Browsing by Author "Mustafa, M."

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    Apoptosis Mechanisms: Role of Anti-apoptotic Proteins, Cancer Hallmarks and Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Cell Survival
    (Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Zameer, S; Akram, Z; Daniyal, A; Fatima, U; Faraz, M; Anwar, Z; Khatoon, S; Habib, S; Mustafa, M.
    Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is the result of signaling pathways being activated when cells experience irreversible alterations due to internal or external stress. To stop cancer from developing, this procedure is crucial for getting rid of potentially dangerous cells that have accumulated genetic damage. Nevertheless, a lot of cancer cells create defenses against death, which aids in the growth of tumors and treatment resistance. Certain intracellular proteins play a key role in blocking apoptosis by interfering with specific stages of the cell death process. Among these, members of the Bcl-2 family such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL help maintain the integrity of cellular membranes, including those of the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. Additionally, Bcl-2 is believed to exhibit inherent antioxidant properties. The transition from normal cells to malignant tumors involves the acquisition of distinct functional traits, often referred to as the hallmarks of cancer. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in this transformation, facilitating tumor growth by providing essential nutrients and interacting dynamically with cancer cells. This paper focuses on the role of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) and anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2, both of which contribute to cancer progression by preventing cell death. Their ability to enhance cell survival promotes tumor growth and resistance to treatment. Additionally, the review underscores the TME's significance, including the microbiome's influence in modulating apoptosis and shaping tumor behavior. Targeting elements of the TME could improve therapeutic strategies and enhance treatment efficacy.
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    Bioinformatics Analysis of LDLR Gene Mutation that Shed a New Light on Red Yeast Rice Monacolin K Treatment � Systematic Review
    (Sciencedomain International, 2022-07) Darwish, H. S.; Almamri, H.; Barazie, R.; Mustafa, M.
    Background: Hypercholesteremia is the major cause of cardiovascular diseases. It results from elevated cholesterol levels in the blood. LDL cholesterol is removed from the circulation by using the LDL receptor. Red mold rice or red yeast rice is produced by fermentation of the Monascus Purpureus yeast on rice. Many researchers suggest that the active component in Red Yeast Rice (monacolin k) serves as a treatment for hypercholesteremic patients. Methods: By using NCBI databases, specifically GenBank to analyze DNA sequence and mRNA sequence of LDLR gene. GenBank file format was helpful to extract an accession number of the gene, number of amino acids, exons, and length of nucleotides. FASTA format was also useful to retrieve the nucleotide sequence and get the function of the protein. BLAST was used to compare the protein product of the LDLR gene between humans and pan paniscus (pygmy chimpanzee). Results: In accession number NC_000019, the number of amino acids in protein product is 44389 bp, and the number of exons found is 18. On the other hand, the gene is located in chromosome 19. The function of LDLR gene is to control the production of LDL receptor where the low-density lipoprotein particles attach to it and are taken into the cell ending up in the lysosome where the protein is degraded and cholesterol is made which will inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase that controls the production of cholesterol. Finally, many organisms have the same gene like dogs, cows, mice, rats, zebrafish, and frogs. Conclusion: Mutation in the LDLR gene causing high level of cholesterol in the blood especially LDL (Low-density Lipoprotein). Monacolin k that found in red yeast rice (RYR) is safe and natural alternative treatment for hypercholesteremic patients by lowering the cholesterol level in the blood.
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    Medication error in general medicine department of tertiary care Koshi Zonal hospital in Nepal
    (Medip Academy, 2024-04) Mustafa, M.; Adhikari, K.; Shah, A. K.; Alam, K.; Jha, R.; Sarraf, D. P.
    Background: Medication errors are the leading cause of patient harm, injuries and even death in hospitalized patients. It endangers patient safety and also increases the cost of treatment leading to enhanced financial burden to the individuals and the community as well. The study was aimed to determine the pattern of occurrence of medication errors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 188 hospitalized patients in medical ward at a Zonal Hospital. Medication errors were identified and categorized by reviewing the cardex. The data were analyzed to determine the cause of medication errors including rates of harm to patients. The descriptive statistics frequency and percentage were calculated using Microsoft Excel 2007. The findings were presented as tables and graphs. Results: A total of 985 medication errors were found in 650 (38.3%) drugs prescribed in 177 (94.1%) patients. Approximately 72.9% of the errors reached the patients and 32.39% of the errors were harmful. The most common observed errors were administration errors (41.6%) followed by prescribing errors (36.5%), transcription errors (14.3%) and monitoring errors (7.5%). Omission of prescribing information (63.88%) and wrong dosing schedule (34%) were the most common type of prescribing and transcription errors respectively. Omission of dosages administration (57.32%) to patients was the most common types of administration error. All types of medication errors were highest in the alimentary tract and metabolism class of drugs (32.39%). Conclusions: Medication errors were associated with the majority of hospitalized patients signifying the requirement of immediate preventive strategies and policies to ensure patient safety.
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    Review on Some Plants’ Therapeutic Effects against Gastrointestinal Microbes
    (Science Domain International, 2019-04) Abdallah, M. S.; Go, R.; Mustafa, M.; Nallappan, M.
    Plants play vital roles in many health care systems, be it rural or an urban community. Plants became familiar as medicine due to the primordial ideologies and believed. Several plant parts served as medicines to so many ailments including gastrointestinal ailments, due to the fact that their active ingredients are powerful against the microbes as well as healing so many physiological abnormalities. The principal antimicrobial components were used to inhibit the growth of microbes (S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella spp, B. cereus, and B. subtili,), as well as most of the recognized compounds in most plants were aromatic or saturated organic compounds which enabled the plants to be active against the gastrointestinal microbes. The commonly used diluents were; water, methanol and Di methyl sulphate oxides to ascertain the level of activity of the plants. As such, plant materials in one way or the other are very active when dealing with microbes due to their active ingredients or the phytoconstituents. Most of the microbes identified in many reviewed researches were enteric bacterial species, by which divided into both gram negative and gram positive bacterial isolates, they differ in their cell components, which are the main targets of bioactive constituents to deal with any bacteria. However, certain parasites contributed towards the production of ailments for their survival and causing havoc to the hosts and sometimes be mutualistic.