Browsing by Author "Datta, K K"

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    Acute sporadic viral hepatitis in urban population of a tribal district in Madhya Pradesh.
    (1998-02-26) Singh, J; Prakash, C; Panda, R; Bora, D; Jain, D C; Datta, K K
    OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of acute sporadic viral hepatitis and describe its epidemiology in an urban population. DESIGN: A retrospective community survey for jaundice cases. SETTING: Headquarter town of a tribal district, Bastar, in Madhya Pradesh state, India. METHOD: Trained paramedics surveyed about 51,643 population to detect cases of jaundice which occurred in the past one year. Cases were examined to collect clinical and epidemiological data. blood samples were drawn from all cases who had jaundice in the past 3 months for testing them for markers of viral hepatitis. RESULTS: Study estimated the annual incidence of jaundice cases as 244 (95% CI 201-287) per 100,000 population. Almost 95% jaundice cases occurred in summer and monsoon months. People from all socio-economic strata were affected. The incidence of jaundice was found to be the highest in children below 15 years of age (3.7 per 1000) which declined significantly with the increase in age (p = 0.0000). The overall incidence in two sexes was not different statistically (p = 0.7). Of 57 cases who had jaundice in the past 3 months, 19 (33%) were confirmed as having viral hepatitis. Hepatitis A and E combined together contributed 68% (13/19) of acute sporadic cases of viral hepatitis, whereas hepatitis B, C and D accounted for the remaining 32% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The study found the annual incidence of laboratory supported cases of viral hepatitis to be 81 (95 CI 57-106) per 100,000 population, which suggests that it is an important public health problem in India. Hepatitis A was much more prevalent than hepatitis E. Etiology of almost two-thirds of jaundice cases could not be established which require further community studies.
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    Anthrax.
    (2002-01-06) Datta, K K; Singh, Jagvir
    Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, an encapulated and spore-forming bacillus. The disease is usually contracted through uptake of spores that remain viable in the contaminated soil for many years. Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous animals and is uncommon in humans who may get the infection through contact with contaminated animals or their products. Anthrax spores germinate after entering the body through skin abrasions (cutaneous anthrax) or by inhalation (inhalation anthrax) or ingestion (gastrointestinal anthrax) and multiply to produce two exotoxins which determine the virulence along with capsule. Although most cases occur within 48 hours of exposure, germination of spores may occur upto 60 days later. While inhalation anthrax is almost always fatal, intestinal anthrax results in death in 25% to 60% of cases. Upto 20% of cases having cutaneous anthrax may die. Antibiotics are effective if the disease is recognised early and treated appropriately. Penicillin is the drug of choice when disease occurs in natural setting. Ciprofloxacin is recommended when aerosols of anthrax spores are used as bioweapon, prophylactic antibiotics should not be prescribed until risk of exposure is considered real by experts.
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    Appropriate season for measles immunisation campaign in India.
    (1995-09-01) Singh, J; Jain, D C; Datta, K K
    Review of literature on the seasonality of measles in India reveals that measles occur throughout the year with peaks around March, while October-November are the low transmission months. The epidemics of measles however, occur any time during the year. Nevertheless, measles vaccination campaigns are carried out in India in the Month of March to increase the vaccine coverage levels. Being the low transmission season, October and November may be more appropriate for undertaking measles campaigns in India.
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    Bancroftian filariasis in Bagdogra town, district Darjeeling (West Bengal).
    (2002-06-11) Singh, Sukhvir; Bora, D; Sharma, R C; Datta, K K
    Filaria endemicity is probably gradually increasing over the years in Bagdogra town, district Darjeeling (West Bengal). Of 1511 night blood smears examined, 35 were found positive for Wuchereria bancrofti (mf rate 2.32%). The microfilaria (mf) rates for males and females were 2.84% and 1.79 % respectively. The age of these positives ranged from 5-45 years. The mf rate was highest (4.46%) in the age group of 20-29 years. All mf carriers were local residents of Bagdogra and Wuchereria bancrofti was only the infection encountered. Mean microfilaria density was 7.71 per 20 cmm. of blood, whereas Median microfilaria density (MFD50) was 21 per 20 cmm. of blood. Disease and filarial endemicity rates were 0.33% and 2.65% respectively. Ten man hour vector mosquito density ranged from 30 to 65. Out of 49 female Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes dissected for the presence of filaria infection, none was found positive for the infection. During 1976 survey in the same town, mf rate was 1.6% and disease rate was nil.
