Era's Journal of Medical Research

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EFFICACY AND DISADVANTAGES OF REGENERATIVE DENTISTRY
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Khan, Kafilul Bari
Regenerative dentistry has emerged as a promising field aiming to restore and repair damaged dental tissues through the activation of natural healing processes. This comprehensive review examines the efficacy and disadvantages associated with regenerative approaches in dentistry. By synthesizing existing literature and clinical evidence, we provide an in-depth analysis of various regenerative techniques, including pulp regeneration, periodontal regeneration, and bone regeneration. Pulp regeneration procedures, such as pulp capping and revascularization, have shown promising outcomes in preserving pulpal vitality and promoting dentin formation. Similarly, periodontal regeneration therapies, such as guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and enamel matrix derivatives (EMDs), have demonstrated efficacy in promoting periodontal tissue regeneration and mitigating periodontal defects. Additionally, bone grafting procedures combined with growth factors and biomaterial scaffolds have facilitated successful implant placement and prosthetic rehabilitation in edentulous patients. Despite these advancements, regenerative dentistry faces challenges such as patient variability, regulatory considerations, cost, and long-term stability. Patient selection and personalized treatment planning are essential to optimize outcomes and minimize the risk of treatment failure. Regulatory compliance and adherence to established guidelines are crucial to ensure patient safety and treatment efficacy. Furthermore, addressing the financial barriers and accessibility issues associated with regenerative procedures is imperative to broaden their reach and impact. Long-term studies evaluating the stability and durability of regenerative outcomes are warranted to assess the longevity of regenerated tissues and prevent adverse outcomes. Overall, regenerative dentistry holds immense promise for improving patient care and treatment outcomes, but careful consideration of its limitations is essential for informed decision-making and successful clinical implementation.
MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS: A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS TREATMENT
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Saharia, Violina; Porwal, Paras; Gupta, Rahul; Ahmad, Ausaf
There are high hopes for stem cell therapies for tissue repair because there are currently no treatments that promote the remyelination and regeneration of the neuronal network that has been damaged by the autoimmune onslaught that is present in multiple sclerosis (MS). Because of their alleged aptitude to transdifferentiate into brain cells and their power to modulate immunological responses, It has been proposed that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be used to treat MS. In the present review we highlighted the possible use of MSCs in MS patients as an alternate novel option. The small number of MS patients in research and the lack of positive benefits of MSC transplantation in cells treatments have been examined. Furthermore, the primary challenges and hazards associated with MSC therapy for MS patients have been elucidated. In conclusion, the MS treatment with MSC-based stem cell therapy showed lot of promise. However, a multitude of issues and restrictions that need to be fixed. Further research and quantification are required regarding the precise the cell stage to be transplanted, the precise description of the cell type to be given, the transplanted cells' in vivo destiny in different inflammatory models, the dosage, the mode of administration, the length of the therapeutic effect, and the stem cells' genomic stability.
METHODOLOGIES IN PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Beg, Sheza Waqar
By utilizing a variety of statistical methods and machine learning algorithms to estimate student outcomes and improve instructional practices, predictive analytics is transforming the field of medical education. This thorough analysis examines the many approaches—such as statistical procedures, machine learning algorithms, data mining techniques, and instructional data mining approaches—that are used in predictive analytics in medical education. Fundamental tools in statistics include survival analysis and regression analysis. Exam results and pass/fail rates are two examples of continuous and binary outcomes that are predicted by linear and logistic regression models, respectively. For time-to-event data, survival analysis—which uses the Kaplan-Meier estimator and the Cox proportional hazards model-is essential for estimating dropout rates and graduation times. Predictive analytics has greatly evolved thanks to machine learning algorithms, which provide reliable models for complicated data. For forecasting student performance and detecting at-risk pupils, supervised learning methods such as decision trees, random forests, support vector machines, and neural networks are widely utilized. Unsupervised learning techniques that reveal hidden patterns and important variables impacting results include principal component analysis and clustering. Although less popular, reinforcement learning has potential for personalized, adaptive learning systems. To extract meaningful insights from massive datasets, data mining techniques like sequence analysis, text mining, and association rule mining are crucial. These techniques measure performance development, identify connections between student actions and academic results, and evaluate textual data—such as feedback—to forecast engagement and satisfaction. Learning analytics and educational data mining (EDM) are fields that concentrate on creating and using techniques to comprehend and enhance learning processes. Within EDM, predictive modeling projects student performance, while descriptive and prescriptive analytics offer analysis and suggestions for how to go better. In order to forecast group performance, social network analysis looks at relationships within educational networks. Applications of predictive analytics in medical education are vast. Predicting student performance and early identification of at-risk students enable targeted interventions. Predictive models also inform curriculum development by identifying effective components and areas needing enhancement. Personalized learning systems adapt content and resources to individual student needs, improving learning outcomes.However, the implementation of predictive analytics in medical education raises ethical considerations and challenges. Ensuring data privacy and compliance with regulations, mitigating biases in models, enhancing interpretability of complex algorithms, and integrating these tools into existing systems are critical issues that need addressing. In conclusion, predictive analytics offers transformative potential for medical education, enhancing student performance, retention, and curriculum effectiveness. Future research should focus on developing sophisticated models for deeper insights and establishing ethical frameworks to safeguard student privacy and promote fairness. Predictive analytics is expected to become more and more important in determining how medical education develops in the future as technology develops.
