International Journal of Scientific Reports

Editor: Dr. Bhaven Kataria
ISSN: (Print) 2454-2156 (Online) 2454-2164

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.sci-rep.com

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 157
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    The assessment of pain, flexibility and daily activity level in the patients who had facet tropism
    (Medip Academy, 2020-05) Kizilkan, Busra; Sayaca, Cetin; Turkoglu, Ozlem
    Vernal keratoconjunctivitis(VKC)is a chronic bilateral inflammation of the conjunctiva, commonly associated with a personal or family history of atopy. It is characterized by severe itching, foreign body sensation, thick ropy discharge, photophobia and conjunctival injection. VKC has palpebral, limbal and mixed forms. The classical conjunctival sign in palpebral VKC is the presence of giant papillae, which are predominantly seen on the superior tarsal conjunctiva. The limbal form occurs in dark skinned individuals and the papillae tend to occur at the limbus and have a thick gelatinous appearance. Clinical findings and laboratory investigations support the presence of IgE mediated type1 hypersensitivity reaction. Involvement of CD4 T helper (Th2) driven type IV hypersensitivity has also been confirmed. There has been an increase in the prevalence of allergic disorders in recent years and exaggerated manifestations of these diseases have been recognized in patients living with Human immunodeficiency virus
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    Nutritional assessment of school going children in district Abbottabad, K.P. Pakistan
    (Medip Academy, 2019-02) Marwat, Zahid Irfan; Nawaz, Shah; Wazir, Anwar Khan; Afzal, Ejaz; Gul, Chaman; Khan, Muhammad Junaid; Ahmad, Aftab
    Background:To assess the nutritional assessment of the primary school children in Abbottabad. Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted among children of private and public sectors primary schools of Abbottabad from January -September 2018 by simple random sampling. 200 students from each school (7 and 13 years), present on the day of data collection were included in this study and those who were absent, sick or not willing, were excluded. The data was collected on apre-tested questionnaire.Results:Total 200 students, males 49.5% (n=99) and females 50.5% (n=101) were interviewed and assessed for their nutritional assessment. Their mean age was 11.67±1.66years, height was 144.93±12.34 cms and weight was 37.69±12.96 kgs. Male students (n=67) 67.7% and from private schools (n=67) 65.7% were healthier then female (n=55) 55.4% and government schools (57.1%), P valve 0.085 and 0.026. Most of the students with grade C in last year school performance were underweight (100%). Raven Test for both types of school gave 0.012 P value which indicated more intelligent students resides in private schools. Furthermore, children of well-serviced fathers and qualified mothers were healthy, more intelligent and practiced good hygiene.Also, children of a private school who has better nutritional status scored more than Public school children.Conclusions:Nutritional status of children have a direct effect on their cognitive abilities. Private school children who have scored better in the intelligence test, have better nutritional status. Socioeconomic status and mother qualification have a direct effect on children’s nutrition, health status, school performance and hygiene.
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    Determinant factors of maternal near miss in selected health facilities of Berak Woreda, Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia
    (Medip Academy, 2020-04) Abdulrazaq, Bilal; Getahun, Mulusew; Mohammed, Ahmed; Kedir, Shemsu; Nurahmed, Negash; Abrha, Yemane; Mohammed, Awad; Kura, Zerihun
    Background:Maternal near miss is one of the related concepts to maternal mortality where women survive merely by chance, luck, or by good hospital care. The present study was aimed to fill the prevailing knowledge gap on maternal near miss ratio and events and identify factors associated with near miss in selected health facilities of berak woreda.To determine associated factors of maternal near miss in selected health facilities of Berak woreda, Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia.Methods:Institutional based case control study was conducted in selected health facilities of barek woreda to asses determinant factors of maternal near miss among delivered women. Data of 1272 (344 cases and 928 controls) women were included in the analysis registered from 11 September 2014to 30 March 2018. Cases were women due to severe acute maternal morbidity while controls were women for normal labor. Simple random sampling technique was used in the delivery unit. The data were collected using WHO standard tool. Data were entered using epi data version 3.1 and exported to SPSSV.20 for data analysis.Results:Majority of cases were due to obstructed labor 270 (78.8%) followed by hemorrhage 33 (9.6%), preeclampsia 29 (8.14%), abortion 6 (1.74%), anemia 3 (0.87%), congenital heart disease2 (0.58%) and gestational infection1 (0.29%).Conclusions:Independent variables residence, duration of labor, ANC utilization, past obstetrics complication and number of live births were statistically significant with the outcome variable near miss. Maternal health policy needs to be concerned preventing major cause of near miss
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    Accidental aspiration of endodontic file: a dreaded but a preventable complication
    (Medip Academy, 2020-05) Ish, Pranav; Rathi, Vidushi; Khan, Imran; Khan, Khushboo; Datta, Shubham
    Accidental ingestion of dental objects has been reported previously in literature. Accidental aspiration of a dental object is however uncommon. The affected patient may exhibit varying range of symptoms depending on location, type, shape and size of the foreign body swallowed/aspirated. We report a case about successful retrieval of an aspirated endodontic file with special focus on risk factors, prevention and management of these iatrogenic complications.