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    Case series evaluation of BCG vaccine efficacy against tubercular meningitis in children in Delhi.
    (1993-06-01) Bhattacharjee, J; Sharma, R S; Singh, J; Datta, K K; Verghese, T
    Tubercular meningitis (TBM) is a very serious disease of childhood. BCG vaccination under Universal Immunisation Programme is the only available way of preventing this disease. The present series using case-control method, evaluated efficacy of BCG against TBM in children to be 57 per cent. Suggestion has been made to initiate TBM surveillance in children and conduct multicentric prospective case-control study of similar type.
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    Cholera outbreak in rural areas of southern Rajasthan.
    (2002-09-02) Gupta, R S; Meena, V R; Jain, D C; Datta, K K
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    Combined cytogenetic effects of endosulfan & metepa in male rats.
    (1978-09-01) Dikshith, T S; Nath, G; Datta, K K
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    Diagnostic utility of estimation of mycobacterial antigen A60 specific immunoglobulins in serum and CSF in adult neurotuberculosis.
    (2000-03-29) Maheshwari, A; Gupta, H L; Gupta, S; Bhatia, R; Datta, K K
    An ELISA assay based on mycobacterial antigen A60 (Anda, Biologicals France) was used to detect specific immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA and IgG) in 48 cases of adult neurotuberculosis (24 TBM; 24 Tuberculoma) and in 48 controls (24 diseased controls; 24 healthy controls). Serum was analysed in all the subjects whereas CSF was assayed only in TBM cases and diseased controls. The cut off values used for IgM, IgG and IgA in this study were 1.500 ODI (optical density index) at 1:100 dil, 250 units/ml and 150units/ml respectively in serum; and 1.500 ODI at 1:10 dil, 10 units/ml and 10 units/ml respectively in CSF. The mean titres of all three antibodies were found to be significantly higher in cases as compared to controls. In cases of TBM, in serum, the percentage positivity for IgM, IgG, IgA and combination of IgG or IgA were 41.67, 87.50 87.50 and 95.83 respectively. The corresponding figures in CSF were 62.50, 75.0, 66.67 and 79.16 for IgM, IgG, IgA and 'IgA or IgM' respectively. In tuberculoma cases, in serum, the figures were 37.50, 75.0, 75.0 and 83.33 respectively. Overall, a high sensitivity and specificity were obtained in cases of TBM (Serum: ST = 95.83%: SP = 87.50%; CSF ST = 79.16%. SP = 100%) and Tuberculoma cases (serum: ST = 83.33% SP = 87.50%) employing the combined antibody estimations.
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    Diarrhoeal diseases amongst children under five. A study in rural Alwar.
    (1992-09-01) Singh, J; Gowriswari, D; Chavan, B R; Patiat, R A; Debnath, A C; Jain, D C; Sharma, R S; Sharma, R C; Datta, K K
    A house to house survey was done in three villages of district Alwar covering 875 children under five years age. Two week incidence of diarrhoea morbidity was 2.27 episodes/child/year taking into consideration the seasonal correction factor. The incidence decreased with increase of age. Incidence was found significantly more in children of illiterate mother (p < 0.05). Children of poor socio-economic conditions as determined by occupational status (labourers) suffered significantly more often from diarrhoea as compared to children of higher socio-economic status (agriculturist and others). Fifty per cent episodes of diarrhoea were treated with antibiotics, and only one child was given ORS. It is a matter of concern. About 3.7 per cent mothers washed their hands before preparing meals while, 1.6 per cent washed their hands after toilet. Only 2 per cent mothers had the knowledge of preparing the home made salt sugar solution. An intensive health education campaign is therefore, necessary for health professionals as well as mothers.
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    Effect of methyl demeton on vital organs & cholinesterase in male rats.