EFFECT OF ALCOHOL INTAKE AND CIGARETTE SMOKING ON LIPID PROFILE LEVELS AND SELECTED INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Adunmo, Godwin Olawoyinbn; Adeniyi, Temidayo Daniel; Olorunfemi, Oluwaloseyi Ayoposi; Adunmo, Eyitayo Olutoyin; Stephen, David Adesoye; Ajayi, Abayomi Joseph
Background: Alcoholism and cigarette smoking pose serious health risks globally. They have a connection to several diseases that are the main causes of sickness and death. Relatively few studies have examined the effects of alcohol use and cigarette smoking on lipid profile levels and particular inflammatory biomarkers, in contrast to the substantial body of research on the effects of smoking on traditional indicators that explain the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, we assess how lipid profile levels and certain inflammatory biomarkers are affected by alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. Method: The study involved the recruitment of 160 participants. Data pertaining to their medical records, daily alcohol and cigarette use, and length of smoking were gathered using a structured questionnaire. The participants were divided into additional groups: smokers (40), alcoholics (40), alcoholic-smokers (40), and controls (40). Spectrophotometric analysis was used to assess the overall cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, protein content in general, and CRP. LDL-cholesterol, cardiac risk Indices and atherogenic Indices were determined using Friedewald and Castelli formulas, respectively. Result: In comparison with the control group, the levels of total protein and albumin were considerably lower in smokers, alcoholics, and alcoholic-smokers (p < 0.05). In contrast, CRP levels were elevated in smokers, alcoholics, and alcoholic-smokers when compared with controls. But as compared to smokers, the number of alcoholics and alcoholic-smokers is significantly lower. Serum levels of low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and overall cholesterol were found to be considerably higher in the groups than in the control group. In relation to the control, the groups' HDL-C levels were, however, far lower. Cardiac risk indices and atherogenic indices were significantly elevated between the groups in contrast to the control. Conclusion: This present study suggests that both cigarette smokers and alcoholics may promote systemic inflammatory processes and systemic lipid disorders. These findings may give an insight to the mechanism by which smoking, and alcohol intake promote arterial sclerosis.
BIOCOMPATIBILITY, CYTOTOXICITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L. AERIAL EXTRACTS: IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDY
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Rahamouz-Haghighi, Samaneh; Sharafi, Ali
Plantago lanceolata L. is classified as Plantaginaceae family. Its bioactive properties have been documented in scientific literature, suggesting its efficacy in therapeutic interventions across a spectrum of medical conditions, with a particular focus on cancer treatment. The acetonic and alcoholic extracts of P. lanceolata aerial organs were subjected to the MTT technique, Artemia salina, oral acute hemolysis, GC-MS, and phytochemical screening to determine their in vitro cytotoxic impact, in vivo toxicity, biocompatibility, and phytochemical screening, respectively. The P. lanceolata acetonic extracts exhibited the lowest IC values on HCT-116 and HEK-50 293 cells. Between 185.04 and 123.98 ?g/mL. P. lanceolata extracts in methanol and ethanol showed no toxicity against A. salina (LC : 27.25 mg/mL and 14.42 mg/mL). For four hours, the tested dosages of the alcoholic extract on50 red blood cells showed no signs of toxicity. One week following treatment, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of P. lanceolata were not deadly when taken orally. On the Hodge and Sterner scale, P. lanceolata extracts showed no indications of toxicity. P. lanceolata's methanolic extract was described by its primary chemical elements, including n-hexadecanoic acid (15.00%); octadecanoic acid (9.80%); cis-vaccenic acid (5.66%), and 2,3-dihydroxysuccinic acid (5.66%). P. lanceolata acetonic extract contained n-hexadecanoic acid(1.53%), oleic Acid (1.34%) and linoleic acid (1.15%). The methanolic and ethanolic extracts did not induce hemolysis and were more cytotoxic against HCT- 116 compared to HEK-293. From a pharmaceutical point of view, if toxic drugs show selective toxicity against cancer cells and are non-toxic against normal cells, it is considered advantageous.
ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE AND UTILIZATION OF “SUMAN” SCHEME AMONG THE ELIGIBLE WOMEN IN SELECTED RURAL COMMUNITY LUCKNOW
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Verma, Divya; Singh, Sonia Agnes
A non-experimental survey was conducted to assess the cognition, and use of “SUMAN scheme” for the eligible women in the chosen rustic gathering Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. The study aimed to assess the knowledge, and utilization of suman yojana amongst the women residing in selected rural community and to find out the association between study finding with selected demographic variables. Total 70 samples were chosen using favorable sampling method. For collection of data, organized cognition and utilisation form tools were taken through socio demographic variables in one week. The study result were pretending that reported to SUMAN scheme, the level of knowledge for eligible women was scored as 39 (55.7%) of majority women had moderate knowledge, 16 (22.9%) had inadequate knowledge and, 15 (21.4%) people had adequate. However, according to the level of utilization of the women were scored to poor utilisation of 33 (47.%), average utilization of 32 (45.7%) and, good utilization 5 (7.1%). The results concluded that India has every year reported high pocket of expending. Thus, approximately 3.2% Indians fall below the poorness mark and three- fourth Indians expend their total income connected health aid and buying medicine. Hence, important aim of SUMAN scheme is to make the individual or women community to access SUMAN scheme among the eligible women to utilize their knowledge for health care without any financial hardship and effort.
CYTOMORPHOLOGICAL SCORING OF BREAST LESIONS AND ITS HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Nath, Kunvar Abhishek; Mustaqueem, Syed Fiza; Agrawal, Megha
It is possible to diagnose benign & malignant breast lesions with the aid of fine needle aspiration cytology. Masood created a scoring method known as the Modified Masood's Scoring Index to help classify breast lesions. To estimate the cytological scoring of breast masses and correlation of findings with histological diagnosis. This study was done in the Cyto-Histology Department, Integral Hospital Lucknow for the duration of two years. The results were compared with gold standard histological diagnosis and classified using Modified Masood's Scoring Index. A total of 105 cases, females aged 15 to 70 with a mean age of 25.37 (SD=9.71) years were examined. On the left side, breast lumps were more common (547.1%) than on the right. The highest number of benign instances (84%) discovered in the younger age group, but malignant cases were more common in those over 35. Cytological analysis revealed that 73 (69.5%) of the cases had proliferative breast disease without atypia. Modified Masood's Scoring Index’s overall sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 100%, 97.87%, 98.1%, 84.62%, and 100%, respectively. A valuable diagnostic technique for breast masses is fine needle aspiration cytology, which offers a quick and precise diagnosis. Masood's Modified Scoring Index demonstrated a strong histopathological correlation.
NAVIGATING COMPLEXITIES: A CASE STUDY ON ASPIRATION PNEUMONITIS AND SEPTIC SHOCK IN A CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Sharma, Priyanka; Bano, Beenish; Akther, Mantasha; Shamim, Faraz; Sharma, Akanksha; Nishat -I- Iram
The 63-year-old male patient's clinical course is given in this case study. The patient initially appeared with altered sensorium, dyspnea, decreased appetite, and decreased urine output. Physical examination revealed enlarged kidneys and mild hepatomegaly accompanied by hematological abnormalities including severe anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and coagulopathy. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed metabolic alkalosis, while microscopic examination showed microcytic hypochromic red blood cells and neutrophilic leukocytosis. Following assessment, the patient required intubation due to respiratory distress. Despite intensive care management, the patient deteriorated rapidly, eventually succumbing to aspiration pneumonitis complicated by septic shock. This case highlights the challenges in managing critically ill patients with multiple organ involvement, emphasizing the importance of early recognition and intervention in cases of aspiration events to mitigate the risk of severe complications such as septic shock. Furthermore, it underscores the need for comprehensive care strategies tailored to address both the underlying pathology and associated systemic consequences in similar clinical scenarios.
