Browsing by Author "Acharya, D"
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Item Acute respiratory infections in children: a community based longitudinal study in south India.(2003-01-16) Acharya, D; Prasanna, K S; Nair, Sreekumaran; Rao, R S PA community based longitudinal study was conducted in Malpe, a coastal village of Udupi district, Karnataka state, to investigate acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children. A cohort of 91 children under 3 years of age were followed up for 1 year, leading to 2047 fortnightly observation. On an average every child had 11.3 months of follow up. The overall incidence of ARI was 6.42 episodes per child per year. On an average each episode lasted for 5.06 days. Mean duration of ARI during one year was 32.5 days per child. Most of the ARI episodes in children (91.3%) were of simple Cough & Cold (no pneumonia). However, 8.2% developed pneumonia and only 0.51% had severe pneumonia. Incidence of ARI was almost same in male and female children. There was no significant difference in incidence among various age groups. But the incidence of pneumonia was significantly higher among infants (p<0.00002). Children of poor housing with smoke producing conditions suffered more frequently (p,002).Item Atrial entrapment of flow directed pulmonary artery catheter-a technique for non-surgical removal.(1998-01-11) Vakamudi, M; Ramakrishnan, T V; Rao, S; Acharya, D; Kamat, V; Srinivasa, S K; Saldana, R; Balakrishnan, K RA 43 year old patient who underwent mitral valve replacement had pulmonary artery catheter inserted before induction of anaesthesia. The catheter could no be removed postoperatively by routine manoeuvres in the intensive care unit. Fluoroscopy in the cardiac catheterization revealed a straight course of the catheter indicating the probability of its inclusion in the left atrial suture line. The pulmonary artery catheter was successfully removed percutaneously in the cardiac catheterization laborartory. The procedure is described.Item An epidemiological study of paralytic poliomyelitis cases in Kasturba Hospital, Manipal.(1989-09-01) Acharya, D; Chakladar, B KAn analysis of hospital records at Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Manipal for 8 years revealed a declining trend of paralytic poliomyelitis cases. A lameness survey carried out in children of 5-9 years age group in the community showed an incidence of 0.56 per 1000 children in 0-4 years age group. Vaccination survey carried out in the same community showed coverage of 70 per cent with OPV. Number of children with poliomyelitis having history of full immunization showed an increasing trend.Item Evaluation of immunogenicity and tolerance of single dose haemophilus influenzae type B (PRP-T) vaccine.(1995-10-01) Acharya, D; Desai, A; Nanavaty, N; Pandit, A; Patel, V; Shah, J; Shendurnikar, N; Singh, S; Taneja, A; Vani, SOBJECTIVE: Evaluation of immunogenicity and acceptability of PRP-T vaccine among the Indian children. DESIGN: Multicentric, open, parallel group, comparative study of Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine, given as single (Group I) or associated (Group II) with DPT vaccine. SETTING: Five different vaccination clinics. SUBJECTS: 125 children between the age group of 18-24 months. PARAMETERS: Measurement of (i) pre and post vaccination antibody titres of Haemophilus influenze type B specific antibody; (ii) Adverse events; and (iii) Tolerance as graded by the physician. RESULTS: Prevaccination antibody levels were > 0.15 mcg/ml in 56.3% in Group I and 35.7% in Group II. Post-seroconversion was seen in 97% in Group II receiving single and all in Group II (P > 0.05). The vaccine was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: The probability of subclinical infection or cross immunity is high in India. ACTHIB vaccine has a good immunogenicity and tolerance and association with DPT does not modify the immunogenicity of ACTHIB vaccine.Item Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in India: need and timing, immunogenecity and tolerance.