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    Disparity in knowledge, attitude and practice among mothers of children under three years of age about early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding in Alwar district, Rajasthan, India
    (Medip Academy, 2020-04) Chand, Harish; Chopra, Mansi; Sharma, Jyoti
    Background:Considering the poor practices of optimal breastfeeding, a cross-sectional study with the objective to ascertain the disparity in knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) pertaining to early initiation, exclusive and continued breastfeeding behaviours was conducted among the mothers of children below 3 years of age.Methods:400 mothers of children ≤6 months from 52 villages of Rajasthan were included in the analysis for EBF. The data collection was analysed using statistical software SPSS version 23.0. All characteristics were summarized descriptively. Chi-square (χ2) test was performed to study the association between two categorical variables. Three points liket scale was administered to assess the attitude of mothers.Results:72.8 % mothers initiated early breastfeeding, 22.5% continued breastfeeding, and exclusively breastfeeding was practiced by none. 34.3% mothers had knowledge on early initiation of breastfeeding, 34.6% on exclusive breastfeeding and 65.5% had knowledge on continued breastfeeding. 73.8% mothers had positive attitude towards early initiation of breastfeeding, 13.5 % on exclusive breastfeeding and 79.5% had positive attitude towards continued breastfeeding up to 2 years.Conclusions:Though the attitude and knowledge on breastfeeding is good yet exclusive breastfeeding practice was observed very poor. These findings indicate that despite of having good knowledge and a positive attitude towards breastfeeding, there are certain myths and social determinants which hinder optimal breastfeeding. Identification of such barriers will be extremely useful, since counselling and behaviour change strategies will focus and address them, resulting in the practice of good behaviours.
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    Temporomandibular joint dysfunction and physiotherapy: direction through a case report
    (Medip Academy, 2020-05) Sudarshan, Shobhalakshmi; Rodrigues, Diana; Kar, Ankita; Vineeth, Shwetha
    Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation is an uncommon but debilitating condition of the facial skeleton. The condition may be acute or chronic. Acute TMJ dislocation is common in clinical practice and has been managed easily with manual reduction. Chronic recurrent TMJ dislocation is a challenging situation to manage. In this article, we discuss a case referred by the department of oral medicine for conservative management of the recurrent dislocating TMJ. This case was managed conservatively using physical therapy as the first line of management. At the end of the intervention the patient was pain free and had achieved normal function of the TMJ
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    Impact of different centroid means on the accuracy of orthometric height modelling by geometric geoid method
    (Medip Academy, 2020-04) Dare, Oluyori P.; Okiemute, Eteje S.
