Browsing by Author "Radhakrishna, S"
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Item A 20-year study of the leprosy control programme at the Government Leprosy Treatment and Study Centre at Tirukoilur in south India.(1982-07-01) Radhakrishna, S; Christian, M; Nair, N GItem A 20-year study of the Leprosy Control Programme at the Hemerijckx Leprosy Centre in Polambakkam in South India.(1985-07-01) Nair, N G; Radhakrishna, S; Christian, M; Ramakrishnan, R; Gopi, P GThe Hemerijckx leprosy centre at Polambakkam in South India covers a rural population of about 800,000 and has treated over 40,000 cases of leprosy during the period 1955-75. Based on a stratified random sample of 25% of the case records, information was obtained about the profile of newly-detected cases in various cohorts (1955-57, 1958-60, 1961-64, 1965-69, 1970-75), regularity in drug collection and response to treatment. In newly-detected cases, the ratio of males to females was stable (3:2), but the proportion of adults aged 45 years or more increased from 15% in 1958-60 to 20% in 1970-75 and the lepromatous rate decreased from 9% to 6%; the proportion deformed at the time of diagnosis ranged from 11% to 15%. Regularity in drug collection was unsatisfactory even in the first year of treatment, with less than half the patients making 6 (or more) of the 12 monthly drug collections. The clinical status at 4-6 years was known for 70-75% of the patients who started treatment and of those approximately 60% had inactive or arrested disease. Data from population surveys was sparse; about 60% of the expected numbers were initiated and less than 30% of these had a coverage of 75% or more. The limited evidence, however, showed a decline in the prevalence of about 2 per thousand per annum. Field studies to evolve strategies for better motivation of patients, introduction of short-course regimens, and continuous monitoring of the programme are urgently needed.Item Classification of subjects as slow or rapid inactivators of isoniazid, based on the ratio of the urinary excretion of acetylisoniazid to isoniazid.(1972-05-01) Venkataraman, P; Menon, N K; Nair, N G; Radhakrishna, S; Ross, C; Tripathy, S PItem Comparison of proportions based on the same or paired subjects.(1985-04-01) Radhakrishna, S; Jayabal, P; Jayasri, R; Nair, N GItem A comparison of various measures of sensitivity of M. tuberculosis to pyrazinamide.(1971-02-01) Tripathy, S P; Mitchison, D A; Nair, N G; Radhakrishna, S; Subbammal, SItem Computation of sample size for comparing two proportions.(1983-06-01) Radhakrishna, SItem A concurrent comparison of a WHO-recommended 30-cluster survey and a modified version of it under Indian conditions in the estimation of immunization coverages.(1995-03-01) Radhakrishna, S; Murthy, B N; Nair, N G; Ezhil, R; Venkatasubramanian, S; Ramalingam, N; Periannan, V; Ganesan, RA concurrent comparison of the WHO 30-cluster sample survey method for estimating immunization coverages (DPT, Polio, BCG, Measles) and an Indian modification of (GOI) was undertaken in five districts in South India. The essential difference between the two methods is the manner in which the first household is selected in the chosen clusters. With the WHO method, it is chosen clusters. With the WHO method, it is chosen at random, whereas with the GOI method it is often close to the village centre. Estimates with the required degree of precision, i.e., 95% confidence limits of +/- 10 percentage points, were provided in 18 (90%) of 20 instances by the WHO method and in 19 (95%) by the GOI method, findings which are in accordance with expectation. The estimated coverages were, however, higher by the GOI method than by the WHO method in two districts, lower in one district, and in the remaining two districts there was no clear pattern. On the average, there was a suggestion that the GOI method yielded slightly higher coverages, but the differences were not statistically significant.Item Confidence intervals in medical research.(1992-06-01) Radhakrishna, S; Murthy, B N; Nair, N G; Jayabal, P; Jayasri, RThe utility of confidence intervals in a wide variety of situations in the medical field is re-emphasized, with examples drawn from controlled clinical trials, disease control programmes, vaccine trials and laboratory studies. It is shown that the confidence interval approach is more informative than a mere test of statistical significance, and should therefore be employed as an useful adjuvant. Since proportions are widely quoted in medical literature and as the determination of the exact confidence limits for a binomial proportion is iterative and time-consuming, an assessment is made of 15 published methods which provide approximate confidence limits; the 'Square root transformation' method is recommended since it is accurate and the computation of limits is relatively easy. In the case of a difference between two proportions, the usual method may be employed if sample sizes exceed 75; for smaller sample sizes (even for sizes of 5), the Jeffreys-Perks method is very satisfactory and is therefore recommended.Item Deterioration of cycloserine in the tropics.