1,066.9 USD (17.77%)). The highest daily cost of drug information activities among central drug information center was responding to drug information inquiries ((536.24 USD)) followed by the residential training ((9274.46 USD)) and pharmacist’s training ((263.14 USD)). Conclusion: The central activities of drug information centers costed the highest. Expanding the services to patient-specific activities will decrease morbidity, mortality and justify cost analysis at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.
Medication Storage at Home among People in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alenazi, Afaf Badr; Alsharidah, Mansour Saleh; Al-Najjar, Amal Hassan; Alghazy, Suliman Abdulaziz; Alqadi, Abdul-Aziz Abdullah; Marzouk, Amir
Objective: Storing medications at home is a global practice. By storing medications in an appropriate and safe environment, we can prevent accidental poisoning. Information is scarce regarding the storage of different types of medications at homes in Al-Qassim region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the types of medications stored at homes among people residing in Al-Qassim region. Methodology: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional survey conducted through the random distribution of a pre-validated structured questionnaire among the public and private sector employees and people from all walks of life above the age of 18 years in Al-Qassim region. The survey was designed electronically through Survey Monkey system and was distributed through social media. Results: A total of 708 subjects responded to the survey. Most of the responders were females (485 (68.10%)). About half of the responders were in the age group of 18–29 years (393 (58.31%)) with a significantly dominant female population as compared to males (p<0.05). The most frequently stored medications were related to headache (462 (65.25%)) and pain (445 (62.85%)). Most of the responders stored their medications in the refrigerator (467 (65.96%)) or in their bedroom (324 (45.76%)). A total of 633 medications were found to be stored at homes during this survey. The top 20 most frequently stored medications were paracetamol (266 (42.02%)) and ibuprofen (42 (6.64%)). Conclusion: The results of this study show an alarming situation about the methods of storing medication and types of medicines stored among the residents of Al-Qassim region. More and more campaigns and awareness programs should be conducted through different types of social media to educate the people regarding the appropriate methods of storing medications at home. Such awareness programs should stress more regarding safe methods of storage and spread awareness regarding how to identify the appropriate method of disposal to prevent harmful impact on the environment.
Patient Satisfaction of Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Services in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Al-Kammash, Hawazen Abdullah; Alhamidi, Aroub; Aboziad, Walaa; Al-Hennawi, Kairat Imad; Al-Hennawi, Mohanad Imad; Alshamari, Malika; Alotaibi, Nahedh Rashed; Al-Shubbar, Nesreen
Purpose: To explore the patient satisfaction of ambulatory care services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patient satisfaction of ambulatory care pharmacy services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of 48 questions divided into two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part contains questions on 11 domains: (1) medication availability, (2) patient counseling, (3) pharmacist and patient relationship, (4) medication reconciliation, (5) medication aberrance, (6) pharmacy location, (7) pharmacy waiting area, (8) pharmacy communications, (9) pharmacy waiting time, (10) pharmacy recommends to others and (11) overall patient satisfaction of pharmacy services. The survey was distributed to the three hospitals in Riyadh city, included public, pediatrics and emergency hospitals ambulatory care patient. The survey was in an electronic format and it analyze the results through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 606 patients responded to the survey. There were 338 (55.8%) female and 268 (44.2%) male responders. Most of them were in age group of 18–44 years (65.3%) without any statistically significant differences in the age groups among the three hospitals (p<0.5). The highest level of education was high school (232 (38.4%)) followed by the Bachelor’s degree (191 (31.6%)) and an intermediate school (117 (19.4%)). Most of the patients visited the ambulatory care pharmacy 3 to 4 times in the past 12 months (239 (41.1%)), whereas the others (105 (18.1%)) visited the ambulatory care pharmacy for the first time. The mean (±standard deviation (SD)) waiting time to get the medications was 18.36±11.32 min and there were statistically significant differences among the three hospitals (p<0.5). The average scores of domains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were 3.35, 3.2, 3.7 and 1.96, 1.8, 3.7, 3.25, 2.14, 3.61, 3.54, respectively. With a total of 381 (62.87%) responders, general evaluation of pharmacy services was found to be very good to excellent, whereas 369 (60.9%) responders recommend the pharmacy to their family or friends and 315 (52.5%) responders prefer to revisit pharmacy. Conclusion: More than half of the patients were satisfied with ambulatory care pharmacy services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Medication reconciliation, medication adherence and pharmacy communication domains were not found to be satisfied. Improving ambulatory care pharmacy services will prevent drug misadventures, avoid additional cost and increase patient satisfaction with pharmacy services.