(1997-01-01) Acharya, D; Bhave, S; Joshi, V; Bavdekar, A; Pandit, AOBJECTIVE: (i) To assess the natural immunity and susceptibility to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infections in children in India. (ii) To study the immunogenecity and tolerance of Hib vaccine (ACTHIB) in young infants. DESIGNS: (i) Cross sectional study. (ii) Prospective trial. SETTING: Well baby and immunization clinics. METHODS: (i) PRP antibody titers against Hib estimated in 172 healthy infants and children aged 1 month to 10 years. (ii) Antibody titres estimated before and after ACTHIB vaccine given with primary immunization (age group 6 to 8 weeks) in 50 babies. RESULTS: (i) Naturally protective levels of Hib antibodies found in less than 20% of infants under one year, but in over 80% above 4 years. (ii) Seroconversion after ACTHIB vaccination was 100% with very high protective levels. There were no significant adverse reactions. CONCLUSIONS: ACTHIB vaccine proved to be safe and highly immunogenic. As susceptibility to Hib is highest in the first year of life, the vaccine should be recommended in the primary immunization schedule (combined with DPT). The very high titers achieved suggest the possibility of decreasing the number of doses or the amount of antigen to reduce the prevalent high cost.Item Influence of parental literacy and socio-economic status on infant mortality.(1996-11-01) Rao, R S; Chakladar, B K; Nair, N S; Kutty, P R; Acharya, D; Bhat, V; Chandrasekhar, S; Rodrigues, V C; Kumar, P; Nagaraj, K; Prasad, K N; Krishnan, LThe influence of parental literacy and socio-economic status (SES) on infant mortality rate (IMR) was studied. This report is only a part of much larger community-based prospective study conducted to determine the factors influencing infant mortality in Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka, by the Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, with the financial assistance form IDRC, Canada. A total of 12,857 livebirths during the period of October 1, 1991, to September 30, 1992, where registered and followed up for one year. There were 391 infant deaths which gives an IMR of 30.4 per 1,000 livebirths. Univariate analysis and subsequent stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that, literacy and SES have a very significant role in reducing IMR.Item Prevalence of goitre among school children in Belgaum District.(2009-08) Kamath, R; Bhat, V; Rao, R S P; Acharya, D; Kapil, U; Kotian, M S; Nayak, D SObjective. A school survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of goitre among schoolchildren in Belgaum district. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in primary, middle and high schools of villages selected. All the children of the selected schools were examined for the presence of goitre and the salt samples obtained from their homes were tested for iodine content. Results. Overall prevalence of goitre was 16.7%. Prevalence of palpable goitre was 16.4 % and visible goitre was very low (0.3%). Higher prevalence was found among females (21.1%) when compared to that of male children (12.8 %). Prevalence of goitre increased significantly with advancement of age until 16-yr. 72.1 % children were consuming rock salt and only 27.9 % were consuming powdered salt at their homes. Estimation of Iodine content in the salt samples showed that 68.7 % of the sample had inadequate iodine content. Prevalence of goitre was significantly high among children who consumed rock salt (16.2%) as compared to those who used powdered salt (11%). Conclusion. Strict implementation of salt codization and marketing in rural area is desired. Also health education programme be showed.Item Socio-demographic and maternal determinants of low birth weight: a multivariate approach.(2000-01-01) Nair, N S; Rao, R S; Chandrashekar, S; Acharya, D; Bhat, H VA community based study was conducted in the rural areas of Udupi taluk, Karnataka state of South India to identify the socio-demographic, maternal and obstetric determinants of low birth weight. All singleton live births that occurred in the study area during a one year period (October 1991 to September 1992) were included. A total of 2919 singleton child-mother pairs formed the basis of the analysis. Information about social, demographic and economic conditions of the families; maternal factors such as age, parity, quality of antenatal care and previous obstetric history were collected by interviewing the mothers and family members and verifying the available medical records through the field investigators especially recruited and trained for this purpose. Data was analyzed using multiple logistic regression model. Primis, elderly mothers and mothers who had not received good quality antenatal care were found to be more at risk of having low birth weight babies. Other significant determinants were family custom, socio-economic status and environmental sanitation.