Phenotypic and Genotypic Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus From Raw and Spontaneously Fermented Camel Milk.
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Date
2013-07
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Abstract
Aims: To pheno- and genotypically characterise Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw
and fermented camel milk from Kenya and Somali for their antibiotic resistance.
Methodology: Microdilution assays to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs)
were done using to 20 different antibiotics. Further tests with selected antibiotics were
done using disk diffusion test. Genotypic antibiotic resistance was tested using by
microarray hybridization with selected isolates and consequent screening of antibiotic
resistance genes by PCR.
Results: Prevalence of antibiotic resistance among the 47 S. aureus tested were
ampicillin 26% (12), gentamicin 26% (12), streptomycin 11% (5), tetracycline 13% (6),
trimethoprim 6% (3) and fusidic acid 2% (1). Multi-resistance was detected with three
isolates resistant to two antibiotics, six to three antibiotics and six to four or more antibiotics. Three multi-resistant S. aureus isolates were positive for the β-lactamase
resistant genes (blaZ), the tetracycline resistance gene tet38 and the Panton-Valentine
leukocidin gene pvl according to microarray hybridization assays. Two of the three isolates
harbored additionally streptomycin resistance gene ant(6)-Ia. The tetracycline resistance
gene tet(K) was also detected by microarray in four isolates. PCR detected tet(K) and blaZ
in 2 and 7 additional isolates respectively.
Conclusion: Controlled antibiotic therapy in camels should be introduced to prevent the
increase of AB resistant bacteria for this and similar milk and hygienic situations in similar
production environment. Detection of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene pvl by
microarray hybridization calls for further research on possibility of community-acquired
methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) in the milk as CA-MRSA with high virulence
potential has been associated with the gene lukF-PV (pvl).
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Keywords
Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic resistance, genotypic, multi-resistant, camel milk
Citation
Njage Patrick Murigu Kamau, Dolci Stefania, Jans Christoph, Wangoh John, Lacroix Christophe, Meile Leo. Phenotypic and Genotypic Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus From Raw and Spontaneously Fermented Camel Milk. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety. 2013 Jul-Sept; 3(3): 87-98.