Patient's Perception of a Pharmacist's Relationship and Counseling Skills in Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Al-Hathlool, Sarah Abdullah; Almulhim, Maryam Ibrahim; Aboshalaf, Yousef; Al-Ethan, Mytham
Purpose: To explore the patient’s perception of a pharmacist’s relationship and counseling skills in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of the patient’s perception of the pharmacist. The survey consisted of two part: the first part gathers demographic information and the second part contains 49 questions divided into four domains: (1) the first domain captures data regarding the patient’s general perception about the pharmacist; (2) the second domain captures data regarding the patient’s perception of pharmaceutical services; (3) the third domain was regarding the patient’s perception of visiting ambulatory care; and (4) the fourth domain captures the data regarding the patient’s perception of pharmacist’s relationship and counseling skills. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media at a 500-bed general hospital in Alhassa region, at an ambulatory care pharmacy. The authors interviewed the patients with an electronic survey documentation. The survey was distributed in an electronic format. In this study, we analyzed domain four, that is, about the patient’s perception of pharmacist’s relationship and counseling skills through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 617 patients responded to the survey. Of them, 536 (87.7%) were Saudi and 75 (12.3%) were non-Saudi nationals. There were 457 (74.1%) female and 160 (25.9%) male responders. Most of the patients (222 (36%)) visited the pharmacy more than 10 times in the past 12 months, whereas the others (122 (19.8%)) visited the pharmacy at least 5–9 times. Most of the patients (481 (83.5%)) spent less than 11 min with the pharmacist. The average score of patient perception of a pharmacist with communication and relationship skills was 3.66. The following statements received highest scores: “the pharmacist politely delivers the medication” (4.09) and “the pharmacist answers the questions in an excellent way” (3.87). The statement with lowest score was “communication with pharmacy by phone at any time” (3.04) (Table 2). The average score of patient’s perceptions of pharmacists with medications counseling skills was 3.6. The statement with highest score was “all the medications received were packed” (4.35) and “the patient understands what the pharmacist was saying” (4.1). The statement with lowest score was “the pharmacist provides you information about the proper storage of your medication” (3.04) and “the pharmacist explains all the possible side effects” (3.12). The statements with highest scores of patient relationship with drug information centers were “the pharmacist answers patient’s question through drug information center’s hospital over 24/7” (3.44) and “poisonous cases first contact the national drug information center or any hospital drug information center any time through MOH hotline 937 over 24/7” (3.37). Conclusion: Patient’s perception toward pharmacist’s communication and counseling skills need to improve with an emphasis on patient’s privacy, contacting facilities and instructions to drug-related problems. Improvement of patient demand will raise patient’s perceptions and avoid the unnecessary additional cost.
National Survey of the Pharmacokinetics Services at the Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia: Prescribing and Dispensing Medication
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Elshenawy, Rasha Abdelsalam
Objectives: To explore the pharmacokinetics services at the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on prescribing and dispensing medication. Methods: This is a 2-month crosssectional national survey of pharmacokinetics services. The study consisted of two parts: the first part captures demographic information and the second part is a questionnaire with 43 questions divided into three domains. The questions are derived from the guidelines of the American Society of Health- System Pharmacists (ASHP) and from the literature. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants; there were close-ended questions. The electronic questionnaire was distributed to all the coordinators of the clinical pharmacy services or to the drug information centers at MOH hospitals, The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 43 hospital pharmacies responded to the survey; the response rate was found to be 86%. The pharmacists and nurses had privileges of prescribing medication as per pharmacokinetics services in nearly 18 (46.15%) and 16 (41.03%) hospitals respectively. At 14 (37.84%) hospitals, pharmacists have the privilege to request an estimation of patient’s drug levels and at 12 (30.77%) hospitals, they have the privilege to change drug sampling time. At 15 (38.46%) hospitals, nurses have the privilege to request an estimation of patient’s drug level and at 12 (31.58%) hospitals, they have the privilege to change drug sampling time. The commonly prescribed medications via pharmacokinetics consultation were gentamicin (23 (71.88%)), phenytoin (23 (71.88%)), carbamazepine (22 (70.97%)), sodium valproate (22 (70.97%)) and warfarin (22 (70.97%)). The pharmacokinetics altering system during an electronic prescription was found in 9 (26.5%) hospital pharmacies and the pharmacist was found to participate in pharmacokinetics research in 8 (23.5%) hospitals. Conclusion: Healthcare providers including the pharmacists and nurses have a significant role in providing pharmacokinetics services to the patients. Expanding these services with standard guidelines and the electronic prescription is required in order to prevent drug- Pharmacokinetics related problems, improve the clinical outcome of the patient and reduce the economic burden.