(1969-03-01) Rao, K V; Eidus, L; Evans, C; Kailasam, S; Radhakrishna, S; Somasundaram, P R; Stott, H; Subbammal, S; Tripathy, S PItem Determination of acetylator phenotype based on the ratio of acetylisoniazid to isoniazid in urine following an oral dose of ordinary isoniazid.(1976-01-01) Raghupati Sarma, G; Kannapirin, G; Narayana, A S; Radhakrishna, S; Tripathy, S PItem Estimation of immunisation coverages in children by WHO 30-cluster survey.(1993-11-01) Murthy, B N; Radhakrishna, S; Nair, N G; Ezhil, R; Venkatasubramanian, SA WHO 30-cluster survey for estimating immunisation coverages in infancy was undertaken in each of 5 districts in Tamil Nadu, strictly according to the specifications laid out in the WHO manual. The main aim was to examine whether the technique would provide estimates with the required degree of precision under Indian conditions. Of 60 sample survey estimates, 57 had the targeted degree of precision (i.e., 95% confidence limits of +/- 10 percentage points), which is in excellent agreement with expectation. The proportions of infants on whom immunisation was initiated, were very high for DPT vaccine (88-99%) and polio vaccine (85-99%); however, of those who had received the first dose, 23-39 per cent did not complete the 3-dose schedule. Estimated coverage with measles vaccine ranged from 15 to 54 per cent, while BCG coverage ranged from 53 to 97 per cent. Better health education regarding the need and correct age for immunisation, and more effective motivation at the time of administration of the first dose of DPT/polio vaccine, are recommended.Item Implications of misdiagnosis in field trials of vaccines.(1984-12-01) Radhakrishna, S; Nair, N G; Jayabal, PItem Implications of prior BCG vaccination programmes in the community on the protective efficacy of new antileprosy vaccines.(1988-08-01) Radhakrishna, S; Nair, N G; Kumar, B K; Jayabal, PItem Inactivation of isoniazid by condensation in a syrup preparation.(1971-09-01) Rao, K V; Kailasam, S; Menon, N K; Radhakrishna, SItem Lot quality assurance sampling for monitoring immunization coverage in Madras City.(1999-06-29) Murthy, B N; Radhakrishna, S; Venkatasubramanian, S; Periannan, V; Lakshmi, A; Joshua, V; Sudha, ROBJECTIVE: To explore the usefulness of Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) to identify divisions in a city that had immunization coverage levels of 80% for any of the four EPI vaccines. METHODS: Only 43 divisions were considered for the study, the stratification factor being the death rate. The hypothesis that 80% coverage is 'unacceptable' was stipulated. Critical value (the number of unimmunized children) was chosen as 3. A simple random sample of 36 children in the age-group 12-23 months was taken from each selected division. Since sampling frames of children were not available, a simple random sample of 36 households was selected. Immunization status of each child was assessed by interviewing the child's mother/guardian. If the number of unimmunized children exceeded 3, then the division was regarded having coverage level 80% and rejected. RESULTS: The coverage was classified as unacceptable(i. e., below 80%) in 19 divisions for Polio and DPT vaccines, in 26 divisions for Measles vaccine and in 4 divisions for BCG vaccine. The average time spent for undertaking the LQAS survey was 6 man-days per division. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the utility of the LQAS technique in identifying 'unsatisfactory' pockets in Madras City, when the overall coverage was satisfactory. The technique will have greater application with an increase in the number of large units (cities/districts) having an overall coverage of 90% or more.Item The mini health centre scheme in Tamil Nadu: a study of inputs.(1985-05-01) Vijaya, S; Radhakrishna, S; Ramalingam, N; Selvaraj, VItem The mini health centre scheme in Tamil Nadu: a study of quantifiable performance outputs.(1986-02-01) Vijaya, S; Radhakrishna, S; Ramalingam, N; Selvaraj, VItem A modified method for the estimation of acetylisoniazid in urine.(1974-06-01) Sarma, G R; Immanuel, C; Kailasam, S; Kannapiran, M; Nair, N G; Radhakrishna, SItem Prof. Denis A. Mitchison (1919-2018)(Indian Council of Medical Research, 2018-08) Radhakrishna, S