International Journal of Anatomy and Research

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/158097

Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Ravindra Kumar Boddeti
ISSN: (Print)2321-8967 (Online) 2321-4287

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.htm

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 944

Abnormal Origin And Course Of Hepatic Arteries: A Case Report
(IMED Research Publications, 2018-01) Freitas; Vidal, Pedro Victor; Fernandes; Rodrigo, Mota Pacheco; Babinski; Márcio, Antônio; Cisne; R.
The present study describes a rare variation which celiac trunk is divided into four branches instead of three, inaddition to a retro-portal pathway of the right hepatic artery. This variation was observed in a male adultcadaver. In this article, we also review the literature to make a brief discussion of the clinical and embryologicalrelevance of these variations. The identification of that kind of variations in the celiac trunk and hepatic arteriesis extremely important for surgeons and radiologists since multiple variations can lead to unexpectedcomplications.
ABNORMALITY IN ENCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION ENCHONDROMATOSIS (A Rare Severe Clinical case with Embryological and Radiological perspective).
(2013-10) Hassan, Ashfaq Ul; ul, Shabin; Ghulam; Muneeb
In humans sometimes abnormal intracartilaginous mode of ossification can lead to formation of a bony lesion referred to as Enchondroma. Enchondroma can present as a solitary lesion that involves metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges in most of the cases or as multiple lesions. We present a case of a 28 year old male who presented with pain in his forearm and digits on both sides. The pain was of mild nature .Rest of the general and skeletal survey was normal. He was followed with radiographs which revealed multiple enchondromata bilaterally. On history there was no familial history of similar or related disease.
An Abnormally Long Styloid Process With Ossification Of The Stylohyoid Ligament
(IMED Research Publications, 2018-04) M, Guarna; M, Aglianò
The styloid process of the temporal bone is an elongated bony projection presenting a variable length asdemonstrated in osteometric and radiological studies conducted with different techniques: three-dimensionalcomputed tomography (3dct) or dental panoramic three-dimensional scanning. An elongated styloid processcan cause neck pain , dysphagia, headache, sore throat, ear pain, mandibular dysfunction which characterizeEagle’s syndrome. Here we present a rare image of an abnormally long styloid process with ossification of leftstylohyoid ligament belonging to a bone collection of the local anatomical museum , part of our department,and discovered during routine osteology classes .Also if a direct relation between the length of the styloidprocess and syndrome of Eagle is not always obvious ,radiologists , neurologists,neurosurgeons, dentists,anesthetists and otolaryngologists could be aware of this bone anomaly to diagnose this syndrome
Accessory Branch Of Median Nerve: An Anatomical Variation In The Innervation Of Brachialis Muscle With Its Clinical Implications
(IMED Research Publications, 2018-07) Uchewa, O. Obinna; Egwu, A. Jude; Egwu, O. Augustin; Ebube, N. Linda.
The median nerve (MN) is widely known among Anatomists to innervate the forearm. It usually gives out a branchto the Pronator Teres muscle as it enters the arm, while the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm aremajorly innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN). An accessory branch of MN was noticed in the leftarm during student’s dissection of a male cadaver to innervate the lower part of the Brachialis muscle (BM). Thebranch was given out at the infero-lateral side of the nerve and it coursed lateral to the lateral brachial vein andafter small distance it disappeared into the Brachialis muscle to supply it. It is in view of the above that we areadvocating that surgeons, neurologists and anaesthists should also be conscious of these variations and bemeticulous in their efforts to interpret some of the symptoms induced by nerve lesion. This branch could be vitalin reduce Brachialis muscle palsy in event of damage to MCN.
Accessory Fissure Of Right Lung: A Report Of Two Cases.