Perceptions and Knowledge of Storing Medications at Home in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alenazi, Afaf Badr; Alsharidah, Mansour Saleh; Al-Najjar, Amal Hassan; Alghazy, Suliman Abdulaziz; Alqadi, Abdul-Aziz Abdullah; Marzouk, Amir
Objective: Globally people store medications at home, which is also common among the residents of Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. They should be stored safely to prevent the accidental ingestion or unintended use. However, the method of storing medications at homes in Al-Qassim region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the perception and knowledge of medications stored at Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional survey which was conducted through the random distribution of a pre-validated structured questionnaire with the public and private sector employees and with general population from all walks of life above the age of 18 years in Al-Qassim region. The survey was designed electronically through the Survey Monkey system and was distributed through social media. Results: A total of 708 participants responded to this survey. Most of the responders (485 (68.10%)) were females. About half of the responders were in the age group of 18–29 years (393 (58.31%)) with a significantly dominant female population compared to males (p<0.05). Most of the responders checked or almost checked the instructions of storing medications (192 (28.24%) and 273 (40.15%), respectively) without any significant difference between education level (p>0.05). Most of the responders checked the expiry date of stored medications (496 (70.06%)). Most of the responders did not receive instructions on storage of medications from pharmacist or physician (597 (84.32%)). Most of the resources regarding storage of medications were obtained from the physician (388 (54.8%)), drug leaflet (320 (45.2%)) followed by pharmacist (318 (44.92%)) and self-learned (154 (21.75%)). Therapeutic classes of stored medication were analgesics and antipyretics (322 (41.87%)) followed by cardiovascular drugs (64 (8.32%)) and oral anti-diabetic drugs (58 (7.54%)). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that people at Al-Qassim region tend to store medication at home not just over the counter medications but also medications of chronic illnesses. They should be educated on the need of medications, safety of medications and requirements of storing medications at home. Educational activities should be conducted through all possible channels to increase the awareness and to educate people on the proper method of storing medications.
Pharmacist's Practice of Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions in Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Al Doughan, Fatima Fouad; Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Iflaifel, Mais Hasan
Objectives: To assess and compare the practice of reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) and related factors between community and hospital pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. We used a structured, validated questionnaire to collect the data. A total of 263 pharmacists participated in the survey. The questionnaire captures demographic data of the participants and had 26 questions related to the practice of reporting ADRs and factors that encourage and discourage pharmacists from reporting ADRs. Results: Community pharmacists did not know the location of the ADR form, but hospital pharmacists did know about it, which was significantly different (P<0.05). Despite the increased awareness of ADR form among the hospital pharmacists’, the overall reporting rate was found to be meager among both the group of pharmacists. We found that several reasons led to the low reporting rate of ADR, for example, community pharmacists were unaware of how to report ADR and they considered that the ADR is too trivial to be reported compared to hospital pharmacists (P<0.05). in addition, community pharmacists were not know whom to report the ADRs compared to the hospital pharmacists, which was significantly different (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that pharmacists who work at hospitals had a higher awareness of practicing system of reporting ADRs than that of community pharmacists. Increasing awareness among community pharmacists regarding the pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting systems is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Poisoning Due to Stored Medications at Home in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alenazi, Afaf Badr; Alsharidah, Mansour Saleh; Al-Najjar, Amal Hassan; Alghazy, Suliman Abdulaziz; Alqadi, Abdul-Aziz Abdullah; Marzouk, Amir
