Utilizing human intelligence in artificial intelligence for detecting glaucomatous fundus images using human-in-the-loop machine learning
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Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
All India Ophthalmological Society
Abstract
Purpose: For diagnosing glaucomatous damage, we have employed a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) from TrueColor confocal fundus images to conquer the black box dilemma in artificial intelligence (AI). This neural network with CNN architecture with human?in?the?loop (HITL) data annotation helps not only in diagnosing glaucoma but also in predicting and locating detailed signs in the glaucomatous fundus, such as splinter hemorrhages, glaucomatous optic atrophy, vertical glaucomatous cupping, peripapillary atrophy, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defect. Methods: The training was done on a well?curated private dataset of 1,400 high?resolution confocal fundus images, out of which 1,120 images (80%) were used exclusively for training and 280 images (20%) were used exclusively for testing. A custom trained You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5)?based object detection methodology was used to identify the underlying conditions precisely. Twenty?six predefined medical conditions were annotated by a team of humans (comprising two glaucoma specialists and two optometrists) by using the Microsoft Visual Object Tagging Tool (VoTT) tool. The 280 testing images were split into three groups (90,100, and 90 images) for three test runs done once every 15 days. Results: Test results showed consistent increments in the accuracy, from 94.44% to 98.89%, in predicting the glaucoma diagnosis along with the detailed signs of the glaucomatous fundus. Conclusion: Utilizing human intelligence in AI for detecting glaucomatous fundus images by using HITL machine learning has never been reported in the literature before. This AI model not only has good sensitivity and specificity in accurate glaucoma predictions but is also an explainable AI, thus overcoming the black box dilemma.
Description
Keywords
Artificial Intelligence, Confocal Fundus Images, Glaucomatous Cupping, HITL, Machine Learning
Citation
Ramesh Prasanna Venkatesh, Subramaniam Tamilselvan, Ray Prajnya, Devadas Aji Kunnath, Ramesh Shruthy Vaishali, Ansar Sheik Mohamed, Ramesh Meena Kumari, Rajasekaran Ramesh, Parthasarathi Sathyan. Utilizing human intelligence in artificial intelligence for detecting glaucomatous fundus images using human-in-the-loop machine learning. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2022 Apr; 70(4): 1131-1138