(2014-04) Behera, Sarita; Dutta, Bijaya Kumar; Sar, Mamata
Right lung is divided into upper (superior), middle and lower (Inferior) lobes by an oblique and a horizontal fissure.Oblique fissure passes spirally from posterior border to inferior border deep into the lung separating the lower lobe from upper and middle lobes. A short horizontal fissure passes horizontally forwards from the oblique fissure at midaxillary line to meet the anterior border at 4th costochondral junction. This separates the upper lobe from the middle lobe. During routine dissection in 2010-11 undergraduate batch, we came across two cases of right lungs where an accessory fissure was extending horizontally backwards from the oblique fissure at mid axillary line towards the vertebral part of medial surface. In the 1st case, this accessory fissure was not meeting the normal horizontal fissure where as in the 2nd case it was meeting. This accessory fissure separates the lower lobe into a superior and an inferior segment. Knowledge of different types of accessory fissures is important because it may mislead the radiological findings, may act as a barrier to spread of infection creating a sharply marginated pneumonia which can wrongly be interpretated as atelectasis or consolidation. Identification of completeness of fissure is important prior to lobectomy, because individuals with incomplete fissures are more prone to develop postoperative air leak. Considering the clinical importance of such anomalies, anatomical knowledge and prior awareness of accessory fissures in the lungs may be important for clinicians and radiologists.
Accessory Lobe of Right Lung.
(2015-10) Vasuki, A K Manicka; Sundaram, K Kalyana; Fenn, T K Aleyemma; Hebzibah, Deborah Joy; Nirmaladevi, M; Jamuna, M
Anatomical variations of lungs in the form of Accessory lobe and abnormality in the fissures are important for the surgeons to avoid possible injuries to the neighbouring structures. We report a case of Accessory lobe of right lung between middle and lower lobe in a male cadaver which was found during routine dissection in the Anatomy department, PSG IMS & R. Fissure and lobes of left lung was normal. Anatomical knowledge of such variations are helpful for Cardiothoracic surgeons in lobectomies, surgical resections involving individual segments and for Radiologists for interpreting X – rays,CT & MRI scans.
Accessory Renal Artery And Its Clinical Significance.
(2013-10) Abba, Sunday; Tesfay, Amanuel; Ekanem, Peter
Knowledge of the existence of the aberrant renal arteries is important because they may be inadvertently damaged during renal surgery and their presence must be considered in evaluating a donor kidney for possible renal transplantation. Using conventional dissecting techniques, the posterior abdominal wall was dissected in a 45years old embalmed male cadaver in the gross anatomy dissecting laboratory of college of health Sciences Ayder Campus Mekelle University Ethiopia. Following the fine dissection, we noticed an aberrant right renal artery (accessory renal artery) originated from the abdominal aorta at the level of L3 vertebra, besides the normal renal artery that arises high up at the level of L1, L2. This accessory renal artery does not have a parallel course with the normal renal artery, it course upward and laterally to the inferior pole of the right kidney which it pierces, However there was no such observation on the left
An accessory right hepatic artery arising from superior mesenteric artery and its clinical significance.
(2013-04) Yalakurthy, Srinivasarao; Vishnumukkala, Thirupathi rao; Srikanth, Polavarapu
Background: Knowledge of hepatic arterial vascularization and its variations have a significant relevance for the daily practice of hepato-biliary surgeon as well as radiologists and anatomists. The right hepatic artery normally arises from the hepatic artery proper, the continuation of the common hepatic artery which is a branch of celiac trunk. Sometimes the anatomical arterial variations are also very common in human beings especially in hepatic region. During routine dissections for undergraduate medical students at Department of Anatomy, in a 75 -year-old male cadaver, we found the right accessory hepatic artery arises from the superior mesenteric artery which supplied the right lobe of the liver along with normal right hepatic artery. In addition, a direct branch to the left lobe of the liver was seen arising from common hepatic artery. The arterial anomaly can be enlightened by embryonic development. The knowledge of existence of aberrant hepatic arteries, either accessory or replacing, is important because they may influence surgical and interventional radiological procedures.
Accessory Spleen and Its Clinical Significance.
(2014-04) Chhabra, Neeta; Shrivastava, Tripti; Garg, Lalit; Mishra, BK
Spleen can have a wide range of anomalies in its shape, location, number and size. They can be congenital and acquired. Accessory spleen is a common congenital anomaly which is usually asymptomatic but might present clinically as an abdominal mass related to complications such as torsion, spontaneous rupture, haemorrhage and cyst formation Knowledge of splenic variations and anomalies is important to avoid diagnostic pitfalls and misinterpretations.
Accessory Sulci of Liver in the Population of Haryana.