Objective: Storing medications at home is a global practice. By storing medications in an appropriate and safe environment, we can prevent accidental poisoning. Information is scarce regarding the storage of different types of medications at homes in Al-Qassim region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the cases of poisoning due to stored medications at home in Al-Qassim region. Methodology: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional survey conducted through the random distribution of a pre-validated structured questionnaire among the public and private sector employees and people from all walks of life above the age of 18 years in Al-Qassim region. The survey was designed electronically through the Survey Monkey system and was distributed through social media. Results: A total of 708 subjects responded to the survey. Most of the responders (485 (68.10%)) were females. About half of the responders were in the age group of 18–29 years (393 (58.31%)) with females being significantly dominant than males (p<0.05). Majority of the responders stored their medications separated from households’ chemicals (524 (77.06%)). Most of the responders did not store multiple medications in the same container without any significant difference related to gender or educational level (p>0.05). The total number of poisonous cases were 41 (5.79%) without any significant difference related to gender or educational level (p>0.05). Poisoning due to medications were mostly caused due to the medications stored in refrigerator (15 (40.54%)) and bedroom (10 (27.03%)). Most of the stored medications were disposed into the trash after their expiry dates (463 (65.4%)) while 189 items remained at home (26.69%). A total of 33 different types of stored medications caused poisoning in 44 cases. Paracetamol caused 6 cases of poisoning (18.18%), followed by ibuprofen 3 (9.09%) and multivitamins 3 (9.09%). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed an alarming setting of poisoning cases due to stored medications in Al-Qassim region. Awareness campaigns and more educational sessions should be conducted through social media. By doing so, people can be educated regarding the proper storage of medications to prevent poisoning. Thus, public awareness programs stressing on the safe storage and identification of the right ways to dispose of medication are highly recommended.
Pharmacist's Perception of Pharmacovigilance and Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions in Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Al Doughan, Fatima Fouad; Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Iflaifel, Mais Hasan
Background: Pharmacists’ perception toward their role in reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) and their understanding of the importance of reporting ADRs are essential keys to be assessed and studied in order to determine the factors that may predispose to underreporting of ADRs in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to asses and compare the perception of community and hospital pharmacists toward reporting of ADRs in different regions of Saudi Arabia. Method: A structured, validated questionnaire was used to conduct a cross-sectional study. A total of 263 pharmacists were enrolled. The questionnaire included the demographic data of the pharmacists and 11 questions to measure pharmacists’ perceptions of ADRs reporting of reporting ADRs. All statistical analysis done by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 and Survey Monkey system. Result: the result shows that community and hospital pharmacists strongly agree about that reporting of ADRs allow to measure the incidence of ADRs 29 (55.77%), 121 (58.45) and to identify previously unrecognized ADRs 30 (57.69%), 116 (56.59%) and enable safe drugs to be identified 39 (70.91%), 129 (62.32%), respectively with no significant difference (p>0.05). Besides, both hospital pharmacists 116 (55.77%) and community pharmacists 31 (60.78%) strongly agree about their important role in the pharmacovigilance system. However, only 67 (32.52%) of hospital pharmacists strongly agreed about the physician’s responsibility in reporting ADRs compared to community pharmacists 29 (52.73%) with a significant difference between groups (p<0.05). However, 37 (17.87%) of hospital pharmacists were uncertain about drug companies’ role in pharmacovigilance system with a significant difference between community pharmacists with (p<0.05). Conclusion: The result of this study demonstrated that both community and hospital pharmacists among Saudi Arabia had a very goods of perception about the importance of ADRs reporting and their role in reporting ADRs.
