Assessment of Zinc Intake in Relation to Tolerable Upper Intake Levels

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dc.contributor.authorStrand, Tor A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorLillegaard, Inger Therese L.en_US
dc.contributor.authorFrøyland, Livaren_US
dc.contributor.authorHaugen, Margarethaen_US
dc.contributor.authorHenjum, Sigrunen_US
dc.contributor.authorHolvik, Kristinen_US
dc.contributor.authorLøvik, Martinusen_US
dc.contributor.authorSkålhegg, Bjørn Steenen_US
dc.contributor.authorStea, Tonje Holteen_US
dc.contributor.authorIversen, Per Oleen_US
dc.date.accessioned2020-01-02T06:15:32Z
dc.date.available2020-01-02T06:15:32Z
dc.date.issued2018-09
dc.description.abstractThe Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA, Mattilsynet) has requested the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) to assess the intake of iron zinc in the Norwegian population in relation to tolerable upper intake levels (ULs). The existing maximum limit for zinc in food supplements is 25 mg/day. VKM has also conducted scenario calculations to illustrate the consequences of amending the maximum limit to 1, 2, 5, 10, 15 or 20 mg/day. Zinc is an essential trace element required for RNA, DNA and protein synthesis, cellular division, differentiation and growth (Mac Donald, 2000). Zinc is required for catalytic function in several enzymes and participates in all major biochemical pathways in the body. The function of the immune system depends on the ability of its cells to proliferate and differentiate, which is impaired in individuals with suboptimal zinc status (Barton et al. 2000). Due to its role in cell division and differentiation, adequate zinc nutrition is particularly important in children, and the requirements per kg body weight are highest in early life. The endogenous intestinal losses can vary from 7 mmol/day (0.5 mg/day) to more than 45 mmol/day (3 mg/day), depending on zinc intake (King and Turnlund, 1989). The requirements for zinc vary according to age and bioavailability. Several bioactive compounds in food such as tannins and phytic acids interact with zinc absorption and increase zinc requirements. The requirements vary twenty-fold according to life stage and diet. Zinc supplements, even at or slightly above the recommended intakes, can cause nausea and vomiting. The main concern with chronic zinc excess is, however, copper deficiency which is associated with several chronical illnesses. However, copper deficiency is uncommon due to the ubiquitous presence of copper in the diet. VKM proposes to use the ULs set by IOM (2001) as they provide values also for children and adolescents. The tolerable upper intake level set for adults is 40 mg zinc per day from food (and water) and supplements. Based on the scenario estimations, a dietary zinc intake at the 95th percentile and additionally 20 mg zinc from food supplements will lead to an intake close to the tolerable upper intake level established by IOM for adults. For adolescents and child populations the maximum amounts are 15 and 5 mg for 13- and 9-year-olds, respectively. For 2 and 4-yearolds, P95 from intake of zinc from food alone exceeds the UL.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), Innlandet Hospital Trust (HF), Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM, Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), Institute of Marine Research (NIFES), Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), Norwegian Institute of Public Health (FHI), Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences (HIOA), Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), Norwegian Institute of Public Health (FHI), Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), University of Oslo (UIO), Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), University of Agder (UIA), Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), University of Oslo (UIO), Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.citationStrand Tor A., Lillegaard Inger Therese L., Frøyland Livar, Haugen Margaretha, Henjum Sigrun, Holvik Kristin, Løvik Martinus, Skålhegg Bjørn Steen, Stea Tonje Holte, Iversen Per Ole. Assessment of Zinc Intake in Relation to Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. European Journal of Nutrition and Food Safety. 2018 Sep; 8(4): 243-244en_US
dc.identifier.issn2347-5641
dc.identifier.placeIndiaen_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/189564
dc.languageenen_US
dc.publisherScience Domain Internationalen_US
dc.relation.issuenumber4en_US
dc.relation.volume8en_US
dc.source.urihttps://doi.org/10.9734/EJNFS/2018/43860en_US
dc.subjectVKMen_US
dc.subjectrisk assessmenten_US
dc.subjectNorwegian scientific committee for food safetyen_US
dc.subjectzincen_US
dc.subjectfood supplementen_US
dc.subjectupper levelen_US
dc.subjectexposureen_US
dc.titleAssessment of Zinc Intake in Relation to Tolerable Upper Intake Levelsen_US
dc.typeJournal Articleen_US
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