Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics
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Item Sequential analysis of erythrocyte aggregation in P. falciparum malaria with and without ASAQ therapy by optical signal and image analysis(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-04) Edison, Maombi; JB, Jeeva; Singh, MeghaThe aggregation of erythrocytes is an important mechanism for blood flow through the cardiovascular system. In malaria, this is complicated by infection caused by P. falciparum and is further complicated by the severity of parasitemia. Hence analysis of this micro-mechanism is essential to know the changes in blood not only in diseased conditions but also after artemisinin combination therapy (ASAQ) to alleviate suffering. For analysis purposes, aggregation of erythrocytes was determined by LED laser aggregometer, represented in terms of various parameters related to the changes in laser transmitted intensity. Formed aggregates are further analyzed by imaging and image-processing methods. For this study blood samples from young adults (18 – 40 years old) infected with P. falciparum (n= 80), without any other serious illness, were performed. These samples were selected based on the severity of parasitemia, and were divided into low (LP), medium1 (MP1), medium 2 (MP2), and high (HP) parasitemia. For three days, the selected individuals were treated with artemisinin-based combination therapy ASAQ (Artesunate 4 mg/kg and amodiaquine 10 mg base/ kg once a day). Healthy subjects (n=20) without any history of the disease were selected as a control group. The results, as obtained by various parameters, show a significant elevation of aggregation of erythrocytes (P< 0.05) in P. falciparum malaria with the increase of parasitemia level. There was a decrease in the aggregation after treatment on day four tending towards normal. Thus the current study shows the potential beneficial role of ASAQ on erythrocytes aggregation, which may contribute to reducing the harmful effects on various organs in P. falciparum-infected blood.Item Novel primer designing and PCR-AFLP approach for an expeditious detection of coliforms in potable waters(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-01) Shanker, A Shiva; Kumar Pindi, PavanMolecular techniques involving 16S rRNA gene have long been proved to be a mainstay of sequence-based bacterial analysis and enhance the competence of bacterial removal in drinking water and food. The main goal of this analysis was to reduce the time of detection of total coliforms by developing 16S rRNA based DNA markers by targeting variable region in the 16S rRNA gene position of V2 and V9. Coliform specific primers (189F and 1447R) were designed to amplify total coliform with an amplicon size of 1300 bp. The PCR product was later digested with Hind III and BseRI (restriction enzymes) to differentiate the type of contamination caused by fecal and non-fecal coliforms respectively. The digested amplicons were run on agarose gel electrophoresis and contamination levels were estimated based on the respective band pattern. This method can be applicable to know the coliform contamination levels of potable waters, in food and beverage industries within a short period of time. To our knowledge, this is the first report on newly designed primers which not only amplify coliform bacteria, followed by various restriction digestions of these amplicons but also provides unique band patterns to identify coliforms at genus level.Item Allosteric modulation on specific gene mutated Vitamin D receptor by essential PUFAs and its distinct molecular effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-04) Hari, Balaji; T N, Shilpa; S, Jubie; B, DuraiswamyA serious health threat affecting the T2DM group is evident more cases T2DM are diagnosed. In this research, we choose to research into all of this possible mechanism of 3T3-L1 Cell lines and Molecular Docking studies Schrodinger software identified Vitamin D, Omega-3, and 6 PUFAs (EPA DHA & AA) Compounds of hydrophilic and hydrophobic pocket throughout molecular modeling besides T2DM. A group of three analog VDRs is being developed for discovery treatment with T2DM. Its use as it was agreed to run a molecular cell culture and docking study. Recognize the binding method involving the compound in T2DM through ADME prediction. The molecular dynamics simulation was enhanced by confirmation of the strength of the possible composite binding. Based on the computational results, the Omega-3 and 6 PUFAs compound encourages energy interaction. The composite contains an in vitro anti-diabetic activity; the compounds have clearly shown that they are active on T2DM. Our studies provide vital information on the findings of the bimolecular T2DM inhibitors.Item Binding interaction of laccases from Bacillus Subtilis after industrial dyes exposure: Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-04) Kumar, Anupam; Mishra, Tushar; Kulshreshtha, AkankshaDyes are becoming more widely used around the world wide, but there is no effective bioremediation approach for removing them completely from the environment. Several dyes are mentioned to be degraded through bacteria; however, it's still unknown how the particular enzymes act throughout the dye degradation. The behavior and function of these enzymes in the biodegradation of azo dyes (Textile dyes) had been investigated experimentally by