Browsing by Author "K., M."
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Item Ceftaroline fosamil in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(Medip Academy, 2024-03) P., S.; D., C.; K., M.; Gowda, M. H.Ceftaroline fosamil, a cephalosporin approved by the FDA for treating infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Staphylococcus aureus, particularly MRSA strains, poses a significant health risk due to antibiotic resistance. Ceftaroline fosamil is unique in its ability to bind to penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) found in MRSA, inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis and causing bacterial death. The pharmacokinetics of ceftaroline involve rapid conversion to its active form, primarily excretion through the kidneys, and a plasma protein binding rate of approximately 20%. Ceftaroline is effective against complex skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTIs) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), especially when MRSA is suspected. However, its efficacy against gram-negative bacteria is limited. The safety profile of ceftaroline fosamil is generally good, with reported adverse events comparable to other comparator agents in clinical trials. It is contraindicated in individuals with hypersensitivity to cephalosporins. Comparative efficacy with other antibiotics like vancomycin and daptomycin is discussed, emphasizing the importance of considering individual patient characteristics and local prevalence of resistant bacteria. The use of ceftaroline fosamil in special populations, such as pediatric and adult patients. While its efficacy in pediatric MRSA infections is explored, the lack of large-scale clinical trials for certain conditions like MRSA bacteremia is acknowledged. Clinical outcomes, including successful treatment of MRSA bacteremia, infective endocarditis, central nervous system infections, and nosocomial pneumonia, are discussed, suggesting ceftaroline fosamil's potential as a valuable therapeutic option. The conclusion underscores its breakthrough status, offering hope in addressing MRSA infections and improving patient outcomes.Item Clinical spectrum and treatment outcomes in variants of Guillain-Barr� syndrome: a case series(Medip Academy, 2024-04) M., Y.; K., M.Guillain-Barr� syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy that is acute, typically severe, and fulminant. GBS has an incidence of 0.81-1.89 (median 1.11) per 100,000 person-years, and men are slightly more susceptible to GBS than females. 70% of individuals acquire this acute flaccid paralysis condition within 1-4 weeks following a respiratory infection or diarrhoea (especially Campylobacter jejuni). There are several identified subtypes of GBS, with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) being the most prevalent. Additionally, there are two "axonal" subtypes: acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), both of which are clinically severe. The clinical trial of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia characterizes a different subtype called Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) linked to anti-GQ1b antibodies. The patient's medical history, along with neurological, electrophysiological, and cerebrospinal fluid tests, are used to diagnose GBS. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and plasma exchange are effective treatments; however, newer approaches are required because 25% of patients eventually need mechanical ventilation, 20% are unable to walk, and 2-5% of patients may experience relapses.Item Exploration Of Bioactive Components Of Thunbergia Coccinea, Its Pharmacognostic, Antioxidant, Gcms And Antihyperglycemic Studies(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2020-06) R. , K. N.; B. , M.; K., M.Objective: An effort currently made to appraise the preliminary phytochemical, pharmacognostic criteria, antioxidant, GCMS and antihyperglycemic investigations of the Thunbergia coccinea leaves. Thunbergia coccinea (T. coccinea) is an ornamental plant considerably practiced by the tribes of forest areas of Assam (INDIA) as an analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antidote, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic and detoxificant substance. Methods: A comprehensive literature survey was conducted to recognize the ethnomedicinal value of T. coccinea, which is currently grown practically in all provinces. The physicochemical constants like moisture content, ash values especially total ash, insoluble acid ash, water-soluble ash and foreign organic matter were determined for the assessment of the drug. Pharmacognostic parameters like fluorescence examination and microscopic characters of the leaf were studied that would serve to verify for contamination. The extract secured by maceration was subjected to the phytochemical inquiry to determine the existence of substances and their antioxidant activity. The antihyperglycemic characteristic of alcoholic extract of the leaf was examined with the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) studies of alcoholic extract of the plant leaf have undertaken to get an insight into the therapeutic properties of the molecules present based on online PASS prediction. Results: Various physicochemical, microscopic parameters studied gave a clear distinguishing and identifying features of T. coccinea leaf. Phytochemical screening gave an insight into the secondary metabolites existing in the plant leaf through picturizing its therapeutic properties against various ailments. Both extracts of T. coccinea leaf showed enhanced antioxidant activities. Nevertheless, the alcoholic leaf extract has shown significant antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 171.38±2.51 μg/ml and AQTC an IC50 value of 206.29±4.5 μg/ml respectively by DPPH method. Further, ACTC showed a better-reducing potential with an IC50 value of 105.74±0.61 μg/ml in comparison with AQTC IC50 value of 203.702±0.97 