    Background:Orthometric height, as well as geoid modelling using the geometric method, requires centroid computation. And this can be obtained using various models, as well as methods. These methods of centroid mean computation have impacts on the accuracy of the geoid model since the basis of the development of the theory of each centroid mean type is different. This paper presents the impact of different centroidmeans on the accuracy of orthometric height modelling by geometric geoid method.Methods:DGPS observation was carried out to obtain the coordinates and ellipsoidal heights of selected points. The centroid means were computed with the coordinates using three different centroid means models (arithmetic mean, root mean square and harmonic mean). The computed centroid means were entered accordingly into a Microsoft Excel program developed using the Multiquadratic surface to obtain the model orthometric heights at various centroid means. The root meanssquare error (RMSE) index was applied to obtain the accuracy of the model using the known and the model orthometric heights obtained at various centroid means.Results:The computed accuracy shows that the arithmetic mean method is the best among the three centroid means types.Conclusions:It is concluded that the arithmetic mean method should be adopted for centroid computation, as well as orthometric height modelling using the geometric method
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    Pattern and treatment of Parkinson’s disease at different health care levels in Bangladesh: a hospital based survey
    (Medip Academy, 2020-04) Sultana, Sharmin; Hossain, M. Lokman; Parvin, M. Nazma
    Background:Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a condition in which part of the brain becomes progressively damaged over many years. This study represents the pattern of Parkinson’s disease and help to identify various drugs which are being used at different health care levels in Bangladesh.Methods:Cross-sectional technique was applied as study design in this research work. We accessed the patients with formulated questionnaire of the Department of Neuroscience of National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) for data collection from January 2017 to August 2019.100 patients were selected in the ages between 25-80 years, among them 66were male and 34females.Results:A total number of 100 Parkinson’s disease patients (male 66%, female 34%) were recruited for this study. Genetic factor (56%) is the main cause of PD found in this study. Among various symptoms, the prominent symptoms were voice disorders (96%), slowness of movement (90%), mask-like face expression (86%), tremor (80%), sensory and sleep difficulties (78%), excessive sweating (60%) and insomnia (56%). It was observed that along with physiotherapy, drugs used to manage PD were levodopa (14%), carbamazepine (12%), quetiapine (12%), haloperidol (11%), pramipexole (10%), trihexyphenidyl HCl (10%), carbidopa (8%), amlodipine (8%)andclonazepam (8%).Conclusions:Disgrace exists in the personal life and social context of the PD patients which also unfavourably affects their psychosocial aspects of life. Our population-based data provide evidence for a protective effect of Parkinson’s disease in our country.
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    Post-injection thrombophlebitis in patients undergoing peripheral IV catheterization in a tertiary care hospital: incidence and risk factors
    (Medip Academy, 2020-04) Rai, Pranjal; Thati, Vinaykumar; Geeta Ghag; Vipul Nandu
    Background:Intravenous catheters cause endothelial damage and trauma, which can predispose to venous thrombosis. Peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis occurs in 25-35% of hospitalized patients with intravenous catheters and has both patient-related implications (e.g., sepsis) and economic consequences (e.g., extra nursing time). This study is designed to address this issue, by assessing the potential risk factors in those who have developed phlebitis, and deriving conclusions based on the same.Methods:A total of 830 patients were observed over a period of 2 months. All details of the patient were collected. Thrombophlebitis was graded using visual infusion phlebitis score. Each case was compared with a matching control.Results:53 of 830 patients observed, developed thrombophlebitis giving an incidence of 6.4%. 92.5% had IV cannulation flushed after insertion. IV cannula had to be changed at least 2 times during the hospital stay. All had an average IV cannulation for 5 days. All had insertion of same size cannula (20G). Level 1 Phlebitis was identified in 64.15% patients, level 2 Phlebitis in 33.96% patients and Level 3 Phlebitis was seen 1.88% patients.Conclusions:Significant association was noted between the number of times the catheter was changed since admission and administration of Potassium chloride and Certain Medications such as Piperacillin through the cannula
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    Study of preventable causes of blindness in a tertiary care institute in Lucknow
    (Medip Academy, 2020-04) Jauhari, Nidhi; Chopra, Deepak; Ahmad, Siraj
    Background:World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019, released the estimates which show that approximately 80% of the causes of blindness and severely reduced visual acuity are preventable and avoidable. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of preventable causes of blindness in an OPD setup in the city of Lucknow.Methods:Descriptive cross-sectional study was done from January, 2019 to March, 2019 at the ophthalmology department OPD, Dr Ram Manohar lohia hospital, Lucknow. Patient presenting with complains of Blurring of vision or blindness during the defined OPD days at the study place, sample size-550. Convenience sampling, all the eligible patients who were attending the OPD on defined days during the study period.Results:The current study found the prevalence of blindness in the OPD based patients to be 13.5% and 25% (WHO and NPCB standards) respectively which is higher than the other reported statistics and found cataract to be the single most contributor of cause of blindness in accordance with other literature.Conclusions:The study demonstrates that even after the implementation of a national program (NPCB), the prevalence of blindness continues to be on the higher side and cataract remains to the most common cause of preventable blindness.
