Browsing by Author "Sharma, A."
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Item Agro-Climatic Indices, Plant Growth and Yield of Bt Cotton as Influenced by Planting Time and Spacing(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-11) Godara, M; Khichar, ML; Kamboj, M; Bharti, RR; Neeraj; Sharma, A.A field experiment was conducted in kharif season 2020 to study the effect of sowing time and row spacing on growth, yield and agro-climatic indices of Cotton at Research Farm, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was performed in split-plot design and replicated thrice. The experiment included nine treatment combinations with three sowing dates and row spacings. Among different sowing times, cotton sown on 19th April had significantly higher plant height (176.3 cm), dry matter accumulation (453.39 g plant-1), LAI (1.92), GDD (Growing Degree Days), HTU (Heliothermal Units), PTU (Photothermal Units) and seed cotton yield (3057 kg ha-1) in comparison to sowing in May i.e. May 8th and May 28th. Among various row spacings, cotton planted with a row spacing of 67.5 cm x 60 cm produced significantly higher seed cotton (2657 kg ha-1) and plant height (156.40 cm), although growth parameters i.e. LAI (2.26) and dry matter accumulation (397.92 g plant-1) alongwith Agro-climatic indices (GDD, HTU, PTU) were observed to be greater with a row spacing of 100 x 60 cm.Item Antenatal care and its association with pregnancy outcomes at tertiary care hospital, Jhalawar(Medip Academy, 2023-08) Deepender; Shukla, U. S.; Sharma, A.; Gupta, P. K.; Jain, M.; Saini, V. K.; Qureshi, A.Background: Low birth weight is a major public health problem in India. Amongst several many factors affecting birth weight, the two factors are demographic characteristics of mothers and utilization of antenatal care services after timely registration of pregnancy. Aims were to access ANC and its association with pregnancy outcomes at Jhalawar medical college, Jhalawar Rajasthan. Methods: All the pregnant women were admitted to the maternity ward for delivery in November 2022. The interview consisted of a demographic characteristic of mothers, utilization of ANC services, live birth weight of the baby, and records of the mother from the hospital. Data collection was done from the maternity ward and vaccination site. It was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Results: Among mothers who registered in 1st trimester, 81.6% delivered at full term, 77% of new-born were normal birth weight and only 8.5% of new-born needed NICU admission; compared to those who registered in 2nd and 3rd trimesters delivered at full term 67.1% and 55% respectively, 63.3% and 50% new-born had normal birth weight and NICU admission needed by 17.7% and 55% new-born needed NICU admission respectively. Those mothers who received ?4 ANC visits had delivered 186 (78.8%) new-born with normal birth weight and required NICU admission for 24 (10.2%) new-born as compared to those who had <4 ANC visits delivered 109 (64.9.8%) new-born with normal birth weight. Conclusions: Early registration of pregnancy prevents chances of LBW baby, long stay in NICU also leads to a reduction in preterm delivery.Item Antenatal depression and its correlates - a cross-sectional study in an urban resettlement colony of Delhi(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2022-12) Gupta, B; Mangal, A; Thakur, A; Vaghela, JF; Sharma, A.Background- Antenatal depression is affecting 10% pregnant women worldwide with higher prevalence in developing countries. This causes poor maternal and foetal outcome and also affects cognitive development of the child. Aim and objective: To estimate magnitude of antenatal depression and its risk factors. Methodology- A cross-sectional survey was done at the antenatal clinic of community health department catering to an urban resettlement colony, East Delhi. Estimated sample size was 216 (including 10% non-response rate). Pregnant women attending the ANC clinic from October 2019 to February 2020 were enrolled. EPDS questionnaire was used to assess depression during pregnancy. Results-The antenatal depression was found in 11.8% subjects as per EPDS score. Working female and belonging to Muslim religion, past history of abortion, complications in previous pregnancy, financial debt, physical violence and substance use in family showed significant association with antenatal depression. Conclusion –Depression was prevalent among antenatal women and was found to be associated with various risk factors.Item Assessment of nutritional status of elderly in rural field practice area of Jhalawar medical college, Jhalawar, India(Medip Academy, 2023-07) Yadav, K.; Dubey, D. K.; Shukla, U. S.; Sharma, A.Background: Worldwide, the population of elderly people is constantly increasing. Elderly population is at risk of under nutrition due to age related