(2015-04) Jain, Satish; Gupta, Indersain; Jain, Monica; Singal, R P
Aims and objectives: Research on segmental anatomy of liver has been extensively done but very little work is done on Accessory Sulcus (AS). Participants: Present study was carried on 36 cadaveric livers with mean age ranging between 30-60 years. Main outcome measures: Although, variation in surface of liver are reported but very few studies are there which reports their presence on inferior surface, on caudate lobe, in gall bladder fossa and right lateral surface of liver. Result:We found AS in 13 livers (36.1%) out of 40 livers. These Sulci were transverse, vertical as well as curved in shape. Out of these in nine liver a single sulcus was present (25%) while in five livers the sulci were multiple (13.88%). Conclusion: This study highlights the occurrence of variations on the liver surface. The finding of this studymay be utilized by imaging specialists & surgeons respectively to avoid errors in interpretations & subsequent misdiagnosis.
Acessory Renal Artery: A Case Report
(IMED Research Publications, 2018-04) srikanth, Neha; Mrudula, C.
Variations in the origin of the branches from abdominal aorta are seen frequently. During a routine cadavericdissection it was seen kidney is receiving an accessory artery which originated from the lateral side of aortabelow the inferior mesenteric artery. It is accompanied by the renal vein. These variations are important duringthe Renal surgeries and any therapeutic procedures of the abdominal aorta
An Additional Right Renal Vein and Pre Hilar Primary Tributaries of Left Renal Vein: Embryological Basis and Clinical Significance: A Case Report.
(2015-07) Mangala, S; Sathyamurthy, B
In clinical Anatomy, the renal venous system is relatively understudied compared to the arterial system. The present study reports the presence of an Additional renal vein on the right side draining directly into the Inferior venacava and pre hilar primary tributaries of the left renal vein .The above findings were observed in a male cadaver during routine dissection of abdomen for undergraduate students in the Department of Anatomy,Rajarajeswari Medical college and hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka India. The Anatomical knowledge of renal veins and its variations are of extreme importance for the surgeon who approaches the retroperitoneal region mainly in the face of current frequency of Renal transplant surgeries.Knowledge of Anatomy and Anomalies of Renal veins is necessary for retroperitoneal surgery and venographic procedures in addition to providing safety guidelines for endovascular procedures. In view of immense clinical significance attached to the variations in the renal vascular patterns, the present case has been discussed with emphasis to its embryological basis.
Adult Stature Reconstruction From Cephalo-facial Dimension In Indian Females
(IMED Research Publications, 2018-04) Khan, Kamil; Alam, Md Tabrej; RK, Srivastava; Purohit, Kalpana; Raheel, Md Shadab
Aim: To identify the Stature from the cephalo-facial dimension (facial height) in Indian females.Materials and Methods: A stadiometer was used to measure the stature, and the facial height was taken byutilizing a vernier caliper, in 43 female medical students. To know about the significance and correlation, thedata were analysed statistically.Results: Mean stature and the mean facial height were found to be 158.93±11.06 cm and 10.39±0.83 cm respectively.P value was less than 0.001 and Pearson’s coefficient obtained was 0.93. Hence, there is found to be a significantpositive correlation between stature and facial height in Indian females.Conclusion: Estimation of stature from the facial height could be performed where only unknown head and faceare brought for anthropometric examinations.
Age Changes in Human Skin from 3 Years to Years of Age.
(2015-10) Manimegalai, Samiappan; Sundaram, Jamuna Meenakshi; Venkatachalam, Nandhini
Background: Natural aging process is reflected by gradual changes in the structure of the skin. These changes become very marked in old age. The changes in the epidermis and dermis as age advances is reflected externally as wrinkling, dryness, loss of elasticity , thinning and tendency towards purpurae on minor injury. So the aim of this study is to measure the thickness of the epidermis. Materials and Methods: The study was done in skin specimens by grouping the individuals in 4 age groups namely Group A (3-20yrs), Group B (21-50yrs), Group C (51-65yrs and Group D (>65yrs).The specimens were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and the changes in the thickness of the epidermis was observed. Results: The epidermis was found to be thin in children from 3years of age. The thickness of the epidermis starts increasing in young individuals and is thick till 50 years of age. Then the thickness of the epidermis starts reducing and becomes very thin in older persons. Conclusion: As the average life expectancy is increasing, the aging of skin presents a growing problem for the dermatologists. The computer system for image processing and analysis has made possible, measuring the thickness of the epidermis. Human aging is characterized by a number of disorders like epidermolysis bullosa and phemphigus vulgaris affecting the structure of the skin. So it is necessary to study the normal changes that occur in the skin as age advances which predisposes to various disorders. The study is done among Indian population.