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    Post thyroidectomy skin sinus formation
    (Medip Academy, 2020-05) Suga, Yisihak; Teklewold, Berhanetsehay; Mengesha, Netsanet; Gebeyehu, Melese
    Thyroid surgery is frequently complicated by hematoma collection, nerve injury, hypothyroidism and rarely infections but persistent discharge from the gland is unusual. We report a case of persistent sinus discharge from the thyroid of the patient who underwent thyroidectomy 5 years back. The patient had persistent discharge from the wound site along with recurrent swelling all the years afterward. Fine needle aspiration cytology proved it was recurrent papillary cancer. Swab culture from discharge showed no growth. Completion thyroidectomy with functional lymph node dissection was done and specimen was not harbouring any foreign body and biopsy showed recurrent papillary cancer. Although post thyroidectomy sinus discharges are usually secondary to foreign body or chronic inflammation like tuberculosis, the tumour itself can be considered as a cause.
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    Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of temporal bone: a case series and literature review
    (Medip Academy, 2020-04) Gyawali, Bigyan Raj; Pradhananga, Rabindra Bhakta
    Fibrous dysplasia is a benign, progressive fibro-osseus disease. Typically, there are threevariants monostotic, polyostotic and McCune Albright syndrome. Monostotic variant being the commonest of all, affects mainly the craniofacial bones and ribs. Fibrous dysplasia affecting the temporal bone may be challenging at times. Here, we present our case series of three temporal bone fibrous dysplasias along with the literature review.
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    Antibacterial efficacy of black seed honey in combination with penicillin and amoxiclav against gram-positive bacteria
    (Medip Academy, 2020-02) Hossain, Rozely; Rahman, M. S.; Rayhan, M.A.; Nawrin, Kashfia; Billah, Mohammad M.; Habib, M. R.
    Background:The emergence of antimicrobial resistance possessesa great threat for the existence of mankind. Antibiotics like penicillin and amoxiclav are at the brink of losing their efficacy entirely in exposure to resistant bacteria. Thus, the present study was aimed to find out the antibacterial efficacy of black seed honey as an alternative natural source which can act independently and boost the efficacy of standard drugs alongside. Methods:Penicillin, amoxiclav and black seed honey were first individually trailedagainst four gram-positive bacteria -Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis andMicrococcus luteus.Afterwards, penicillin and amoxiclav were used in combination with honey and compared the synergistic effects with their individual efficacy. Zones of inhibition from well diffusion method, percentage inhibition, minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations by microdilution method were determined in the present study.Results:Black seed honey alone demonstrated great inhibitory potential against S. aureus (9.7 mm), S. epidermidis (9.9 mm) and M. luteus(9.3 mm) in well diffusion method. Moreover, its combination with amoxiclav showed synergistic effect against all bacteria except S. epidermidis. However, its conjugation with penicillin was not able to produce any synergism as exhibited by zones of inhibition. The lowest concentration (1.56%) of honey applied individually or in combination in microdilution method foundhighly effective which established an inverse dose dependent relationship with efficacy.Conclusions:From the data it can be concluded that the black seed honey is a highly potent natural agent which can be utilized in antimicrobial therapy. However, further investigation is recommended to identify the responsible compound for such activity.
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    Occurrence of common diseases due to habitual food habit or other habit among the students from different regions of Chattogram, Bangladesh
    (Medip Academy, 2020-03) Islam, Mohammed Jahedul; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Debnath, Pabitra; Siddika, Farida
    Background:There are some common diseases found among the students of different areas in Bangladesh which are either communicable or non-communicable. Different infectious diseases occur due to lack of hygiene practice and non-infectious diseases are developed because of many irregular daily habits all over the world. Our aim was to evaluate the habit of practicing hygiene and other daily activities to observe their impacts on the health status among the students from different regions of Chattogram in Bangladesh.Methods:With ethical approval, questionnaire forms of daily habits/activities were filled up by 750 students of different educational institutions. The data were analysed afterwards. Results:Among the population of the study 89% (n=667) students werefound to take regular bath; hand washing was regular among 32% (n=240) students, 54% (n=405) students were irregular in hand washing and the rests wash their hands rarely; on the other hand 41% (n=308) students consume street foods regularly; 38% (n=285) students wear eyeglasses due to weak sight; 23% (n=173) suffer from different skin diseases and 63% (n=473) students usually suffer from different gastro intestinal diseases.Conclusions:Our results are not so frustrating, but also not so much good as majority of the students are fond of unhealthy street foods, don’t wash hands regularly and more than half of the students suffer from GI tract diseases with other health problems. It could be recommended that some daily habits including avoiding street foods, intake of sufficient drinking water and hygiene practices should be improved more.