the numbers of the researchers, however, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the interaction mechanisms of textile dye (methyl orange) with laccase from B. subtilis were explored through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, the three selected dyes (methyl orange, malachite green, and acid blue 62) that interact positively with laccase on the basis of their maximum binding energy, molecular docking results indicate that one of the three dyes is more stable as a target for degradation through Bacillus subtilis laccase. Therefore, subsequent research focused solely on one substrate: methyl orange. Molecular Dynamics simulation study was applied after the molecular docking to determine the interaction between laccases and methyl orange dyes. The trajectory was proved with root mean square deviation and root mean square fluctuation analysis. According to the molecular dynamics simulation results, laccase-methyl orange complexes remain stable during the catalytic reaction. So, this study demonstrates how laccase is involved in methyl orange bioremediation.Item Anticancer potential of Solanum lycopersicum L. extract in human lung epithelial cancer cells A549(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-01) Sathelly, Krishnamurthy; Kumar Kalagatur, Naveen; Kiranmayi Mangamuri, Usha; Obul Reddy Puli, Chandra; Poda, SudhakarThe study aimed to reveal the phytochemical profile, free radical scavenging potential, and anticancer activity of Solanum lycopersicum L. leaf extract (SLLE). According to the study, SLLE contains plant secondary metabolites that are beneficial for health, like phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The SLLE has shown potential free radical scavenging potential in DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging analysis and its EC50 values (concentration required to inhibit 50% of free radicals) were determined as 481.29 ± 33.82 and 527.56 ± 20.34 µg/mL, respectively. The SLLE has the ability to scavenge free radicals and could be used to treat illnesses brought on by oxidative stress. The anticancer activity of SLLE was assessed by MTT, LDH, micro-morphological, live/dead dual staining, and caspase-3 analysis. In the MTT assay, the IC50 value (concentration required to inhibit 50% of cell viability) of SLLE was determined as 190.41 ± 4.77 µg/mL. Furthermore, SLLE has shown potential anticancer activity by adversely affecting the plasma membrane integrity and escalating the caspase-3 levels. In the biomedical field, SLLE could be highly useful to treat cancer.Item Blind docking of 4-Amino-7-Chloroquinoline analogs as potential dengue virus protease inhibitor using CB Dock a web server(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-01) B Ranade, Prasanna; N Navale, Dinesh; W Zote, Santosh; Kulal, Dnyaneshwar K; Wagh, Swapnil JCurrently, there is no approved drug to combat dengue. Various quinoline derivatives are known for potential antimalarial, antiviral activities, etc. In the present work docking between 4-Amino-7-Chloroquinoline analogs was performed with dengue virus NS2B/NS3 protease using CB dock, a web server. Lys74, Ile165, Val147, Asn152, Asn167, Trp83 and Leu149 amino acid residues were found to be in contact with designed 4-Amino-7-Chloroquinoline analogs. Different modes of binding like hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, etc with designed compounds improve potential anti-dengue characteristics in silico. ADME results are in acceptable range.Item Blind docking of 4-Amino-7-Chloroquinoline analogs as potential dengue virus protease inhibitor using CB Dock a web server-Supplemenntary data(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-01) B Ranade, Prasanna; N Navale, Dinesh; W Zote, Santosh; Kulal, Dnyaneshwar K; Wagh, Swapnil JCurrently, there is no approved drug to combat dengue. Various quinoline derivatives are known for potential antimalarial, antiviral activities, etc. In the present work docking between 4-Amino-7-Chloroquinoline analogs was performed with dengue virus NS2B/NS3 protease using CB dock, a web server. Lys74, Ile165, Val147, Asn152, Asn167, Trp83 and Leu149 amino acid residues were found to be in contact with designed 4-Amino-7-Chloroquinoline analogs. Different modes of binding like hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, etc with designed compounds improve potential anti-dengue characteristics in silico. ADME results are in acceptable range.Item ADMET, Pharmacokinetic and Docking properties of the fungal drug 2- (2, 4-difluorophenyl)-1, 3-bis (1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl) propan-2-ol by using Quantum computational methods(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-01) Trilaksana, Herri; D, Thanmayalaxmi; A, SuvithaThe current study contributes to a better knowledge of the FCZ's characteristics and bioactivity. The ADMET properties have been calculated and the results have been illustrated; as a result, it has become quite popular for virtual pharmaceutical analysis. This research aims to examine FCZ’s optimized structure and properties by analyzing various computational calculations. Bond length, Bond angle, Mulliken charges have been analyzed for the studies. The experimental geometrical parameters and theoretical data were compared with ADME parameters, biomarker properties, pH value, drug like nature, Marvin sketch, Swiss ADME to quantify molecular descriptors