Impact of genetic diversity of HIV-1 on diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy & vaccine development.

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dc.contributor.authorLal, Renu Ben_US
dc.contributor.authorChakrabarti, Sekharen_US
dc.contributor.authorYang, Chunfuen_US
dc.date.accessioned2005-04-09en_US
dc.date.accessioned2009-05-27T06:43:18Z
dc.date.available2005-04-09en_US
dc.date.available2009-05-27T06:43:18Z
dc.date.issued2005-04-09en_US
dc.description215 references.en_US
dc.description.abstractHIV-1 strains have diversified extensively through mutation and recombination since their initial transmission to human beings many decades ago in central Africa. The high error rate of HIV reverse transcriptase combined with the estimated in vivo HIV-1 replication rate of ten billion new virions each day leads to extraordinary genetic diversity of HIV. Twenty seven circulating genetic forms of the HIV-1 group M are presently recognized, including 11 subtypes and sub-subtypes, and 16 circulating recombinant forms (CRF). Genotypic analyses have provided a better understanding of the molecular diversity of HIV-1, enabling the detection of emerging HIV-1 variants and improving the tracking of the epidemic worldwide. The rapid evolution of HIV within infected hosts contributes significantly to the elusiveness of this pathogen from host antiviral responses. The complex nature of HIV envelope glycoprotein that is inherently resistant to neutralization, the selective infection, progressive destruction and impaired regeneration of CD4+ T helper cells, generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutants, together with high genetic diversity with continually evolving HIV variants worldwide, makes design of an effective vaccine a formidable task. Given the rapidity and unpredictability with which HIV-1 genetic forms may propagate in future, a vaccine protective against all major HIV-1 circulating genetic forms is desirable, which could require multivalent formulations. Understanding the kinetics and directions of this continuing adaptation and its impact on viral fitness, immunogenicity and pathogenicity are crucial to the successful design of effective HIV vaccines. In this review, we focus on extensive diversity of HIV-1, emergence of recombinant forms and their impact on diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy, disease progression, transmission, and vaccine development.en_US
dc.description.affiliationDivision of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD & TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. rbl3@cdc.goven_US
dc.identifier.citationLal RB, Chakrabarti S, Yang C. Impact of genetic diversity of HIV-1 on diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy & vaccine development. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2005 Apr; 121(4): 287-314en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/17608
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.source.urihttps://icmr.nic.in/ijmr/ijmr.htmen_US
dc.subject.meshAIDS Vaccinesen_US
dc.subject.meshAnimalsen_US
dc.subject.meshDisease Progressionen_US
dc.subject.meshGenetic Variationen_US
dc.subject.meshHIV Infections --diagnosisen_US
dc.subject.meshHIV-1 --geneticsen_US
dc.subject.meshHIV-2 --geneticsen_US
dc.subject.meshHumansen_US
dc.subject.meshRecombination, Geneticen_US
dc.subject.meshZoonosesen_US
dc.titleImpact of genetic diversity of HIV-1 on diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy & vaccine development.en_US
dc.typeJournal Articleen_US
dc.typeReviewen_US
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