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    Partial mastectomy as management for unilateral gangrenous mastitis in a lactating Red Sokoto goat
    (Medip Academy, 2020-02) Abubakar, Nura; Bande, Faruku; Bodinga, Hassan A.; Barmo, Aminu; Ayobami, Hameed S.; Abubakar, M. S.
    A 7-year-old lactating Red Sokoto goat was presented to the veterinary clinic, Aliyu Jodi Road Sokoto, with the complaint of inappetance, weight loss, reduced milk output and foul-smellingudder four weeks after kidding. The goat weighed approximately 25 kg. The patient appears dull with rough hair coat, the right mammary gland was necrotic and blue-greenish, atrophied, hardened with a lacerated base, painful to touch with foul smelling. Gangrenous mastitis was diagnosed and animal as scheduled for surgery.The surgery was successfully conducted; the animal was later discharged 16 days post-surgery.
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    Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics of endogenous and exogenous cervical cancer with its clinical significance
    (Medip Academy, 2020-03) Choudhry, Fariha; Muhammad, Tahir; You, Xuewu; Liu, Lu; Abdulaziz, Asrar M. A.; Sun, Yu; Cui, Baoxia; Han, Sai; Zhang, Youzhong
    Background:Cervical cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in women of less developed countries due to poor screening and decreased diagnostic approaches. We aimed to investigate and differentiate the distinct clinicopathological characteristics and prevalence of endogenous and exogenous cervical in hospitalized patients. Methods:A study was performed contained 663 patients that were enrolled and underwent for screening of endogenous and exogenous cervical cancer in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, from January 2010 to March 2015.Results:Our results indicated that combined examination of thin-prep liquid-based cytology test and human papillomavirus(HPV)-DNA are effective for diagnosis of endogenous and exogenous cervical cancer. The clinicopathological characteristics based on tumor growth pattern, and highrisk HPV-DNA incidence had no significant difference (p>0.05) in endogenous and exogenous cervicalcancer patients. The higher ratio of lymph node metastasis in endogenous cervical cancer and exogenous cervical cancer during IB1-stage (24.3% vs 12.9%), and in IIA2-stage (36.4% vs 25%) was observed respectively. In addition, our data provide compelling evidence that the level of deep interstitial infiltration, and lymphatic vascular infiltration in endogenous cervical cancer was collectively higher (82.7% and 33%) compared to exogenous cervical cancer (62.4% and18.3%) respectively during all stages.Conclusions:The higher percentage of lymph node metastasis,deep interstitial infiltration, and lymphatic vascular infiltration was observed in endogenous cervical cancer which might be the biomarker and differential key points for the diagnosis of endogenous cervical cancer. Taken together, our study provides clinicopathological features to diagnose, and differentiate the endogenous and exogenous type cervical cancer with its prevalence.