    (1980-02-01) Dikshith, T S; Datta, K K; Kushwah, H S; Chandra, P; Raizada, R B
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    Effect of repeated oral administration of quinalphos to male goat (Capra hircus).
    (1982-12) Dikshith, T S S; Datta, K K; Raizada, R B
    Quinalphos given in daily oral doses of 0.5 mg/kg for 110 days induced severe signs of organophosphorus poisoning in male goats. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in erythrocyte was highly significant. The activity of liver glutamic; oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic; pyruvic.transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and protein indicated marked alteration. The haematological changes were however, relatively less significant with the exception of a very low count of red blood cells and white blood cells in the treated animals. Among the vital organs, only liver suggested mild cellular changes due to quinalphos intoxication. There was no significant pathological change in other organs of the treated animals. In animals observed after 15 and 30 days rest, the activity of acetylcholinesterase in red blood cells and haematological picture showed a fairly good recovery. This study suggests that although quinalphos in low concentrations did not produce discernible cellular changes, it induced highly significant enzymatic and haematological changes in the goat.
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    Effects of paraquat dichloride in male rabbits.
    (1979-09-01) Dikshith, T S; Datta, K K; Raizada, R B; Kushwah, H S
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    Epidemiological evaluation of BCG vaccine efficacy in Delhi--1989.
    (1989-09-01) Sharma, R S; Srivastava, D K; Singh, A A; Kumaraswamy, R K; Mullick, D N; Rungsung, N; Datta, A K; Bhuiya, G C; Datta, K K
    A field evaluation of efficacy of BCG vaccine to prevent tubercular meningitis was undertaken in a case control study in Delhi during 1988-89. Each case of tubercular meningitis was matched by age and neighbourhood with 2 controls from the community. Thirty-seven cases of tubercular meningitis were matched with 74 controls and thus 37 triplets were analysed. ODDS RATIO between BCG vaccinated and non vaccinated individuals for acquisition of tubercular meningitis was 11.3. This gives 84 per cent efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of TB meningitis under the field conditions prevailing in Delhi. Paired matched analysis of tubercular meningitis with the control group 1 and 2 separately revealed the ODDS RATIO to be 9.5 and 15 respectively. The corresponding BCG vaccine efficacy worked out were 90 and 93 per cent respectively. Authors suggest that this method of evaluating BCG vaccine efficacy is fairly reliable and cost effective. This methodology could be further simplified by using hospital patients as control and be introduced to evaluate BCG vaccine efficacy in different areas with reference to its role in preventing tubercular meningitis under the programme of immunisation.
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    Epidemiological features of cholera outbreak in Delhi in 1988.
    (1993-06-01) Datta, K K; Bandyopadhyay, S; Khanna, K K; Banerjee, K
    During 1988 a large scale outbreak of cholera occurred in Delhi giving rise to a total of 1708 bacteriologically proved El Tor cholera cases, the highest number recorded in a single year in Delhi, following its first detection in 1965. Civil lines and Shahdara zones were the worst affected areas recording 85.7 and 55.7 cases per 100,000 population respectively. The highest incidence rate was observed in the age group of 1-4 years (77 per 100,000). Males and females were equally affected. The data of moving average show the endemicity of cholera in Delhi with an increasing trend. The risk factors identified are lower socioeconomic status, poor personal hygiene, drinking water and food storage practices.
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    Epidemiological profile of Japanese encephalitis in Gorakhpur district, Uttar Pradesh, 1982-1988.
    (1992-09-01) Kar, N J; Bora, D; Sharma, R C; Bhattacharjee, J; Datta, K K; Sharma, R S
    An in-depth study of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) situation in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh from 1982-1988 showed increasing trend in the incidence of JE. Total number of annual cases and case fatality rate (CFR) rose from 118 and 23.7 per cent in 1982 to 772 and 32.2 per cent in 1988 respectively. A definite increase was noticed in the number of cases per block following lull years in 1984 and 1987. Among the total affected 1201 villages, 1083 were affected only once. All age groups were affected and the disease showed marked seasonality during August to November. JE, which came in epidemic form in earlier years has established in the area in endemic form.
