Assessment of Dietary Intake of Molybdenum in Relation to Tolerable Upper Intake Level

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dc.contributor.authorStrand, Tor A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorFrøyland, Livaren_US
dc.contributor.authorHaugen, Margarethaen_US
dc.contributor.authorHenjum, Sigrunen_US
dc.contributor.authorLøvik, Martinusen_US
dc.contributor.authorStea, Tonje Holteen_US
dc.contributor.authorParr, Christine Louiseen_US
dc.contributor.authorHolvik, Kristinen_US
dc.date.accessioned2020-01-02T06:15:41Z
dc.date.available2020-01-02T06:15:41Z
dc.date.issued2019-02
dc.description.abstractThe Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø, VKM) has, at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet; NFSA), evaluated the intake of molybdenum. VKM has also conducted scenario calculations to illustrate the consequences of amending maximum limits for molybdenum to 100, 250, 500 or 1000 µg/day in food supplements. The previous maximum limit was 250 µg/day. Molybdenum is as a cofactor for some important enzymes in humans. These enzymes are involved in the catabolism of sulfur amino acids and heterocyclic compounds, including purines and pyridines. A distinct molybdenum deficiency has not been described in animals when subjected to molybdenum restriction, despite considerable reduction in the activity of molybdoenzymes. Molybdenum deficiency is not observed in healthy humans. The estimated Adequate Intake (AI) proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is 65 µg per day for men and women. Legumes, grains, and nuts are major contributors of molybdenum in the diet. Molybdenum is a potential antagonist to copper absorption, but symptoms of copper deficiencies due to excess molybdenum intake have only been observed in ruminants. Based on the effect on reproduction and growth in animals, tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) have been estimated to be 2 mg/day by the U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 2001 and 0.6 mg/day by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) in 2000. These ULs were based on the same scientific evidence, but IOM used an uncertainty factor (UF) of 30 and SCF used a UF of 100 because the evidence base was considered to be weak. Because of the limited safety data on molybdenum, VKM support the use of the default uncertainty factors at 100 for extrapolation of data from animal studies to humans. Additionally, molybdenum deficiency is very rare and no studies have indicated a nutritional need for additional molybdenum from dietary supplements. The ULs for children were derived by adjusting the adult UL according to default body weights. According to the scenario estimations, only the highest suggested maximum limit of 1000 µg molybdenum from food supplements will lead to exceedance of the UL for adults. For 1-3 year old children, all the suggested maximum limits for molybdenum will lead to exceedance of the UL. In children 4-10 years, supplements with 250, 500 or 1000 µg molybdenum will lead to exceedance of the ULs, whereas for adolescents 11-17 years, the UL will be exceeded with supplemental doses at 500 or 1000 µg per day. VKM emphasises that the current assessment of maximum limits for molybdenum in food supplements is merely based on published reports concerning upper levels from the SCF (2000, EU), IOM (2001, USA), EVM (2003, UK) and NNR (2012, Nordic countries). VKM has not conducted any systematic review of the literature for the current opinion, as this was outside the scope of the terms of reference from NFSA.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), Innlandet Hospital Trust, Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), Institute of Marine Research, Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), Norwegian Institute of Public Health (FHI), Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), University of Agder, Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), Norwegian Institute of Public Health (FHI), Norway.en_US
dc.identifier.citationStrand Tor A., Frøyland Livar, Haugen Margaretha, Henjum Sigrun, Løvik Martinus, Stea Tonje Holte, Parr Christine Louise, Holvik Kristin. Assessment of Dietary Intake of Molybdenum in Relation to Tolerable Upper Intake Level. European Journal of Nutrition and Food Safety. 2019 Feb; 9(2): 94-95en_US
dc.identifier.issn2347-5641
dc.identifier.placeIndiaen_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/189604
dc.languageenen_US
dc.publisherScience Domain Internationalen_US
dc.relation.issuenumber2en_US
dc.relation.volume9en_US
dc.source.urihttps://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2019/v9i230043en_US
dc.subjectVKMen_US
dc.subjectrisk assessmenten_US
dc.subjectNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environmenten_US
dc.subjectmolybdenumen_US
dc.subjectfood supplementen_US
dc.subjectupper levelen_US
dc.subjectexposureen_US
dc.titleAssessment of Dietary Intake of Molybdenum in Relation to Tolerable Upper Intake Levelen_US
dc.typeJournal Articleen_US
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