Microbial and heavy metal contamination of treated hospital wastewater in Thailand.

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dc.contributor.authorDanchaivijitr, Somwangen_US
dc.contributor.authorWongchanapai, Wichaien_US
dc.contributor.authorAssanasen, Susanen_US
dc.contributor.authorJintanothaitavorn, Duangpornen_US
dc.date.accessioned2009-05-27T21:30:46Z
dc.date.available2009-05-27T21:30:46Z
dc.date.issued2005-12-21en_US
dc.descriptionChotmaihet Thangphaet.en_US
dc.description.abstractOBJECTIVES: To determine the microbial and heavy metal contamination of treated hospital wastewater MATERIAL AND METHOD: Methods of treating wastewater were acquired by questionnaires. Chlorine concentration, pH, bacteria and parasites in treated wastewater were tested in the individual hospitals. Heavy metal concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS: In 2002, 72 hospitals were included in the present study. The common methods of treating wastewater were activated sludge and oxidation ditch. Bacteria exceeded standard numbers, pathogenic bacteria and parasites were found in two-thirds of the hospitals. Heavy metals, namely lead, chromium and cadmium, in the hospital effluent did not exceed standard concentrations. CONCLUSION: Micro-organisms exceeding standard levels were found in treated wastewater in two-thirds of the hospitals. Lead, chromium and cadmium levels in hospital effluent were in an acceptable range.en_US
dc.description.affiliationDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok. sisdc@mahidol.ac.then_US
dc.identifier.citationDanchaivijitr S, Wongchanapai W, Assanasen S, Jintanothaitavorn D. Microbial and heavy metal contamination of treated hospital wastewater in Thailand. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2005 Dec; 88 Suppl 10(): S59-64en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/44919
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.source.urihttps://www.mat.or.th/journal/all.phpen_US
dc.subject.meshAnimalsen_US
dc.subject.meshBacteria --isolation & purificationen_US
dc.subject.meshCadmium --analysisen_US
dc.subject.meshChromium --analysisen_US
dc.subject.meshHumansen_US
dc.subject.meshLead --analysisen_US
dc.subject.meshMaintenance and Engineering, Hospital --standardsen_US
dc.subject.meshMetals, Heavy --analysisen_US
dc.subject.meshParasites --isolation & purificationen_US
dc.subject.meshRisk Assessmenten_US
dc.subject.meshThailanden_US
dc.subject.meshWaste Disposal, Fluid --standardsen_US
dc.subject.meshWater --parasitologyen_US
dc.subject.meshWater Microbiologyen_US
dc.subject.meshWater Pollutants, Chemical --analysisen_US
dc.titleMicrobial and heavy metal contamination of treated hospital wastewater in Thailand.en_US
dc.typeJournal Articleen_US
dc.typeResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ten_US
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