physical, cognitive, functional decline and lack of financial support. Malnutrition contributes to decline in health status, increased utilization of healthcare services and increased mortality. Aim of this study was to assess nutritional status of the elderly by MNA and to find association between nutritional status and socio- demographic profile of elderly. Methods: After ethical approval, a community based cross sectional study was conducted among elderly people residing at Mandawar village, rural field practice area of JMC, Jhalawar during August to October 2022. Complete enumeration technique was used to enrolled participants in study. Door to door household survey was conducted using predesigned questionnaire. Nutritional status was assessed by using standard mini nutritional assessment questionnaire. The data was analyzed through SPSS28.0 (trail version). Results: Out of 287 elderlies, 139 (48.4%) were male and 148 (51.6%) were female. According to MNA, 73 (25.4%) were found malnourished while 119 (41.4%) were at risk of malnutrition and 95 (33.1%) were well nourished. A statistically significant (p<0.05) association was found between nutritional status with increasing age, gender, marital status, education, occupation, morbidity, financial dependance and substance abuse. Conclusions: This study showed that malnutrition has multidimensional background. So, to improve nutritional status of elderly approach should be focus on those who are older, illiterate or low educational status, female gender and financially dependance.Item Assessment of risk factors, complications and treatment patterns of diabetic patients in India(Medip Academy, 2025-02) Mayabhate, M; Kapure, N; Sharma, A.Background: Early identification of risk factors and comorbidities is essential for optimizing treatment strategies in diabetes. The diabetes in India (DIAB India) study aims to evaluate risk factors, glycemic status, comorbidities, and initial management choices in newly diagnosed T2DM Methods: A retrospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted with a large cohort of 19,230 patients pan India. Data was collected from patient health records and meticulously stored into a standard format. Demographic data (age, gender, weight, height, risk factors, and blood pressure), clinical presentation (family history, complications, glycemic indices, and comorbidities), and choice of management were recorded and used for analysis. Results: Obesity and family history were most common risk factors for T2DM and were significantly correlated with its severity (p<0.001). The most common comorbidity was neuropathy (59.8%) followed by nephropathy (27%) and CV events (25%). Obese patients have higher mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 8.4%, fasting blood glucose (FBG) (160 mg/dL), and postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) (233.6 mg/dL) compared to non-obese. Both single and combination therapies led to significant improvements in HbA1c (Single: pre- 7.47, post-6.87; Combination: pre-8.26, post-7.13), FBG (Single: pre-138.94, post-118.89; Combination: pre-161.21, post-128.2), and PPBG (Single: pre-200.88, post-163.83; Combination: pre-235.10, post-177.87) levels after treatment, with combination therapy showing greater reductions across all markers (p<0.001). The improvement in glycemic control was greater in patients who followed dietary advice (p<0.001). Conclusions: Obesity and family history were the most common risk factors contributing to diabetes in the newly diagnosed Indian patients. The comorbidities usually associated with diabetes are identified as neuropathy and cardiovascular conditions. While dietary measures are not widely used, significant improvement in glycemic status is reported using pharmacotherapy (monotherapy or combination). Choice of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments should be tailored to patient preferences, demographics, comorbidities, age, and other factors.Item Biotic and Abiotic Factors as Variables in Population Build-up of Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) in the Western Gangetic Planes of India(Ms. M. B. Mondal, Ph.D., 2025-02) Tiwari, A; Singh, H; Singh, B; Alok; Sharma, A.An experiment was conducted at the Crop Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P.) during Rabi season 2021-22. During the course of research, observations were made to study the incidence and fluctuations in population build-up of Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. due to variations in abiotic factors including temperature, precipitation rates, daylight hours, humidity as well as biotic factors such as natural enemies as for example, predators like grubs and adults of lady bird beetle, Coccinella septumpunctata etc., The maximum aphid population 164 aphid/10 cm shoots were recorded in the third standard week of February. Appearance of grubs and adults of lady bird beetle in the first week of December and maximum population reached in synchronization with the maximum population of aphid i.e., 4.12 beetle or grubs per 10 shoots in the month of February. Simple correlation studies revealed the instantaneous effects of meteorological variables on the population progression of aphids, the temperature had the biggest influence in the fluctuations of number of aphids per plant shoot. The appearance of predators was positively correlated with temperature, whereas a negative correlation with the incidence of mustard aphid was observed. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the population of aphid and relative humidity.Item Comparison of efficacy of azilsartan with olmesartan in patients of hypertension: randomized controlled trial(Medip Academy, 2023-12) Sharma, D.; Sood, A.; Kansal, D.; Kapoor, D.; Sharma, A.Background: Azilsartan and olmesartan are members of ARBs, used in the management of hypertension. Objective was to evaluate efficacy of azilsartan with olmesartan in patients of hypertension. Methods: A randomized, prospective, open label, comparative study was carried out in Pharmacology and Medicine department at Dr. RPGMC Kangra at Tanda, HP. The study stretched over one year and blood pressure was monitored at first, third and sixth month. Out of 69 patients, 35 patients in group A were prescribed tablet azilsartan 40 mg/day and 34 patients in group B patients were prescribed tablet olmesartan 20 mg/day. Tablet chlorthalidone 12.5 mg/day was add on in both the groups. Data was presented as mean+SD. Student’s t test was used and p value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: In group A, systolic blood pressure (SBP) values improved from baseline of 153±10 mmHg to 111±18 mmHg (p<0.001) at 3 months and 109±6.1 mmHg (p<0.001) at 6 months and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values from baseline of 87±7 mmHg to 67.1±4.6 mmHg (p<0.001) at 3 months and 67.6±2.5 mmHg (p < 0.001) at 6 months. In group B, SBP values improved from baseline of 154±8.5 mmHg to 127±3.6 mmHg (p<0.001) at 3 months and 123±4 mmHg (p<0.001) at 6 months and DBP values from baseline of 85±6.5mm Hg to 75.7±3.3 mmHg (p<0.001) at 3 months and 73±3.3 mmHg (p<0.001) at 6 months. On intergroup comparison improvement in hypertension was better in azilsartan group (p<0.001). Conclusions: The study concluded that azilsartan is significantly better than olmesartan in controlling the hypertension.Item Correlation of anthropometric indices by cardio vascular index in young adult having obesity(Medip Academy, 2023-12) Jee, K.; Dhoot, M.; Sharma, A.; Singh, A. K.Background: The aim of this study is to correlate anthropometric indices with hemodynamic vascular changes in young adult obese patients. Methods: It is case-control study, 140 patients were recruited. Which were divided into two group i.e., study group=70 and control group=70. Anthropometric measurement waist circumference (WC) and total body fat percentage (TBF%) of each patient is compared with right brachial pulse wave velocity (PWV) (dominant hand). Results: Obese individuals had high levels of PWV as compared with non obese patients. Study suggested that cardiovascular parameter levels were significantly increased in obese patients, these same patients gradually progress towards the hypertensive condition. Conclusions: Changes in cardiac function are common in obese patients, hence, there is need for periodical assessment of the cardiac function and anthropometric measurement and PWV as cardiac markers in obese patients proves to be an early and simple tool to give warning signal for the patients to take early preventive measures.Item A cutaneous malignant granular cell tumour: an uncommon entity with diagnostic challenge(Medip Academy, 2024-01) Bala, J.; Sharma, A.; Sharma, S.Granular cell tumour (GCT) is rare and accounts for approximately 0.5% of all soft tissue tumours. The malignant GCT (MGCT) especially cutaneous malignant granular cell tumour is extremely rare constituting 1-2% of all granular cell tumours and mostly found in the subcutaneous soft tissues of lower exrtremities, especially thighs. The uncommon occurrence of cutaneous MGCT and their histopathological similarities with other entities make diagnosis difficult in some cases. Here we report a case of 36 years old male patient who presented with a mass in the skin of right lower abdominal wall which has been increased gradually over the last one year without pain. The size of the mass is approximately 6.5 cm in greatest dimension, firm in consistency with surface irregularity and ulceration diagnosed as malignant GCT at the histopathological examination showing focal ulceration and lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium revealing acanthosis and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. The