just as to survey atomic elements. ADMET properties introduce the influence of the drug levels and its kinetics with the tissues of the body. It also explains about the metabolism, toxicity of the drugs when introduced to the system. The analysis on pharmacokinetic properties has helped a lot in the drug development for further studies. The target prediction of FCZ has been studied along with the docking study. Docking study is an important program in order to study about the binding of the small ligand into a receptor like proteins. This method is very useful in drug discovery which provides insights into various studies. This will help in further development of the drugs which will finally help the society in large scale. FCZ helps pharmaceutical industry in developing the drugs to treat chronic disease when combined with other molecules. Hence the present study is really helpful in drug designing and in the development of new drugs.Item Assessment of YME1L and mitofusin2 as a possible diagnostic and/or therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-01) Mohie Abdel-Hamid, Nabil; Abass, Shimaa Ali; Eldomany, Ramadan; zakaria, sherinMitochondrial dynamics are a contraversal issue in hepatocellular carcinoma. The present study tries to illustrate the role of mitochondrial dynamics proteins (mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) and YME1L) in hepatocarcinogenesis. Five groups were used: the control group and three HCC groups (after 8, 16, and 24 weeks from DENA induction). The last group was treated with Sorafenib (SP) (10 mg/kg), via oral gavage for 4 weeks after cancer induction. This study revealed that Mfn-2 was downregulated and YME1l was overexpressed in different HCC groups. This dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics proteins was associated with high hepatic levels of cyclin D1, MMP-9, and MDA and overexpression of ki67 as well as decreasing the hepatic expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (Timp-3) and Bax. To confirm the possible role of Mfn2 and YME1L in HCC, we assessed the effect of sorafenib on these parameters and its related HCC characteristics. Sorafenib corrected the level of Mfn2 and YME1L and decreased tumor cell proliferation as well. We also elucidated that mitochondrial dynamics proteins (Mfn2 and YME1L) could be a good therapeutic target for HCC.Item Preliminary studies on microbial induced corrosion of ferrous materials (EN-8 and 411143 steels) in the presence of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-04) Sarma, GVS; Raju, GMJ; Padmavathi, MV; Babu, BKAn electrochemical investigation was conducted to evaluate the corrosion behaviour of Iron alloys such as EN-8 and 411143 in absence and in presence of microbes Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Linear polarization technique was employed to measure the Polarization Resistance and corrosion rates of two different ferrous metal samples. Polarization resistance (Rp) values of EN-8 were initially higher in the presence of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans than the values of 411143. Growth rate of the Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was more and sustained longer period with EN-8 in the presence of media than in the case of alloy ‘411143’. It was observed that there was a 1.5 fold increase in corrosion rate in both the cases of EN-8 and 411143 in the presence of bacteria.High corrosion rates were recorded with the steel 41143 rather than the En-8 with respect to the optical density of the microbes. It was concluded that EN-8 was exhibited high resistance to the microbial attack.Item Variation in morphological, biochemical and antioxidant properties of Lilium polyphyllum(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-03) Dhyani, Anurag; Prasad Nautiyal, Bhagwati; Yadav, VK; Chandra Nautiyal, MohanLilium polyphyllum D.Don ex Royle belonging to family Liliaceae is a medicinal plant distributed in temperate to high altitude regions of Himalaya. Its bulbs have been used for anti-aging and vitality properties in >30 formulations of Ayurveda. Therefore, the knowledge on various traits of the plant is necessary so that quality of the finished products could be maintained. Present study investigates, morphological, biochemical and antioxidant properties in different populations of L. polyphyllum. A significant variation was recorded in different morphological parameters (Plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, bulb diameter, bulb fresh weight). Variation was also recorded for total soluble protein (7.81-11.35 mg/g), soluble sugar (96.14-116.14 mg/g), starch (116.37-122.43 mg/g) and total free amino acid (18.22-26.00 mg/g). Antioxidant properties in the bulb were determined and ABTS activity was 4.22 mM /100 g, DPPH activity recorded 0.85 mM/100 g and FRAP activity was 1.50 mM/100 g dw ascorbic acid equivalent, respectively. The diversity in wild populations of the species may serve as a baseline data for future breeding, domestication and conservation program.Item STMS markers related to Ascochyta blight resistance in chickpea(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-03) Dogan, Ilhan; Ilker Ozyigit, Ibrahim; Enes Genc, Mustafa; Tabanli, Fatih; Mart, Durdane; Yorgancilar, Ozcan; Turkeri, Meltem; Atmaca, Evren; Yorgancilar, AyselChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the important legume crops and is cultivated in