National Pharmacy Inventory Management System at the Ministry of Health Institutions in Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Alghamdi, Saeed Jamaan; Alattyh, Radi Abdullah
The National Pharmacy Inventory Management system is a new initiative program at the Ministry of Health hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The system designed by expert pharmacists and clinical pharmacist from different region cross Saudi Arabia. The system drove from national and International regulation and guidelines of pharmaceutical societies around the world. The system was starting from procurement phase through storage, dispensing and storage system at the logistic warehouse of the Ministry of Health. The system guides the end user how to request medications by group tender or direct purchase, medications inventory management, and close follow up procedures. The system had a vision, mission, and goals. The review discussed the full detail policy and procedures of the pharmacy inventory system. The topic addressed the risk management of the program, and key performance indicators to measure the impact of the program. The new initiative system was the first project at Ministry of Health hospital implemented to improve management availability and prevent over or under the stock of medications and subsequently the avoidance of additional economic burden on health care system at Ministry of Health in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Cost of Total Parenteral Nutrition Services at the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Fallatah, Aisha Omar; A.L. qahtani, Amjad Ahmad; Al-Shubbar, Nesreen; Al-Yahya, Maha F.; Al-Smail, Estiqlal Hussain
Objectives: The estimation of cost of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a part of the pharmacoeconomic program at the Ministry of Health (MOH), Saudi Arabia. In this study, we explored the cost analysis of TPN services by using American Model with local cost. Methods: Simulation was performed for all 6 months of TPN services for neonate, pediatric and adult patients. King Salman Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was chosen as the study site; it has 300 beds. The physician or the pharmacist prescribed TPN to their patients. The pharmacist reviews and prepares TPN. The nurse administers TPN and follows up with the doctor or the pharmacist. TPN was prepared through sterile 797 standards and automated compounding facilities. The costing was derived from MOH information database. The cost was calculated based on the variable expenses including personal cost, material cost and supply cost. Fixed costs included direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All costs were estimated in US dollar currency and local prices. Results: A total number of 112 patients were prescribed with (1631) TPN orders; the total volume of TPN was 619,161.90 mL. Of these, 103 (91.96%), 6 (5.36%) and 3 (2.68%) were prescribed for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. Of those with TPN orders, 1484 (90.99%), 108 (6.62%) and 39 (2.39%) were prescribed for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. The total average number of orders per day was 4.47. Of those, 4.07, 0.3 and 0.11 was for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. The average duration of TPN for adults, neonatal and pediatric patients was 18, 14.4 and 13 days, respectively. The total average direct cost for active ingredient in the TPN was 61.81 USD. Of those, 38.54 USD (62.35%), 16.63 USD (26.91%) and 6.64 USD (10.74%) was for pediatric, adult and neonatal patients. The estimated cost of TPN services for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients was 863.74 USD, 691.3 USD and 618.16 USD per day, respectively. The total annual and daily estimated expenditures of TPN orders were 629,865.02 USD and 212.22 USD; 44,795.24 USD and 207.39 USD; and 5,303.77 USD and 68.00 USD respectively for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients. The total annual and daily estimated cost were 314,764.70 USD and 3,055.97 USD; 22,398.12 USD and 3,733.02 USD; and 2,652.00 USD and 884.00 USD respectively for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients. Conclusion: In this study, we performed cost-estimation of the TPN in Saudi Arabia. This is the first study at MOH in Saudi Arabia. It is an essential basic element of pharmacoeconomic program and cost analysis of TPN-related healthcare services.
University Contributors
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-03) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed
The International Journal of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (IJPHS) with their second issues started collaboration with national and international universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Gulf and in Middle Eastern countries in addition to East Asia, India and Africa. The collaboration is part of the journal’s goals including Saudi Vision 2030 which encourages all students and young researchers to publish their research; new programs and new initiatives; innovative projects within medical, pharmacy and all related health sciences. Each collaborative university will send the names of nominees including the names of dean of the college and publication coordinator. All nominated universities will be posted on the journal’s website as the university contributors. All researchers may contact IJPHS administrators through the university coordinator.
The Clinical Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions in Total Parenteral Nutrition services in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-06) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Fallatah, Aisha Omar; Al-Shubaar, Nisreen; Qohal, Abdulaziz Abdullah; Alameer, Lila Yahya
Objectives: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is the perilous component of nutritional care for neonatal, pediatric and adult patients. TPN is designated for someone who cannot or should not consume nutrients through their regular oral pathway. In this study, we explored the clinical outcomes of pharmacist intervention in Parenteral Nutrition at the public hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: In prospective cohort studies, we simulated the data of 12 months of 2015 related to TPN services for neonatal, pediatric and adult patients. Most of the TPN units at hospitals works eight hours per day and seven days per a week. The hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia has 300 beds. The pharmacist intervention consisted of an International Study Model, measure level of activity, rational of clinical intervention, recommendation, and patient with outcome impact. The data were analyzed through Survey Monkey system. Results: The total number of pharmacist interventions were 402 of recognized TPN-related problems. The total number of TPN orders was 394 prescribed to 82 patients. The majority of patients were neonates 303 (75.56%) followed by Pediatrics 97 (24.19%). The highest number of critical care interventions were found to be potentially serious 108 (28.8%) and potentially significant 174 (46.4%). The documented rationale of clinical intervention activities was inappropriate dose 93 (24.8%) drug therapy omission 50 (13.3%) and inappropriate route of administration 41 (10.9%). Most of the patient outcomes were laboratory value improved 170 (45.33%) and patient condition improved 137 (36.53%). Conclusion: TPN clinical pharmacist had an essential vital role of preventing a TPN-related problem, improve patient outcome, and avoid the unnecessary supplementary cost. Increasing TPN clinical pharmacist assigned for all TPN services at all health care system in Saudi Arabia.