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    Epidemiological profile of outbreaks of cholera in India during 1975-1989.
    (1990-09-01) Datta, K K; Singh, J
    Cholera has been present in India since antiquity. Six pandemics originated in Indian subcontinent. The present seventh pandemic caused by El Tor Vibrio cholerae started from Indonesia (Sulawesi) in 1961 and entered India in 1964. By the end of 1965 it has replaced the age old classical V. cholerae. Many of the States which never had cholera or were free from it for a long time got infected and became endemic foci of El Tor infection. This article reviews the epidemiological features of important outbreaks reported after 1975 in India.
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    Epidemiological studies on bancroftian filariasis in East Godavari district (Andhra Pradesh): baseline filariometric indices.
    (1980-05-01) Rao, C K; Datta, K K; Sundaram, R M; Ramaprasad, K; Rao, J S; Venkatanarayana, M; Nath, V V; Rao, P K; Rao, C K; Das, M; Sharma, S P
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    Epidemiology of a jaundice outbreak in Rairangpur town in Orissa.
    (1993-03-01) Bora, D; Prakash, C; Bhattacharjee, J; Datta, K K
    A jaundice epidemic broke out in Rairangpur town of Orissa during December 1989 to January 1990. The attack rate was 1.2 per cent with 89.8 per cent cases among 11-40 years age group. Male-female ratio of cases was 2.3:1. The source of infection was traced to contamination of drinking water from leakage in the pipe line which was confirmed by a subsequent case control study. The outbreak was due to enterically transmitted Non A Non B hepatitis virus.
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    Epidemiology of measles--a thirteen years prospective study in a village.
    (1989-09-01) Chand, P; Rai, R N; Chawla, U; Tripathi, K C; Datta, K K
    A prospective study on measles was undertaken during 1974 to 1986 in Hiramanpur village, Varanasi having an initial population of 1538 which rose to 2101 in 1986 enabling to register a total of 23,221 (all population) person years of observation and a total of 9191 (0-14 years) person years of observation. The entire population was covered regularly through domicilliary visits by trained para-medical personnel under direct supervision of medical officers. All cases were verified by doctors. A total of 411 measles cases were detected, which gave average annual incidence rates of 17.7 and 44.7 per thousand population and per thousand children (0-14 yrs), respectively. The maximum number of cases occurred in Ist quarter of the year (69.7 per cent). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistical method validated the seasonal character of the disease (Vn = 5.18, p less than 0.01). The maximum measles cases occurred in children 1-4 yrs (57.4 per cent). Males (54.9 per cent) were affected slightly more than females (45.1 per cent). A total of 246 (59.9 per cent) cases developed complications. The most frequent was respiratory infections (42.2 per cent) followed by infection of gastrointestinal system (32.2 per cent). The complication rates were found higher in infants and older children (greater than 5 yrs.) in both the sexes. Three-fourth of the cases did not get any treatment. The overall case-fatality rate was 2.2 per cent. Females had higher rate (3.3 per cent) than males (1.3 per cent) and the highest case fatality rate was observed in infants, particularly in females.
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    Evaluation of mass pulse immunization with oral polio vaccine in Delhi: is pre-registration of children necessary?
    (1996-03-01) Bandyopadhyay, S; Banerjee, K; Datta, K K; Atwood, S J; Langmire, C M; Andrus, J K
    Delhi was the fourth State in India to conduct mass immunization of children (Pulse Polio Immunization) of the < 3 year age group with Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) as a strategy towards the eradication of poliomyelitis. This study attempted to evaluate the immunization coverage achieved and the channels of communication which were effective in increasing coverage in three high risk areas of Delhi during October 1994. The overall immunization coverage was 89%. Information sources like enumeration visits, posters, television, radio and schools statistically correlated with the Pulse Polio Immunization (PPI) outcome. However, the cost of enumeration was high. Other less expensive channels of communication appeared to be equally effective. Only 11% of the children surveyed were not immunized with PPI OPV. The major reasons why some children did not receive OPV was that parents were "not informed" or they were "too busy".