large-scale throughout Türkiye as well as the world. Ascochyta blight, caused by the fungal phytopathogen Ascochyta rabiei, is the leading reason for the highest yield losses among the diseases known for chickpea. The pathogen exhibits high genetic diversity in Türkiye. Therefore, resistancy using Sequence Tagged Microsatellite Site (STMS) markers related with the genes that provide resistant against Ascochyta blight was investigated for the 205 chickpea breeding lines grown in different parts of Türkiye. The analysis for Ascochyta blight resistance was performed using Ta2, Ta146 and Ts54. It was demonstrated that Ta2, Ts54 and Ta146 were the STMS markers having distinguishable features for the detection of Ascochyta blight resistance and were shown to be used in credible fashion for the selection of resistant chickpea breeding lines.Item Antioxidant mediated defensive potency of Caesalpinia bonducella nut on Acetaminophen-inebriated spleen and cardiotoxicity: Implications on oxidative stress and tissue morphology in an In vivo model(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-04) Nithiyanandam, Sangeetha; Jaisankar, Vaishnavi; Parthasarathy, Manisha; Katturajan, Ramkumar; Evan Prince, SabinaOverdosing on medications can be unintentional or deliberate. Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic drug. APAP overdose can induce spleen and cardiotoxicity apart from hepatotoxicity. Bonduc nut is well-known for its medicinal and therapeutic properties. More scientific data is necessary to be therapeutically relevant. This study examined the effects of Bonduc nut extract (BNE) on APAP-induced spleen and cardiotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The rats were divided into five groups of six rats each. In vitro assays were carried out to analyze antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging activity in aqueous, ethanol, and methanol solvents in Bonduc nut powder. Total phenolic content, DPPH, catalase, and peroxidase activity were used to test antioxidant activity. The rats were euthanized after the study period to examine antioxidant parameters such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as lipid peroxidation and histopathology of the spleen and heart tissues. Results suggest that compared to other solvents aqueous has better Invitro antioxidant ability and the same extract significantly increased the antioxidant and reduced lipid peroxidation followed by restoring the tissue morphology in APAP-induced spleen and cardiotoxicity. The outcome of the study revealed that aqueous BNE has a significant protective efficacy against APAP-induced spleen and cardiotoxicity in Wistar albino rats.Item Supplementation of Madhuca longifolia Seed oil augments diclofenac-induced organ toxicities: A biochemical and histopathological approach-Supplemenntary data(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-03) Simon Peter, Jerine; Nithiyanandam, Sangeetha; Katturajan, Ramkumar; Parthasarathy, Manisha; Namachivayam, Arunraj; Hiraganahalli Bhaskarmurthy, Deepak; R, Vidya; Evan Prince, SabinaDiclofenac medication has been extensively used for anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and analgesic actions. Its abiding usage and overdose have induced toxicity and harmful effects on the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. The research aims to scrutinize the protective effect of Madhuca longifolia seed oil against diclofenac-induced toxicity in female Wistar albino rats. A period of 10 days of study was aimed at 7 groups; Group 1 was assigned as normal control. Group 2 has been administered diclofenac (50 mg/kg b.w. /day, i.p.) only on the last two days of each study period. Group 3 and Group 4 have been pre-treated with 1 mL, and 2 mL of Madhuca longifolia seed oil, respectively, and diclofenac was induced as per Group 2. Group 5 was treated with the standard drug silymarin and diclofenac. Group 6 and Group 7 were given 1 mL and 2 mL of Madhuca longifolia seed oil alone. After the study period, parameters like liver enzyme markers, renal enzyme markers, and antioxidants were measured, and tissue samples were analyzed for histopathological changes. The results proved that pre-treatment of 1 mL of Madhuca longifolia seed oil has efficacy against diclofenac-induced toxicity.Item Cytotoxic and microbial studies of mixed metal complexes(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-03) Kumari Sanivarapu, Aruna; Aruna, P; Babu, BK; Swarna Latha, B; Venkata Rao, P; Salapaka, AppalacharyuluBreast cancer and its treatment have become a prominent and challenging problem today. The increasing multidrug resistance to microbial pathogens is the root cause of breast cancer. Women suffering from cancer showed high levels of E. coli and S. aureus. In the last few decades, there has been a considerable need in the medical field for the discovery of new compounds endowed with antimicrobial activity, despite the fact that several antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs are currently accessible. Substantial research was conducted, particularly on transition complexes as metal-based drugs in pharmacological applications to provide therapeutic options. The synthesis, characterization, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxic activity of copper complexes with specific ligands of amino acids such as tyrosine and arginine are discussed in this work.Item Some bis (3-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylamide derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, DFT, antioxidant, antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies-Supplemenntary data(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-03) Çakmak, ?