National Survey of the Pharmacokinetics Services at the Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia: Drug Therapy Monitoring and Healthcare Professional Education
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-06) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Elshenawy, Rasha Abdelsalam; Al-Jarallah, Sultan Mohammed
Objectives: A clinical pharmacist offers vital support in the expansion of a final prescription with improved patient management and enhanced safety. The aim of the current study to explore the Pharmacokinetics services at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on drug therapy monitoring and patient’s education. Methods: This is a 2-months cross-sectional national survey related to the Pharmacokinetics services with a focus on drug therapy monitoring and education of pharmacist at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts; the first part captures demographic information and the second part contained 43 questions designed by the authors. It was derived from American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) guidelines and from the literature. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants; there were close-ended questions. The electronic questionnaire was distributed to all the coordinators of the clinical pharmacy services or to the drug information centers at MOH hospitals. All analysis was done through survey monkey system. Results: A total of 43 hospital pharmacies returned the survey, for a response rate of 86%. The most clinical pharmacokinetics services documented were drug quality reporting 34 (87.18%), drug information inquiries 35 (83.33%), adverse drug reaction 35 (81.40%) and medication error 35 (81.40%). Highest clinical impact and cost avoidance of clinical Pharmacokinetics services were drug information inquiries 25 (60.98%), the drug quality reporting system 21 (53.85%) and pharmacist intervention 21 (52.5%). Analysis of monthly workload for clinical Pharmacokinetics services were a number of drug information inquiries 28 (70%) and the number of prescriptions needs 25 (64.1%). The clinical Pharmacokinetics services education and training for pharmacists were found at average 7.8 (20.89%) hospitals with high percentages type of educations was short education course 1-5 days [15 (39.47%)] and long training course 4-5 weeks [8 (21.05%)]. While Pharmacokinetics services education and training for healthcare provider were found at main 6 (15.66%) hospitals only with high percentages type of educations was short education course 1-5 days [8 (20.00%)] and Pharmacokinetics competencies 7 (18.92%). Conclusion: Pharmacokinetics services on drug therapy monitoring was not competent at half MOH hospital, while only few of the hospitals had pharmacokinetics education and training to offer. Implementing the MOH pharmacokinetics services strategy with an emphasis on the drug therapy monitoring with education and training is required at all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.
National Pharmacists On-the-Job Training program at the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-06) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Alghamdi, Saeed Jamaan; Alatty, Radi Abdullah
Objective: To explore the pharmacists on the job training at the Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a descriptive analysis of pharmacists on the job training at the Ministry of Health hospitals. It was within the pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020. The study used the changed pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure. Results: The pharmacists on job training system reputable with a defined vision, mission and goals. The system had some properties including human or economic and other defined in the review. The continuation of the system guaranteed by risk management model explanation. Also, the monitoring and controlling of the system as exemplified. The convention to operation project though closing project stage established in the examination. Conclusion: The pharmacists on job training system well-known within the healthcare system and pharmacy regulations. The pharmacists on the job training system are regularly refining consequently at all Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Patient Satisfaction of Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Services in Pediatric and Maternity Hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-06) Alomi, Yousef Ahmed; Alshamari, Malika; Al-Kammash, Hawazen Abdullah; Alhamidi, Aroub; Aboziad, Walaa; Al-Hennawi, Kairat Imad; Al-Hennawi, Mohanad Imad
