Browsing by Author "Krishna, Gopal"
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Item Acute toxicity of copper sulphate on Catla catla larvae and its effect on expression of three commonly used housekeeping genes(NISCAIR-CSIR, India, 2018-02) Kumari, Kavita; Krishna, Gopal; Pathakota, Gireesh Babu; Annam, Pavan Kumar; Kumar, ShivendraPisces are commonly used to study the effects of metals, including copper on the environment. However, until now only scant information is available about the responses induced by waterborne copper during early life stages and housekeeping gene expression in fishes. In the present study, we evaluated acute toxicity of copper sulphate on larvae of Catla catla and also the stability of expression of three housekeeping genes, beta-actin (β-actin), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1α). The results have shown increased mortality of Catla catla larvae with the increased concentration of copper sulphate. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of copper sulphate at the end of 96 h exposure was 1.032 ppm. During the challenge test of copper sulphate, the minimal coefficient of variation (CV) and stability index were observed for GAPDH and maximum for β-actin indicating minimum variation of GAPDH and maximum variation of β-actin. With the results, it can be concluded that GAPDH is most stable during copper sulphate challenge test on Catla catla larvae, followed by EF1α and β-actin.Item Effectiveness of Muskaan Ek Abhiyan (The Smile Campaign) for Strengthening Routine Immunization in Bihar, India.(2012-02) Goel, Sonu; Dogra, Vishal; Gupta, Satish Kumar; Lakshmi, P V M; Varkey, Sherin; Pradhan, Narottam; Krishna, Gopal; Kumar, RajeshBackground: In Bihar State, proportion of fully immunized children was only 19% in Coverage Evaluation Survey of 2005. In October 2007, a special campaign called Muskaan Ek Abhiyan (The Smile Campaign) was launched under National Rural Health Mission to give a fillip to the immunization program. Objectives: To evaluate improvement in the performance and coverage of the Routine Immunization Program consequent to the launch of Muskaan Ek Abhiyan Intervention: The main strategies of the Muskaan campaign were reviewing and strengthening immunization micro-plans, enhanced inter-sectoral coordination between the Departments of Health, and Women and Child Development, increased involvement of women groups in awareness generation, enhanced political commitment and budgetary support, strengthening of monitoring and supervision mechanisms, and provision of performance based incentive to service providers. Methods: Immunization Coverage Evaluation Surveys conducted in various states of India during 2005 and 2009 were used for evaluation of the effect of Muskaan campaign by measuring the increase in immunization coverage in Bihar in comparison to other Empowered Action Group (EAG) states using the difference-indifference method. Interviews of the key stakeholders were also done to substantiate the findings. Results: The proportion of fully immunized 12-23 month old children in Bihar has increased significantly from 19% in 2005 to 49% in 2009. The coverage of BCG also increased significantly from 52.8% to 82.3%, DPT-3 from 36.5 to 59.3%, OPV-3 from 27.1% to 61.6% and measles from 28.4 to 58.2%. In comparison to other states, the coverage of fully immunized children increased significantly from 16 to 26% in Bihar. Conclusions: There was a marked improvement in immunization coverage after the launch of the Campaign in Bihar. Therefore, best practices of the Campaign may be replicated in other areas where full immunization coverage is low.Item Measles vaccination response during kosi floods, Bihar, India 2008.(2009-11) Varkey, Sherin; Krishna, Gopal; Pradhan, Narottam; Gupta, Satish Kumar; Caravotta, Jorge; Hombergh, Henri vanden; Hoekstra, Edward; Askari, Sufia; Kansal, O PThe Kosi floods of Bihar in 2008 led to initial rapid displacement followed by rehabilitation of the affected population. Strategically planned phase-wise activity of supplementary as well as primary measles vaccination combined with a variety of other interventions proved to be successful in preventing outbreaks and deaths due to measles. While 70% supplementary measles vaccination coverage was achieved in relief camps, the coverage of primary measles doses in the latter phases was dependant on accessibility of villages and previous vaccination status of eligible beneficiaries. The integrated diseases surveillance system, which became operational during the floods, also complemented the vaccination efforts by providing daily figures of cases with fever and rash. The overall response was not only successful in terms of preventing measles mortality, but also provided vital lessons that may be useful for planning future vaccination responses in emergency settings.