μg/ml by FRP method. The inhibition potentiality of α-amylase and α-glucosidase was found to be 71.66 % and 83.74 %, respectively at 500 µg/ml that rationally an adequate remedy in the treatment of type-2 diabetes. GCMS studies of the alcoholic extract unveiled the presence of different molecules like Glycerol, tris (trimethylsilyl) ether, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, Undecanoic acid, Ethyl ester, Phytol in comparison with NIST library, thereby giving its predicted therapeutic properties like sugar phosphatase inhibitor, antifungal, phobic disorders treatment, antiviral and so on. Conclusion: The selected plant had many proven therapeutic traits and, possibly, successively united on to the sort of potential therapeutic plants. Besides, isolation and discoveries will lead to the detection of certain novel compounds, which will be of potential medicinal value.Item Physical activity levels and junk food intake among female undergraduate students in Mandya: a cross sectional study(Medip Academy, 2024-06) K., M.; S., P.; M., V.Background: Physical activity (PA) is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. It has been proven that regular physical activity helps control and prevent noncommunicable diseases like diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and several types of cancer. This study aimed to describe the levels of physical activity among female undergraduate students in Mandya and to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice regarding junk food habits. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in Government women’s degree college, Mandya district, South Karnataka between November 2023 to December 2023 among female undergraduate students in the institute. Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ) has been used to describe their physical activity levels. Descriptive statistics like frequency, proportion, mean and standard deviation has been used. Results: The study was conducted among 170 students. Based on the MET values it is found that majority of them had moderate level of PA 81 (47.6%), while 39(22.9%) had high levels and 50 (29.4%) had low PA levels. Of 170 participants, 43 (25%) had junk food intake once a week, 46 (27%) had twice a week, 81 (48%) had thrice or more per week. The association between PA level and junk food was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study help us in understanding the importance of adopting a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular physical activity practice.Item A retrospective observational study on changes in macular thickness with age in normal population using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(Medip Academy, 2023-05) Edwin, M.; Raghavan, R.; K., M.Background: The aim of this study was to determine the changes in macular thickness with age, by SD-OCT and to estimate the inner and outer retinal layer thickness of outer and inner macula based on different zones and to assess their relationship with age. Methods: A retrospective observational study of 50 subjects with age ranging from 21 to 60 years was studied with SD-OCT (10 mm scan). The study was done in the month of April 2021 at Department of Ophthalmology, Sree Gokulam Medical College and Research Foundation. Results: Total macular thickness ranged from 180 to 225 micrometer with no significant change with age. It was found that the thickness of inner retinal layer showed a significant decrease with age in 72% of subjects (p<0.05) and changes in outer layer was not significant. The inner retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in all quadrants was more than outer retinal layer thickness. The nerve fibre layer thickness of outer macula was more than the inner macula followed by the fovea. The RNFL was thickest at the inferior quadrant and thinnest at the temporal quadrants, followed by the nasal quadrant and the superior quadrant. Conclusions: The total macular layer thickness didn’t show any significant change with age. It was found that the inner retinal layer thickness showed a significant decrease with age but outer retinal layer didn’t. This information can be used for clinical studies evaluating the association between macular thickness and various retinal diseases.Item A retrospective observational study on changes in macular thickness with age in normal population using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(Medip Academy, 2023-05) Edwin, M.; Raghavan, R.; K., M.Background: The aim of this study was to determine the changes in macular thickness with age, by SD-OCT and to estimate the inner and outer retinal layer thickness of outer and inner macula based on different zones and to assess their relationship with age. Methods: A retrospective observational study of 50 subjects with age ranging from 21 to 60 years was studied with SD-OCT (10 mm scan). The study was done in the month of April 2021 at Department of Ophthalmology, Sree Gokulam Medical College and Research Foundation. Results: Total macular thickness ranged from 180 to 225 micrometer with no significant change with age. It was found that the thickness of inner retinal layer showed a significant decrease with age in 72% of subjects (p<0.05) and changes in outer layer was not significant. The inner retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in all quadrants was more than outer retinal layer thickness. The nerve fibre layer thickness of outer macula was more than the inner macula followed by the fovea. The RNFL was thickest at the inferior quadrant and thinnest at the temporal quadrants, followed by the nasal quadrant and the superior quadrant. Conclusions: The total macular layer thickness didn’t show any significant change with age. It was found that the inner retinal layer thickness showed a significant decrease with age but outer retinal layer didn’t. This information can be used for clinical studies evaluating the association between macular thickness and various retinal diseases.