Objective: The ambulatory pharmacy practice is a crucial part of the healthcare system that delivers pharmaceutical care to the patients who are not admitted to the hospital. The aim of the study to explore the patient satisfaction of ambulatory care pharmacy services in Pediatrics and Maternity Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patient satisfaction of ambulatory care pharmacy services in Pediatrics and Maternity Hospital, Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of forty-eight (48) questions divided into two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part contains questions on 11 domains: (1) medication availability, (2) patient counseling, (3) pharmacist and patient relationship, (4) medication reconciliation, (5) medication aberrance, (6) pharmacy location, (7) pharmacy waiting area, (8) pharmacy communications, (9) pharmacy waiting time, (10) pharmacy recommends to others, (11) overall patient satisfaction of pharmacy services. The survey was distributed to the hospitals in Riyadh city, included pediatrics and maternity hospitals ambulatory care patient. The survey was in an electronic format and it analyze the results through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 237 patients responded to the survey. Out of 237 patients, 217 (91.6%) was Saudi and 20 (8.4%) was non-Saudi. There were 151 (63.7%) female and 86 (36.3%) male responders. Most of them were in age group of 18-44 years (70%) without any significant differences in the age groups among the hospitals. The highest level of education was high school 91 (38.4%) followed by the Bachelor’s degree 93 (39.2%) and an intermediate school 44 (18.6%). The mean [±standard deviation (SD)] waiting time to get the medications was 13.6±4.75 min. The average scores of domains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were 3.11, 3.1, 3.61, 1.87, 1.72, 3.4, 2.77, 1.93, 3.68 and 3.56, respectively. With a total of 231 (97.4%) responders, general evaluation of pharmacy services was found to be very good to excellent, whereas 228 (96.2%) responders recommend the pharmacy to their family or friends and 224 (95.3%) responders prefer to revisit pharmacy. Conclusion: More than two-thirds of the patients were pleased with ambulatory care pharmacy services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Medication reconciliation, medication adherence and pharmacy waiting area domains were not found to be satisfied. Improving ambulatory care pharmacy services will avert drug misadventures, avoid additional cost and surge patient satisfaction with pharmacy services.
Assessment of Patient Satisfaction with Pharmaceutical Services in Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province, Saudi Arabia
(Indian Siddha Medical Graduates Association, 2019-06) Almaznai, Mohammed Mohsen; Almadani, Osama Mohammed; Aloraifi, Ibrahim Abdul Kari; Alsallouk, Saleh Ali; Alkabaz, Hussain; Alotaibi, Abdulaziz Saud; Alamri, Hamdi Abdullah; Al-Hennawi, Kairat Imad; Al-Hennawi, Mohanad Imad; Alomi, Yousef Ahmed
Objective: Patient satisfaction is considered as a measure of the quality of care in health system. Investigation of satisfaction with pharmaceutical services will disclose gaps in training and barricades of implementation. The study examined patient satisfaction of pharmaceutical services at Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-sectional self-administered survey of patient satisfaction of pharmaceutical care in Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province, Saudi Arabia. The survey comprises two parts; the first part was demographic data about the patients, the second part was several domains about various pharmaceutical care services at East Province in Saudi Arabia. The 5-point Likert response scale system used with closed and ended questions. The survey scattered through five hospitals in East Province involved a public, pediatrics, maternity and psychiatry hospitals ambulatory care patient. All data and variables analyzed by Microsoft Excel program version 10. Results: The study sample size was 892. Out of 892 patients, 815 (95.66%) was Saudi and 37 (4.34%) was non-SaudiSaudi. Of that 213 (25%) was female and 639 (75%) was male. The majority of patients were between the ages of 20-40 (61.33%) and 41-60 years (39.44%) old. The average score of pharmacy location and related issues was 3.69/5.00. The domain of pharmacy location was ranked highest (4.05/5.00), while the domain of pharmacy waiting area was ranked lowest (3.47/5.00). The average score of medication related issues was 4.28/5.00. The domain of the drug label stickled with all medications was ranked highest (4.43/5.00), while the domain of the medication reconciliation was ranked lowest (3.56/5.00). The average score of pharmacist related issues was 4.66/5.00. The domain of the pharmacist assure by your name before dispensing was ranked highest (4.58/5.00), while the domain of the pharmacist provides you with medication counseling and encourages you to ask questions was ranked lowest (3.91/5.00). The overall pharmacy evaluation was 4.55/5.00. Conclusion: The patient satisfaction of pharmacy services was adequate at MOH hospital in East Province, Saudi Arabia. The outcomes showed a lack in pharmacists ‘interaction with patients and exertions should be focused towards involvement in a more patient-oriented training in Saudi hospital pharmacies.

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