dermis show neoplastic epithelioid cells arranged in sheets and nests with vesicular chromatin, conspicuous to prominent nucleoli, and abundant amount of fine granular eosinophillic cytoplasm. Mitosis is more than 2/10HP. Immunohistochemical stains for S-100, CD 68 and vimentin were positive in the lesional cells.Item Diagnostic utility of bone marrow aspiration in bicytopenia(Medip Academy, 2023-04) Sandhu, S.; Vaid, A.; Khajuria, R.; Kaur, A.; Sharma, A.Background: Haematological diseases are frequently seen now a days in different age groups. Patients can present with a variety of presentations in form of cytopenia of a single lineage or in a dual combination or with pancytopenia. Our study focusses on the utility of bone marrow aspiration for diagnosis of bicytopenias by assessment of pattern of bicytopenias in peripheral smear examination. Methods: This was a retrospective study that was conducted over a period of one year in a tertiary care institute of Northern India. Cases of bicytopenia were subjected to bone marrow aspiration and parameters such as cellularity, myeloid to erythroid ratio and cytomorphological details of the cells were documented. Results: Study consisted of male predominance with maximum patients in the age group of 21-30 years. Most common bicytopenia was found to be anaemia with thrombocytopenia and normoblastic erythroid hyperplasia was the most common aetiology.The results of this study were similar to those in the earlier literature with the inference that bone marrow aspiration performed for all cases significantly helped in arriving at the diagnosis. Conclusions: Bicytopenia is a good haematological indicator for many non-malignant and malignant diseases. Knowledge of its aetiologies can help in the diagnosis and efficient management of patients. Bone marrow study forms a cost-effective tool in interpretation of bicytopenia.Item Does Provision of Open Area Improve Growth Performance and Welfare of Large White Yorkshire Fattener Pigs during Summer Season in Tropical Indian Conditions?(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-01) Kanwarpal; Sharma, A.; Kaswan, S.; Singh, C.; Hundal, J.S.; Malik, D.S.Indian Standard (3916-1966) for pig housing, recommends a range of 0.9- 1.8 m2 floor area under covered and open space from weaning to finisher stage. Present study assessed whether, IS recommended open area is advantageous to improve welfare and growth performance of fattener pigs during summer season. A total of 20 piglets (10 castrated male and 10 females) at 3 months of age with average body weight 18.94 � 1.04 Kg were randomly assigned to two housing treatments groups namely Tc; with lower limits of IS recommended covered floor space of 0.9 m2 per pig and To; with higher limit of IS recommended floor area of 1.8 m2 per pig, in which half, 0.9 m2 was under covered space and remaining half 0.9 m2 open space. Results revealed that provision of additional floor area of 0.9 m2 in open space did not improve growth performance and welfare of pigs during summer season. Therefore, IS recommended open space in pig housing is not necessary and can be removed to improve space, labour and overall economic efficiency of pig production.Item Economic valuation of cultural ecosystem services: A case of tropical reservoir ecosystem(Triveni Enterprises, 2024-09) Meharoof, M.; Yadav, V.K.; Sharma, A.; Anitha, V.; Paul, T.T.; Paul, L.; Dave, C.P.Aim: This study analyzes the economic value of ecotourism in the Peechi reservoir of Kerala, focusing on cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by the reservoir. Methodology: Consumer surplus of visitors visiting the reservoir was estimated using travel cost methodology, employing both primary and secondary data collection methods. Results: Peechi reservoir attracts an average of 165,061 visitors annually, generating revenue of ?29,03,631.88 and ?3,35,434.38 as entry and parking fees, respectively. Applying travel cost methodology, the total economic value of ecotourism at Peechiwas estimated at ?32,39,066.25 per year. The estimated potential economic value of the Peechi reservoir was ?120,309,765 with a consumer surplus of ?757.58. Interpretation: The CES offered by the reservoir ecosystem have not received enough attention. Recognizing the intrinsic value of these under appreciated services can serve as a powerful catalyst for their conservation, fostering a cycle of awareness, informed decision making, and responsible tourism, ultimately paving the path towards sustainable development.Item Effect of Different Nutrient Management Practices on Crop Growth, Yield and Yield Attributes of Soybean (Glycine max L.) under Kymore Plateau and Satpura Hillsagro-Climatic Zone(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-11) Joshi, M; Sahu, RP; Jamre, PS; Ahirwal, A; Prajapati, R; Kochale, P; Gulaiya, S; Sharma, A.The