ükriye; Erdo?an, TanerAlzheimer's disease, which is a progressive neurologic disorder, is the most common form of dementia. Although there are various treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease, there is no definite treatment for this disease yet. In this study it was aimed to investigate the treatment potentials of three bis(3-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylamide) derivatives, two of which are known and one is new, for Alzheimer's disease. The study consists of three parts; in the first part of the study, synthesis and characterization studies of the investigated compounds were carried out. In the characterization of the compounds, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, LC-MS and elemental analysis techniques were used. In the second part of the study, the compounds were investigated computationally with the assistance of various computational techniques including density functional theory (DFT) calculations, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. In this part, binding free energy calculations were also performed on the investigated compounds. Results of computational studies showed that synthesized compounds interacted with AChE effectively and can be promising structures as AChE inhibitors. In the last part of the study, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the compounds were investigated. Antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH? and ABTS?? radical scavenging methods. According to the DPPH? test, the most active compound was found to be 2, while the most active compound was found to be 3 according to the ABTS? test, showing that these methods for antioxidant assay were not significantly correlated with each other. On the other hand, the results of the antimicrobial activity tests showed that compound 3 was the most active compound, which exhibited both antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.Item Some bis (3-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylamide derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, DFT, antioxidant, antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-03) Çakmak, ?ükriye; Erdo?an, TanerAlzheimer's disease, which is a progressive neurologic disorder, is the most common form of dementia. Although there are various treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease, there is no definite treatment for this disease yet. In this study it was aimed to investigate the treatment potentials of three bis(3-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylamide) derivatives, two of which are known and one is new, for Alzheimer's disease. The study consists of three parts; in the first part of the study, synthesis and characterization studies of the investigated compounds were carried out. In the characterization of the compounds, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, LC-MS and elemental analysis techniques were used. In the second part of the study, the compounds were investigated computationally with the assistance of various computational techniques including density functional theory (DFT) calculations, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. In this part, binding free energy calculations were also performed on the investigated compounds. Results of computational studies showed that synthesized compounds interacted with AChE effectively and can be promising structures as AChE inhibitors. In the last part of the study, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the compounds were investigated. Antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH? and ABTS?? radical scavenging methods. According to the DPPH? test, the most active compound was found to be 2, while the most active compound was found to be 3 according to the ABTS? test, showing that these methods for antioxidant assay were not significantly correlated with each other. On the other hand, the results of the antimicrobial activity tests showed that compound 3 was the most active compound, which exhibited both antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.Item Simultaneous detection of thirteen exons of dystrophin gene by optimized multiplex PCR assay to screen Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-01) G Trivedi, Pooja; Gajera, Jaydeep; I Ghanchi, Fesal; M Sindhav, GaurangAdvancements in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology and other techniques like Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)signal and target amplification have become key procedures in molecular diagnostics. PCR enables the synthesis of nucleic acids in vitro through which a DNA segment can be specifically replicated in a semiconservative way that sets forth deletion and mutation analysis. Multiplex PCR (M-PCR) is beneficial over standard and long PCR as this can amplify more than one locus using the respective primer sets. In harmony with this, the present study aimed to optimize M-PCR followed by its chemistry and condition to screen Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) [OMIM #310200] and Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD) [OMIM #300376]. Muscular