Agenesis Of Isthmus Of Thyroid Gland – A Rare Case Report In An Adult Male Cadaver
(IMED Research Publications, 2018-01) N, Vishali.; Rajathi, G.; Charanya, N.; Thangaraj., S.P.
Introduction: The thyroid gland is a highly vascular endocrine gland. The congenital anomalies of thyroid glandincludes thyroglossal cyst, ectopic thyroid tissue and rarely agenesis of one of the lobes or isthmus of thyroidgland. One such rare finding observed in the present study which is highly relevant both to the non – operativeclinician and in operative surgery.Materials and Methods: During routine dissection on an adult male cadaver in the department of anatomy,Ponnaiyah Ramajayam Institute of medical sciences, Chennai, we report agenesis of isthmus of thyroid gland.Results and Discussion: The lobes of the thyroid gland appear to be normal in size, shape and position. Anotherimportant rare finding was the presence of levator glandulae thyroideae which arises from the left lobe to thehyoid bone. Agenesis of isthmus and presence of levator glandulae thyroideae from the left lobe might occur dueto high separation of thyroglossal duct.Conclusion: The knowledge of normal anatomy and its variation of this vital endocrine gland is highly essentialfor physicians and surgeons for the repair of any thyroid ailment and also during tracheostomy
Analysing the Effect of Incorporating Images While Framing MCQs For Online Clinical Anatomy Assessment Among First Year Medical Students
(IMD Research Publications, 2022-12) M, Magi; S, Jayagandhi; V, Dinesh Kumar; R, Rajprasath; G, Bhavani Prasad; Devi, Rema
The disruptions caused by COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the assessment component of the undergraduate medical curriculum. The lack of physical ascertainment of the learning outcomes has forced the medical educators across the world to adopt online modes of assessment. Though multiple options like true / false, short answers and viva were available, the most common tool for many was multiple choice questions as they could be arranged according to the cognitive hierarchy of Miller’s pyramid. The present study was undertaken to analyze the effect of incorporating images while framing MCQs for online anatomy assessment among first year medical students. The study was planned in a quasi-controlled design where a batch of 150 students were subjected to a set of 40 multiple choice questions (20 text based and 20 image based MCQs). The questions were designed following Ebel and Frisbie guidelines of MCQs and validated by three investigators independently. Three cycles of assessments were conducted, and the scores were analyzed. At the end of 3 cycles of assessment feedback was taken from the students regarding this method of assessment. The performance of students was better in image based MCQs compared to traditional MCQs in all regions. Upon documenting the percipience, students had felt that image based MCQs were interesting, improved their clinical reasoning skills, lateral thinking abilities and quest for learning applied anatomy. Thus, we postulate that image based MCQs could be considered as better assessment tool in the era of online learning
Analysis Of Femoral Neck Anteversion In Dry Adult Bones: A Morphometric Study
(IMED Research Publications, 2019-04) V, Manikanta Reddy; S., Rajesh
Introduction: The femoral neck anteversion can be defined as the angle between femoral bicondylar plane and aplane passing through the centre of the neck and head of femur. Adult femoral anteversion has been documentedat the range between 7-16 degrees.This angle is widely recognized as an important factor for hip stability. Thepresent study aimed to evaluate the normal anteversion range in adult Indian femur which would be of great helpin explorative orthopedic procedures and in designing of hip prosthesis.Materials and Methods: Study conducted in 202 femurs of 94 male (48 right and 46 left) and 108female bones (52right and 56 left). And the angle was measured using Kingsley Olmsted Method.Observation and Results: The mean value of anteversion angle of femurwas 7.61 degrees for male and 12.71degrees for females.Mean anteversion angle for both male and female femur was 10.37 degrees. Retroversionwas observed in 10 femurs(5%) and neutral version was observed in12 femurs (5.9%).Conclusion:Determining the anteversion angle is crucial for the diagnostic and therapeutic planning of patientswith various pathologies such as hip development dysplasias, cerebral palsy, varum thigh, flat thigh,epiphysiolysis, congenital club foot, congenital dislocation of the hipand other development abnormalities.Statistical analysis revealed sexual dimorphism in anteversion in Indians being greater among females thanmales
Analysis of Fibularis Tertius in Terms of Frequency, Morphology, Morphometry and Clinical Significance in North Indian Cadavers.