field trial was conducted at Krishi Nagar Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, during the kharif season of 2021. The field experiment consisted with 06 treatments and they were tested in randomized block design with 04 replications. The study revealed that maximum plant height (50.35 cm), branches per plant (5.74), effective root nodules (57), Leaf area index (4.90), dry weight plant-1(45.16 g),yields attributes parameters like seed per pod (57.74), pods per plant (2.91) as well as seed index (11.88), seed yield (1009 kg ha-1), stover yield (2087 kg ha-1)and HI (32.59%)of soybean was found higher under 100 % Organic NM followed by 25% Organic + NF inputs BJG +25% Inorganic NM.Item Effect of Litter Amendments on Nutrient Quality and Emission of Greenhouse Gas from Poultry Litter During Composting Under Natural Conditions(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-11) Proch, A.; Sandhu, K.S.; Malik, D.S.; Singh, S.; Singh, Y.; Sharma, A.A study was conducted to estimate the effect of poultry litter amended with sodium bisulphate and alumsulphateon nutrient composition of poultry litter before and after composting. Three experiments were conducted in different seasons (summer, rainy & winter) of the year. Earlier 240 day old commercial broiler chicks were reared under similar environment conditions and their litter was collected after 42 days and was composted under natural conditions. The experiment includes control group (Tc) having no litter amendments whereas treatment groups include litter amendment with sodium bisulphate @ 25 gm/sq.ft. (Ts) and litter amendment with alum sulphate @ 90 gm/sq.ft. (TL). The whole litter comprising treated rice husk, droppings, feed remnants etc. collected from each group was tested for nutritive value before and after composting and release of nitrous oxide (N2O) gas during the composting period. The nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) content of the compost was estimated at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of the composting period. The gas samples were collected on day 0, 20, 40, 60 and 90 days during the composting period. The data revealed that at zero and 30 th day of composting period there was a significant (p ? 0.05) higher values of nitrogen in Ts and T L groups as compared to control group. The phosphorus and potassium content in different treatment groups was non-significant at different intervals of composting. The nitrous oxide emission was also more from the treatment groups as compared to control group.Item Effect of Micronutrients on Productivity and Profitability of Pea (Pisum sativum sub sp. hortense)(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-12) Pal, RK; Pal, AK; Chaurasiya, R; Bharadwaj, M; Sharma, A.A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of micronutrients on productivity and profitability of pea (Pisum sativum sub sp. hortense) at the Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, during the winter season of 2019- 2020. The experiment was laid out in the Randomized Block Design comprising of 9 treatments including control with different concentrations of boron and zinc applied to the pea crop viz., Control, Boron-20(0.06%), Boron-20(0.09%), ZnSo4 (0.03%), ZnSo4 (0.05%), Boron-20(0.06%) + ZnSo4(0.03%), Boron-20(0.06%) + ZnSo4(0.05%), Boron-20(0.09%)+ ZnSo4(0.03%) and Boron-20(0.09%)+ZnSo4 (0.05%) which were replicated thrice. Garden Pea variety “Azad Pea-3” was sown at row to row spacing of 30 cm x plant to plant spacing of 10 cm. The crop was uniformly fertilized by 20 kg N, 40 kg P2O5, 40 kg K2O /ha through urea and diammonium phosphate and muriate of potash. However, Zinc and boron was applied through zinc sulphate and borax as per the requirement of the treatments. The results indicated that the application B-20(0.09%) + ZnSO4(0.05%) recorded the highest quantity of seeds per pod (9.27g) number of pods per plant (25.63), yield per plant (64.23g), fruit yield (135.37 q/ha) which was closely followed by application of B-20(0.09%)+ZnSO4(0.03%). Further, application B-20(0.09%) + ZnSO4(0.05%) recoded higher B:C ratio (4.06) as compared to control (2.72). Thus, application of B-20(0.09%) + ZnSO4(0.05%) was found to the best treatment among all the treatments in improving the productivity of garden pea for the resource poor farmers of India.Item Effect of Supplementation of Different Levels of Rosemary Leaf Powder and Black Cumin Seed Powder alone or in Combination on the Broilers Carcass Parameters(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-03) Sharma, A.; Dhuria, R.K.; Dhuria, D.This study was undertaken to evaluate the carcass parameters of the Broiler chicks when fed with varying levels of the Rosemary leaf powder and Black Cumin seed powder in different treatment groups. The Broiler chicks were divided into ten dietary treatments groups