EVAN’S SYNDROME – A RARE ENTITY
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Bano, Beenish; Akther, Mantasha; Sharma, Priyanka; Shamim, Faraz; Sharma, Akanksha; Khan, Farheen
The Evans syndrome was first identified by Robert Evans in 1951. Primary thrombocytopenic purpura and acquired hemolytic anemia are r e l a t e d b y a r a r e a u t o i m m u n e d i s e a s e . I m m u n o l o g i c a l thrombocytopenia (ITP) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) may develop in this illness simultaneously or consecutively, and immunological neutropenia may also follow ITP. About 2–5% of ITP patients and 5–10% of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia cases have Evans syndrome, which is often identified by exclusion. Our case report focuses on a female patient, age 15, who complained of anemia, jaundice, and petechiae. Her lab tests revealed higher amounts of reticulocytes, lactic dehydrogenase, positive Coomb's test, and indirect bilirubin. Due to the presence of thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia that tested positive for Coomb's, she was diagnosed with Evan's syndrome. There was no main autoimmune illness indicated by the negative ANA profile for SS-A. Evans syndrome can be hard to diagnose and treat. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs are commonly used in treatment.
FROM MICROCYTIC ANEMIA TO ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA: A CASE REPORT OF RAPID HEMATOLOGIC TRANSFORMATION
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Nishat-I Iram; Vaish, Rashi; Bano, Beenish; Zehra, Andleeb; Sharma, Akanksha; Sharma, Priyanka
This case study outlines the clinical progression of a 22-year-old male patient who initially reported symptoms of fever, severe fatigue and loss of appetite. Physical examination revealed mild splenomegaly accompanied by hematological abnormalities including moderate anemia and leukocytosis. General blood picture showed microcytic hypochromic red blood cells and neutrophilic leukocytosis with total leucocyte count of 16800/cu mm having 76% neutrophils, 22% lymphocytes, 1% eosinophils and 1% monocytes. Platelet count was within normal range and approximately 1.5 lac/cu mm. There was no significant past medical history or family history nor any history of smoking or alcohol abuse. Chest X-ray revealed only mild prominent broncho vascular marking. Patient was treated with antibiotics and came for follow up within a month with symptoms of fatigue and mild breathlessness on exertion. Examination revealed hepatosplenomegaly and on ultrasonogram hepatosplenomegaly with left sided gross pleural effusion and abdominal lymphadenopathy was revealed. On repeating a complete blood count, it showed marked leukocytosis with 90% lymphocytes. The peripheral blood smear examination revealed 80% lymphoblasts 10% neutrophils 8%lymphocytes and 2% eosinophils. This case shows the transformation of blood picture to acute lymphoblastic leukemia within a month's time in a 22 years old male.
PROLIFERATING TRICHILEMMAL CYST OF SCALP –A CASE REPORT
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Sheikh, Iqra; Kazmi, Alina; Zaidi, Noorin; Irfan, Sumaiya; Lal, Nirupma
Trichomonas proliferating cyst is an rare tumour that develops from the follicular isthmus and has trichilemmal keratinization as its histological signature. The case of a growing trichilemmal cyst in a 41-year-old lady is described, along with a correlation of the clinical, radiographic, macroscopic, and microscopic findings.
PSEUDO NECROTIZING SCLERITIS FOLLOWING IMPROPER ADMINISTRATION OF POSTERIOR SUB TENON INJECTION: CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND AS-OCT FEATURES
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Kohli, Gaurav; Singh, Luxmi; Nigam, Bharti
We present a case of pseudo necrotizing scleritis (NS,) following inadvertent subconjunctival administration of triamcinolone acetonide. Clinical presentation imitated that of necrotizing scleritis, with features of ulceration and episcleral inflammation. Diagnostic curratge of the lesion ruled out infectious etiology with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) of the lesion was helpul in localizing ruling out true scleritis. Herein we define and highlight the unreported features of pseudo NS as imaged by AS-OCT. A 34 year-old female patient, presented to us two weeks following an intraocular injection performed elsewhere for macular edema. Clinical examination of the anterior segment was suggestive to conjunctivo-scleral necrosis while the fundus examination revealed an active subfoveal choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM). Taking into consideration the clinical diagnosis and due to the lack of supportive documentation we assumed that the patient had probably received a dose of intra vitreal antivegf. A presumptive diagnosis of NS following needle prick was made, pathological evaluation of the ulcer alongside the OCT features aided in ruling out true NS. The pathological evaluation of the specimen revealed presence of connective tissue with macrophages and triamcinolone particles. AS-OCT showed involvement of the conjunctiva and episleral tissue with no scleral edema or thickening. Improper administration of peri ocular triamcinolone can cause conjunctival necrosis and can imitate necrotizing scleritis, AS-OCT evaluation of the lesion can be helpful in differentiation from true scleral necrosis.
