Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants: Post six months following two-dose & three-dose vaccination of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BBV152
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Date
2024-02
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Publisher
Wolters Kluwer – Medknow
Abstract
Background & objectives: The Omicron sub-lineages are known to have higher infectivity, immune escape and lower virulence. During December 2022 - January 2023 and March - April 2023, India witnessed increased SARS-CoV-2 infections, mostly due to newer Omicron sub-lineages. With this unprecedented rise in cases, we assessed the neutralization potential of individuals vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV (Covishield) and BBV152 (Covaxin) against emerging Omicron sub-lineages. Methods: Neutralizing antibody responses were measured in the sera collected from individuals six months post-two doses (n=88) of Covishield (n=44) or Covaxin (n=44) and post-three doses (n=102) of Covishield (n=46) or Covaxin (n=56) booster dose against prototype B.1 strain, lineages of Omicron; XBB.1, BQ.1, BA.5.2 and BF.7. Results: The sera of individuals collected six months after the two-dose and the three-dose demonstrated neutralizing activity against all variants. The neutralizing antibody (NAbs) level was highest against the prototype B.1 strain, followed by BA5.2 (5–6 fold lower), BF.7 (11–12 fold lower), BQ.1 (12 fold lower) and XBB.1 (18–22 fold lower). Interpretation & conclusions: Persistence of NAb responses was comparable in individuals with two- and three-dose groups post six months of vaccination. Among the Omicron sub-variants, XBB.1 showed marked neutralization escape, thus pointing towards an eventual immune escape, which may cause moreinfections. Further, the correlation of study data with complete clinical profile of the participants along with observations for cell-mediated immunity may provide a clear picture for the sustained protection due to three-dose vaccination as well as hybrid immunity against the newer variants.
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Keywords
Booster dose, Covaxin, Covishield, neutralizing antibody, Omicron sub-lineages, SARS-CoV-2
Citation
Yadav Pragya D., Sardana Viren, Deshpande Gururaj Rao, Shinde Pradnya V., Thangaraj Jeromie Wesley Vivian, George Leyanna S., Sapkal Gajanan N., Patil Deepak Y., Sahay Rima R., Shete Anita M., Joshi Madhavi, Murhekar Manoj, Godbole Sheela, Gupta Nivedita, Prakash Satyartha, Rathore Mamta, Ujjainiya Rajat, Singh Ajay Pratap, Mishra Aastha, Dash Debasis, Chaudhary Kumardeep, Sengupta Shantanu, ICMR Booster Dose Study Group. Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants: Post six months following two-dose & three-dose vaccination of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BBV152. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2024 Feb; 159(2): 223-231