(2015-10) Verma, Poonam; Seema
Introduction: The fibularis tertius muscle has always enjoyed the distinction of being an exclusively human structure and as such it has helped to separate man from the lower animals. Myocutaneous flaps have been progressively used in surgical reconstruction in the lower limb injuries requiring the use of muscles which result in less functional damage as flaps. Aim: Our study is aimed to evaluate frequency, morphology, morphometry and use of the fibularis tertius muscle as flaps in lower limb injuries. Materials and Methods: Sixty lower limbs from formalin preserved cadavers (28 male and 2 female) were dissected and evaluated for the following parameters: origin of muscle, distal insertion, nerve supply, frequency, morphology, morphometry and any variation regarding this muscle. Results: The fibularis tertius muscle was detected in all the cases (60 limbs). Origin of all the cases were found at the interosseous membrane, anterior border of the fibula, and anterior intermuscular septum. Most distal insertions were found at the medial and dorsal sides of base of the 5th metatarsal bone (98.34%). Mean value of muscle belly length was 21 cm and width was 1.9 cm. The mean length of the distal tendon with no muscle fibers up to insertion was 6 cm, and the mean width was 0.5 cm. Conclusions: The fibulari stertius muscle is frequent and has a distinct morphology, making it a feasible option for use as graft. Knowledge of these variations may have useful clinical applications in cases of leg or foot trauma requiring tendoplasty or tendon transfer operations.
Analysis Of The Fusion Of Hyoid Bone In Different Age-groups
(IMED Research Publications, 2018-01) Sahani, Inder Singh; Modi, Vimal
Background: The greater cornua of the hyoid bone fuse with the body at a certain age. The fusion of hyoid bonecan be of considerable help in estimating the age of unknown dead bodies.Aim of study: To analyze the fusion of hyoid bone in different age-groups.Materials and Methods: We studied a total of 50 cases. Hyoid bone was removed with extreme caution so as thebone does not break and be confused with fracture of hyoid bone. The structure of the bone and fusion of greatercornua to body of hyoid were studied. A master chart was prepared to store the data. The samples were placed incategories of five year age intervals.Results: A total of 30 males and 20 females comprised the study group. Maximum male and female cases were inthe age group 40-45 years. Unilateral fusion was observed in 23 cases; bilateral fusion was observed in 19cases; and non-fusion in 8 cases.Conclusion: From the results of present study, we conclude that non-fusion of greater cornua with body of hyoidbone is obsereved in cases of young age. Also, unialteral fusion and bilateral fusion is more commonly seen inthe age group 40-45 years age group.
Analysis of the Height of Origin of Profunda Femoris Artery from the Femoral Artery with regards to the Inguinal Ligament.
(2014-07) Baisil, J Sugin Glen; Anitha, V
Background and aims: To determine the place of height of origin of profunda femoris artery from the femoral artery with regards to the inguinal ligament. Materials and methods: Routine dissection of 6 formalin fixed cadavers (3 males and 3 females) on both lower limbs (totally 12 lower limbs) allotted for the first year students of Kanyakumari Government Medical College, Aasaripallam, Nagercoil. Result: Among them an unusual origin of profunda femoris artery was observed on the left lower limb in a 60 years old female cadaver (8.33%). The profunda femoris artery arose laterally about 0.5 cms from the femoral artery distal to the inguinal ligament. It arose normally on the right lower limb(3.5 cms from the inguinal ligament). Conclusion: A variance in height of origin of profunda femoris artery and its branches will cause changing in the calibers strongly influencing vascularisation quality of belonging flaps. In occlusion of the superficial femoral artery, the profunda femoris artery forms an effective collateral bed between iliofemoral segment and the popliteal artery and its branches. Percutaneous femoral artery cannulation can cause pseudo aneurysms. When this occurs the puncture site is frequently in the profunda femoris artery, where anatomic relationships make hemostasis difficult to achieve. These complications landed up in the study of relations of these arterial complications in the palpable landmarks.

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