UNDIAGNOSED MALIGNANCY IN A PATIENT PRESENTING WITH DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS : A CASE REPORT
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Roohani, Urooj; Khan, Asna; Rani, Harshita; Gupta, Krishna Bihari; Sheikh, Ilma; Nadri, Samreen Bano
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) encompasses two medical conditions: deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT refers to the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, typically located in the leg. It ranks as the third leading cause of cardiovascular-related deaths, following heart attacks and strokes. Idiopathic VTE can sometimes be an initial clinical sign of an undiagnosed malignancy. This report examines the case of a 42-year-old male who presented with symptoms of lower limb swelling and pain.
RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS DUE TO SJOGREN'S SYNDROME PRESENTING AS HYPOKALEMIC QUADRIPARESIS: A CASE REPORT
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Islam, Asif; Khurshid, Fatima
Sjögren's syndrome is characterized by dry mouth and eyes symptoms caused by lymphocyte infiltration of the exocrine glands as it is an autoimmune condition. Nonetheless, this condition can lead to symptoms and various illnesses. Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) occurs when the kidney tubules are unable to regulate acid-base balance. This study tracked a 40-year-old female who initially showed symptoms of hypokalemic stroke and normal anion gap acidosis and was later determined to have Sjögren's syndrome. The patient complains of weakness in the legs, vomiting, abdominal pain and dry cough. Like other Sjögren's symptoms, dry eyes and mouth have been present for years. Electrolyte abnormalities and lymphocytic infiltration in the lymph nodes can be confirmed by physical examination and laboratory tests. Positive antibodies, Schirmer test, and histology results indicate the diagnosis. Treatments include potassium replenishment, artificial tears, and the use of coconut oil. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent the condition from worsening and improve patient outcomes. It also emphasizes the importance of completing a comprehensive evaluation that includes organ system and specific markers of disease.
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF GALLBLADDER LESIONS IN CHOLECYSTECTOMY SPECIMENS- A TERTIARY CARE EXPERIENCE
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Priyanshi; Jaiswal, Pooja; Singh, Priyanka
Gall Bladder can be affected by various pathologies of which gall stones and inflammatory conditions are common. Neoplasms are rare but can be fatal if diagnosed late, thus the histopathological studies of all the cholecystectomy specimen is essential. The aim of this study was to determine the histopathological spectrum of gallbladder lesions in cholecystectomy specimens and their association with age & sex of the patients. This study was done in the Department of Pathology, IIMSR in UP from May 2022 to February 2024. A total of 115 specimens were taken and their clinical details and histological findings were analysed. Out of 115 cases, gallstones and related diseases showed female nd rd preponderance 84 (73.04%), male patients were 31(26.95%). Maximum incidence was seen in 2 & 3 decade of life (64cases). Histopathological examination revealed Chronic cholecystitis (CC) with cholelithiasis was the most prevalent lesion (46 patients) which was followed by CC(25 cases),CC with cholestrolosis(11 cases),CC with cholestrolosis and cholelithiasis (8 cases),CC with pyloric metaplasia (5 cases),CC with reactive atypia (4 cases),CC with cholelithiasis and dysplasia (4 cases),Chronic fibrosing CC with focal reactive atypia(3cases),Acute on chronic cholecystitis with mild focal dysplasia(2 cases),Xanthogranulomatous CC(2 cases),CC with papillary hyperplasia(2 cases),CC with adenomatous hyperplasia and focal dysplasia(1 case),GB adenocarcinoma(1case),Intracystic papillary neoplasm with an associated invasive carcinoma(1 case).
