Ahmed, ZameerBagasra, OmarZameer, SambreenKazmi, Shahana U.Khanani, Muhammad R.Shaheen, Sharafat2020-04-232020-04-232019-07Ahmed Zameer, Bagasra Omar, Zameer Sambreen, Kazmi Shahana U., Khanani Muhammad R., Shaheen Sharafat. Oral Immunization for Anti-snake Venom Production in Equine Animals. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology. 2019 Jul; 10(3): 8-210976-4550http://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/198216The immunization process of current commercial manufacturing of anti-snake venom (ASV), uses injections of bentonite, complete Freund’s adjuvant, or incomplete Freund’s adjuvant, mixed with low doses of the snake venom in horses (but rarely in other large mammals), which frequently cause serious adverse effects in host animals. At the site of injection, horses may develop painful swelling, granuloma, abscess, scar, or systemic neurological and hematological defects, low antibody response, or death due to anaphylactic shock. We sought to investigate a novel alternate immunization strategy with oral administration of snake venom with adjuvants. We utilized M5904 mineral oil emulsion as an adjuvant that was mixed with sub-lethal doses (LD) of the snake venoms. Our preliminary experiments were initiated in March 2011 and the present data culminated in March 2018. In our initial experiments which were carried out in inbred mice, the LD100 was 10.36 ug/25 grams of mice for Naja. oxins and 10.0 ug/25 gram of Naja. karachians. We extrapolated the sub-LD dose to horses by cutting the LD100 in mice to 20%. This dose did not cause any apparent pathology in horses and therefore, we adopted that dose for the equine.Anti-snake venomsCobra venomsEquine modelNovel adjuvantOral immunizationJournal ArticleIndiaDepartmentofLaboratoryAnimalSciences,OjhaCampus,DowUniversityofHealth Sciences, Karachi, PakistanDepartment of Biology, South Carolina Center for Biotechnology, Claflin University, Orangeburg, USAReactor and Professor of Microbiology, Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education, Karachi, PakistanLiaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry & Darul Sehat Hospital, Karachi, PakistanDow International Medical college, Oja Campus, Karachi, Pakistan