Dystrophies (MDs) are a broad group of hereditary, progressive, and degenerative disorders of muscles. X-linked recessive D/BMD are caused by mutation/s in the dystrophin gene [OMIM #300377] that encodes for dystrophin protein [UniProt#P11532]. As dystrophin is the human metagene with 79 exons, mutational analysis is very challenging. Chamberlain set (10 plex), Beggs set (9 Plex), and Kunkel set (7 Plex) is used for many years to diagnose this condition. However, in this study, Beggs set is customized with 13 exons to screen DMD gene mutation in a single reaction. Optimization of M-PCR was designed with many physicochemical parameters. According to the literature and after many appraisals the present study demonstrated the most sufficient concentration of various chemical components and optimal cycling conditions to optimize the modified Beggs set (13 Plex). 50 µL PCR reaction includes primer(s) (0.3–0.5 µM each), dNTP mixture (160 µM each), Dream Taq buffer (1X), Taq DNA polymerase (6U/50 µL), DNA template (250 ng/50 µL), BSA (0.4 µg/µL), and MgCl2 (1.4 mM). To get the most effective results cyclic conditions obtained were 10 min initial denaturation at 94°C, 62°C annealing temperature, and 35 PCR cycles at 72°C extending temperature. Consequently, the study successfully formulated a less expensive and simple approach for >3000 bp that was used to screen D/BMD. Finally, a developed M-PCR mix with a unique combination of specificity and sensitivity coupled with great flexibility has led to a true revolution in molecular diagnostics.Item A study on variation in spatial voltage distribution pattern across tissue layers between non-excitable plant and excitable plant(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-04) Roy, Shibsankar; Bhattacharya, Barnini; Bal, Bijay; Ghosh, KuntalUnderstanding the mechanism of information processing in plants remains a challenging task even in the era of machine learning and artificial neural networks. Sir J.C. Bose had demonstrated through his experiments that the various modes of stimulation which effectively initiated nervous impulse in animals led to impulse generation in the excitable plant Mimosa pudica as well. In order to localize the tissue responsible for conduction of excitation in the petiole of Mimosa, Bose had constructed a specialized ‘Electric Probe’ (glass tip electrode). From this experiment, Bose found that there were different intensities of transmitted excitation in different tissue layers of the petiole. In this backdrop, an experimental research has been conducted to comparatively study the pattern of spatial voltage distribution across different tissue layers in both, a non-excitable plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (in stem) and an excitable plant Mimosa pudica (in petiole), by following experimental principles similar to that of Sir J. C. Bose. For the present experimental study, the electrical probes (glass tip electrode), similar to the one designed by J.C. Bose and the whole experimental setup has been constructed and developed completely in the laboratory. The results indicated a striking difference in the spatial voltage distribution pattern between the non-excitable and the excitable plant. Since Mimosa is an excitable plant having specialized mechanoreceptor cells, the change in spatial voltage distribution in the different layers of petiole, following excitation (uniform electrical stimuli) of a sub-petiole has been also studied, as an additional segment of the present research. In the present study a notable difference in the intensities of the transmitted excitation was also found upon electrical stimulation of one of the sub-petioles of the excitable plant M. pudica.Item Current trends and advances of Quorum sensing inhibitors and their biotechnological applications(CSIR-NIScPR, 2023-04) Shamshad, Samer; Rajagopal, SenthilkumarSerious setbacks were witnessed in shrimp farming, the food industry, and the ship industry during the past three decades primarily due to bacterial pathogens that coordinate by quorum sensing (QS). The influence of bacterial pathogens utilizing QS. The impact of QS cell communication on public health is extremely disastrous in terms of spread, spectrum, apart from their economic impact. The overuse of antibiotics has increased drastically to battle bacterial infections, including tons of antibiotics are distributed in the biosphere. Due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, multiple antibiotic-resistant strains have emerged, as the antibiotic resistance genes are being transferred to bacteria of terrestrial animals, humans, and pathogens. The increased public awareness of the negative drawbacks caused by over-exposure to antibiotics, also the emergence of multiple antibiotic resistant pathogenic stains led to the search for alternatives and unique solutions. One such unconventional, promising method is the interruption of bacterial cell to cell communication, which is currently termed QS inhibition. Now-a-days, QS inhibition is the potential objective for antimicrobial chemotherapy. This review summarizes the regulatory factors that attenuate the QS activities of deadly pathogens and discusses their distinctive characteristics. Improving awareness of the natural roles of regulatory elements might be useful in unveiling inhibitor applications to understand how QS is inhibited in pathogenic bacteria by different QS inhibitors.