FLOW CYTOMETERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN CLINICAL RESEARCH
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Kumar, Raushan
Flow cytometry has quickly risen to the status of a standard analytical tool in medical research due to its robustness. Flow cytometry is a powerful tool that may examine individual cells within a larger population. Similar to microscopy, this method automatically quantifies certain optical properties of the cell or cell population under study using a flow cytometer. Flow cytometry can be used to learn about cell size, number of cells, chromosomes, and biological processes including apoptosis and cell adhesion. When it comes to diagnosing diseases, flow cytometry is important for the following tasks: a complete count of blood cells Cell sorting has many applications in biology, including the study of various leukocyte types, the identification of pathogenic microbes in environmental and biological samples, the determination of total DNA content in cells during tumor biopsies for cancer research, the sorting of T cells to assess the impact of infections on their function, and the detection of minimal residual disease cells in bodily fluids.
FUTURE OF NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPIES IN THE NICU FOR PREMATURE INFANTS: A SUMMARY
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Kumar, Raushan; Rizvi, Syed Ibrahim
Moderate to severe neuro-developmental delays, behavioral problems, and mental health disorders are more common in premature infants, and they can have a lasting detrimental effect on their quality of life. Furthermore, babies that are born with a super low weight, less than 1000g, are more likely to have long-term problems that will cost more in the long run. Consequently, it is more effective to involve parents at an early stage so that they can create a setting that is both neuroprotective and developmentally beneficial for their baby. Studies have primarily shown short-term benefits for prenatal steroid therapy, but minimal effect of these therapies on long time for the development of neuronal development. Despite this, magnesium and antenatal steroids have become conventional medications for preterm new-borns. Developing better neuromonitoring technologies to optimize trial recruitment, more accurate biomarkers to measure treatment response, and more effective neuroprotective and neurorestorative medicines is critical.
ENIGMA OF PRECANCEROUS LESIONS IN THE ORAL CAVITY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Siddiqui, Saif R
Oral precancerous lesions (OPLs) serve as crucial indicators of the potential progression to oral cancer, marking a pivotal stage in the disease continuum. Despite advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, oral cancer remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating a deeper understanding of OPLs for effective prevention and treatment strategies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of OPLs, covering their epidemiology, etiology, histopathology, molecular alterations, risk assessment, clinical management approaches , and discussion of challenges and future directions . By synthesizing the latest evidence and highlighting areas for future research, this review aims to contribute to the refinement of diagnostic algorithms, risk stratification methodologies, and personalized treatment interventions, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden of oral cancer.
ROLE OF CYTOKINE STORM IN COVID-19 SEVERITY AND ITS TREATMENT MANAGEMENT
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Verma, Shrikant; Verma, Sushma; Afreen, Sheeba; Abbas, Mohammad; Mahdi, Farzana
The human body has defense systems called the innate and adaptive immune systems. These systems include cells that produce substances called cytokines, like interleukins and interferons, to help the body respond to infections and other challenges. Normally, there's a mild stability among the body's inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, regulated by complex mechanisms. When this balance is disrupted, it can trigger a cascade of reactions leading to a massive release of cytokines. This can cause a self-amplifying cycle, leading to severe damage, organ failure, or even death. Disturbances can be triggered not only by infections but also by genetic conditions or certain medical treatments that affect the immune system. Understanding and treating these situations are challenging because of the intricate interactions within the immune systems. There's still much to learn, and effective treatments are limited at the moment.
THE TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION INVOLVES GROUP DYNAMICS AND TEAM BUILDING
(Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow in association with American University of Barbados (AUB), 2024-07) Singh, Gurjeet; Raksha; Narayan, KA
Gatherings of individuals always produce dynamics that are distinct from those of our regular dyadic interactions. Our impressions of other people's likeability and our understanding of the group's objective are influenced by the environment that each individual in the group produces. Groups create norms, and new members diligently absorb into the atmosphere and practices of their new group, much as we are socialized into wider social and cultural standards in our daily lives. In group settings, there is an increased need to fit in, and some groups take advantage of this pressure with both beneficial and detrimental outcomes. Lastly, when a group of people collaborate to complete a task or realize an objective, there is a greater chance of both constructive and harmful conflict. Group work is essential to the medical education process because it helps students become effective leaders, communicators, lifelong learners, professionals, and clinicians. Since medical students will remember the subject for the rest of their life if they learn these things independently, it is imperative that they do it in a better way these days. Teachers can facilitate group projects, but students should do the majority of the work. Prior to coming up with a solution and presenting it, the medical students must first identify the problem and then collaborate to discover a solution.

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