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    Effects of calf thymus extract and L-carnitine on immunity and growth performance of broiler chickens
    (Medip Academy, 2020-02) Soliman, Mohamed A.; Gendy, Hanem El; Hanbally, Saber El
    Background:Increasing the bird’s wealth and increasing the growth rate are among the goals of increasing the animal wealth so; we studied the effects of L-carnitine and calf thymus extract on growth performance and immunity in broiler chickens. Methods:Eighty broiler chicks were divided into four groups, each group included twenty chicks. Group 1, was negative control with no treatment of feed or water. Group 2, the regular drinking water was replaced by L-carnitine-infused water (1 gram per liter). Group 3, the regular drinking water was replaced by calf thymus extract-infused water (1 ml per liter). Group 4, the regular drinking water was replaced by both L-carnitine and calf thymus extract-infused water. This treatment was administered from day 1 to day 30 of the cycle. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion were assessed. The hemogram, leuckogram, total protein, globulin, albumin, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index and interleukin 2 were measured.Results:The hemogram and leuckogram parameters recorded a significant increase in treated groups compared to non treated group.The final body weight for all treatments was nearly the same, but slightly higher with application of L-carnitine. Phagocytic activity, index, TP, globulin and IL2 were significantly increased in treated groups.Conclusions:Both L-carnitine and thymus extract have significantly improved the general health condition, in addition, calf thymus extract improved notonly the general body condition but also act has immunomodulatory effect which require more further studies
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    Effect of dietary chitosan on the feed efficiency and weight performance of high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in male wistar rat
    (Medip Academy, 2020-03) Ogungbemi, Kunle; Ugbaja, Regina N.; Ilesanmi, Funmilayo F.; Ilori, Abolanle O.; Odeniyi, Toluwalope A.; Adeniyi, Boluwaji M.; Balogunm, Daniel A.; Ajisafe, Segun S.
    Background:This study was carried out to determine the growth performance of rats fed graded levels of chitosan supplemented high fat diet.Methods:Thirty male wistar rats weighing between 70g and 90g were purchased and randomly allotted into three (3) treatmentgroups with graded levels of chitosan in high fat diet (1%, 3% and 5%) and three (3) control groups namely: normal diet, high fat diet (HFD) and normal diet +5% chitosan. The feed intakes as well as weight change of the experimental rats were monitored for six (6) weeks.Results:The results obtained showed that the highest level of feed intake and feed efficiency were recorded for animals in group fed 5% level of chitosan supplementation when compared to other treatment groups. Similar result was observed for the weight change (as there was significant reduction in the weight gain with increase chitosan supplementation in HFD) which can be attributed to the efficient utilization of feed consumption.Conclusions:It can be concluded that dietary chitosan prevents excess weight gain in hyperlipidemia and improves the overall nutritional attributes of the experimental diets by improving their feed efficiencies as compared to the control
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    Multivariate analysis of correlates of children nutritional status in Harar region, Ethiopia
    (Medip Academy, 2020-03) Kebede, Dufera Tejjeba; Bekalo, Daniel Biftu; Mekuriaw, Daniel Mesele
    Background:Malnutrition is defined as deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients. In Ethiopia malnutrition is one of the most serious health and welfare problems among infants and young children. Malnutrition among children under five years of age is a chronic problem in most regions of Ethiopia, including the Harari region. The main objective of this study was to assess risk factors attributed to nutritional status of children in Harari region.Methods:Data was obtained from Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey, 2016. Different factors were considered as determinants of nutritional status of a child. The study used Multivariate Multiple Linear Regression model to identify significant correlates of children nutritional status.Results:The descriptive statistics in the study revealed that out of a total of 233 children included in the study 21% are underweighted, 19.3% are stunted and 11.2% are wasted in the study area. From Multivariate multiple linear regression, breast feeding factors, health status of child and child vaccination status significantly affect nutritional status of the under five children.Conclusions:The factor analyses conducted in this study indicated that only two factors (instead of 5 original observed variables or items) were sufficient to explain 78.605% of the total variation in PCFA of observed items related to child nutritional status. Factors duration of breast feeding, birth order of a child, current age of child is statistically significant in affecting child malnutrition
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    Retracted: A review of the clinical applications and performance of laser speckle contrast imaging
    (Medip Academy, 2020-02) Khashru, Muhsin Billah Bin; Wang, Zeng Tao; Akthar, Bilkis; Talukder, Md Faisal
    Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a useful tool for visualizing full-field blood flow images. Speckle pattern is formed when a coherent light illuminates a rough object, and the backscattered radiation is transformed into images and be shown on a screen. Movement within the object results in the fluctuation of patterns over time. The same data can be obtained by employing the Doppler effect, yet producing a two-dimensional Doppler map needs scanning;speckle imaging renders the same information without the requirement to scan. Nowadays, LSCI has gained expanded consideration, in part because of its accelerated adoption for blood flow studies in the different surgical departments. Here we represent and review the application of laser speckle contrast methods to the field of perfusion visualization as clinical studies from various medical fields and discuss the limitations hindering clinical acceptance