and each dietary group was replicated to three sub-groups for uniform distribution. The T1 i.e. control group was fed on basal diet, while T2, T 3 and T4 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.50%, 1.00% and 1.50%, of Rosemary in the basal Broiler starter and finisher ration, respectively. The T5, T 6 and T7 groups were supplemented with 0.50%, 1.00% and 1.50% of Black Cumin in the basal Broiler starter and finisher ration. The T8, T 9 and T10 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% in combination with Rosemary and Black Cumin in the basal Broiler starter and finisher ration, respectively. There highly significant effect was observed on dressing weight per cent, eviscerated weight per cent, while non- significant effect was observed on abdominal fat per cent, liver weight per cent, heart weight per cent, gizzard weight per cent, giblet per cent, blood loss per cent and feather loss per cent due to supplementation of rosemary and black cumin in diet of broilers. It can be inferred that supplementation of Black Cumin 1.00% alone and in combination 0.75 % of both herbs is quite effective and could be viable proposition for lucrative Broiler farming for carcass status.Item The effect of thyroid disorders on obstetric and perinatal outcomes: an observational retrospective study in a tertiary care center of north India(Medip Academy, 2024-03) Sharma, A.; Pandita, K.; Khajuria, U.; Chowdhary, S.Background: The incidence of hypothyroidism in pregnancy is between 0.5-3.5%, hyperthyroidism occurs in about 0.2-0.4%. They are associated with various maternal-fetal complications. Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted in SMGS Hospital, Jammu, India after ethical clearance. Admitted patients were included over a period of 1 year from January to December 2021. Inclusion criteria was women belonging to any period of gestation admitted to the labour room and woman with established thyroid disorder. Exclusion criteria was women on drugs influencing thyroid functions. Results: 1641 (10.43%) of 15722 women had thyroid disorders. Hypothyroidism in 10.37% (8.99% subclinical and 1.37% overt) and hyperthyroidism in 0.06%. PPROM was seen in 5.9% subclinical, 2.7% overt hypothyroid, none of hyperthyroid group. 7% subclinical, 8.5% overt hypothyroid and 1/10 women in hyperthyroid group had GDM. Abruption seen in 2.5% subclinical, 1.7% overt hypothyroid and none in hyperthyroid. In subclinical group 3.2% had gestational hypertension, 5.2% had preeclampsia and 0.6% had eclampsia. In overt hypothyroid, 2.8% had gestational hypertension, 7.9% preeclampsia and 1.7% eclampsia. In hyperthyroid group, 1/10 had gestational hypertension, 1/10 had preeclampsia. 18.2% subclinical, 14.7% overt hypothyroid, 2/10 in hyperthyroid group had history of abortion. 7% subclinical, 9.6% overt hypothyroid and 0/10 hyperthyroid group had infertility. 25.8% babies born were abnormal in terms of less gestational age at birth, low birth weight, IUGR, low apgar and IUD. 16.5% babies that had low birth weight <2.5 kg. Conclusions: The impact of thyroid disorders warrants routine screening for thyroid dysfunctions in all women in prenatal and antenatal period to predict and prevent adverse maternal-neonatal outcomes.Item Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis in a Tertiary Care Hospital of North India(Ms. M. B. Mondal, Ph.D., 2024-12) Sharma, G; Parmar, K; Verma, S; Sharma, A; Sharma, A.Introduction: Viral hepatitis is used to describe protracted hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation, often with fibrosis, that lasts longer than 6 months and is caused by HBV, HCV, HBV-associated HDV or HEV. Chronic hepatitis is classified histologically by the degree of hepatocellular necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Jaundice is a consistent clinical presentation of viral hepatitis. These hepatitis causing viruses can infect a person via various routes. HBV & HCV are transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids whereas HAV and HEV are transmitted by consuming contaminated food or water. India has more than 37 million HBV carriers and contributes a large proportion of HBV burden (Puri, 2014). In view of this problem, the study was conducted to highlight the viral agents responsible for causing hepatitis in patient presenting with jaundice in a tertiary care hospital in north India, to find out various epidemiological factors associated with these infections and developing strategies for surveillance of preventable viral hepatitis. Aims: 1) To study the etiological profile of Hepatitis in IPD patients. 2) To estimate the sero-positivity of Hepatitis causing viruses in IPD patient of hepatitis, presenting with jaundice using ELISA. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital of north India over a period of one year, from 1st July, 2016 to 30th June 2017. It was a cross-sectional prospective study. All analysis procedures were performed using commercial kits based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as per the manufacturer's instructions. Results: A total of 573 serum samples from patients with clinical suspicion of jaundice were tested, out of which 236 (41.2%) patient’s serum were tested positive for viral hepatitis in which HBsAg was detected in 52 cases, Hepatitis C was not detected in any case, Hepatitis D was detected in 3 cases, Hepatitis E was detected in 108 cases and remaining were other acute viral hepatitis cases. Out of 236 cases positive for viral hepatitis, 47 were children and 189 were adults, females (155 cases) outnumbered males (81 cases). HBsAg was associated with other diseases in 21 cases. The maximum number of cases in which HBsAg was detected belonged to 21-30 years of age. Hepatitis B was associated with HIV infection in 13 cases. Hepatitis D and B virus coinfection was found in 3 cases. Hepatitis E was detected in 108 cases among which only 3 cases had co-infection with Hepatitis B. Conclusion: The viruses responsible for hepatitis can increase the mortality as well as morbidity when they are associated with other diseases. The prevalence of Hepatitis B was more common in younger population. The increasing frequency of i.v. drug abuse can be a contributory factor for this, which necessitates the counselling & vaccination of young population regarding the same. HEV, which has a feco-oral route of transmission, was found in many cases, which can be prevented by improving the hygiene and creating awareness. There must be frequent testing of the vulnerable age groups to prevent them from the hepatitis causing viral infections.Item Evaluation of difference in central corneal thickness between premenopausal and postmenopausal women(Medip Academy, 2023-09) Verma, N.; Gupta, P.; Sharma, A.Background: Menopause is defined as permanent cessation of menses. By convention the diagnosis of menopause is not made until the individual has had 12 months of amenorrhoea. It is a physiological condition, and associated with changes in levels of sex hormones. Certain changes occur in the corneal tissue due to change in these hormones. The current study intended to study any change in central corneal thickness among women after menopause. CCT can cause false readings in IOP measurements and affect the diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma. Methods: It is a prospective, cross sectional, observational, case control study conducted in Department of Ophthalmology, GMC, Jammu for a period of 6 months from October 2022 to March 2023. 54 eyes of 27 patients each for pre and postmenopausal women were taken. Central corneal thickness was measured using specular biomicroscopy. Results: The mean age of post-menopausal women was found to be 52±2 years and pre-menopausal women was found to be 48±3. The mean of group 1 was found to be 524±18.67 microns and the mean of group 2 was found to 558±20.83 microns Conclusions: The data presented in this study suggest that menopause cause decrease in central corneal thickness.Item Evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practices of second year MBBS students about over the counter drugs(Medip Academy, 2024-08) Sharma, A.; Chincholkar, A.; Sawant, A.Background: The utilization of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs among medical students during academic exams has raised concerns about health risks and potential implications. This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence of OTC drug utilization among medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using pre-validated questionnaire. The data obtained was tabulated, analysed and the results were calculated in percentages.150 students had participated in this study of which 100 were selected by simple random sampling. Results: The use of OTC drugs was common amongst undergraduate students. Majority of students (92%) who participated in the study had used OTC drugs at some point in their life. Commonly used OTCs were antacids (73%) and the most common indications for use of OTCs was cough and cold (92%). 87% of students preferred OTC drugs due to ease and convenience while 44% preferred OTC drugs due to lack of time to consult the doctor. Doctors (32.3%) followed by family and friends; textbook/journals were found to be the most common source of information on OTC drugs. Conclusions: A tendency to choose self-medication over doctor’s consultation by most of the undergraduate medical students was consistently seen in the present study. This unrestrained use of OTC drugs certainly possesses several health risks. Awareness should be created among undergraduate medical students to restrict the use of OTC drugs and efforts should be undertaken to increase the sale of drugs without prescription.