Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Research

Editor: Prof Abhishek Bharadwaj

ISSN: 2320-9267

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Official Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://ijpbr.in/a>

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Recent Submissions

Now showing 1 - 20 of 214
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    The Use of Escherichia coli for Recombinant Human Insulin Production
    (MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2023-04) Datta, Neelabh
    Insulin is the essential hormone produced by the pancreas. which is accountable for sanctioning glucose we acquire from our food sources to be deposited in our body cells. Without insulin, our bodies cannot control blood sugar levels, so insulin is a vital hormone for survival. A diabetic person either does not produce insulin or is resilient to it for a multiple reasons. Because of this, they need insulin injections to process glucose. It has become stress-free for patients around the world to acquire insulin with the production of recombinant human insulin produced by Escherichia coli . This short review will provide an overview of the steps engaged in constructing recombinant human insulin utilizing the K12 strain of E. coli along with the prominence of recombinant insulin and why E. coli is most commonly used for insulin production.
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    In-vitro Anti-hyperglycemic Evaluation of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Delonix regia Bark
    (MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2023-07) TM, Dinesh Kumar; A, Divyasankari; R, Srinidhi; V, Srinidhi; A, Abarnadevika
    Anti-hyperglycemic agents is a substance that helps a person with diabetes control their level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It includes insulin and oral anti-hyperglycemic agents. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood glucose levels leading to other major complications. Thus, obtaining these anti hyperglycemic agents through easily available flora is necessary. Delonix regia , a tree cultivated worldwide, has also been used as traditional medicine in various disorders. Aim of the project work was to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic activity in the hydroalcoholic extract of D. regia bark for the treatment of hyperglycemia. The collected bark was dried, powdered and extracted through cold maceration method. The extract was further concentrated to obtain a gummy mass of the hydroalcoholic extract. The extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis through conventional chemical tests and GC-MS. After the identification of the phytoconstituents, they were studied for their clinically proven properties. In-vitro anti-hyperglycemic studies were carried out through assays like alpha-amylase inhibition assay and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay. The results of the extract were compared with results of standard acarbose. The IC 50 standard values in alpha-amylase inhibition assay and ?-glucosidase inhibition assay were 98.77 and 84.33 ?g/mL, respectively. The IC 50 values of hydroalcoholic extract of D. regia bark in alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay were 167 and 116.31 ?g/mL, respectively. From the study, the hydroalcoholic extract of bark of D. regia exhibit anti-hyperglycemic activity compared to standard acarbose.
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    Evaluation the Effect of Ginseng Plant Root Extract on Complications of Azathioprine on Ovarian Follicles and TSH, LH and Progesterone Hormones in Rats
    (MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2023-07) Parhizgar, Seyed M.; Malekabad, Asma A.; Rowghani, Ebrahim; Najafian, Mahmoud
    Background: The search for herbal remedies has gained significant attention due to chemical drugs’ potentially harmful side effects. Finding plants that can mitigate these adverse effects is crucial for enhancing the well-being of individuals undergoing chemical drug treatments. Aim: Numerous studies have demonstrated the potent antioxidant properties of ginseng. Azathioprine, a widely used drug, has been shown to induce detrimental side effects on various body tissues. Thus, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of ginseng in reducing the harmful effects of azathioprine on ovarian tissue. Materials and Methods: In this study, mice were divided into groups and injected with ginseng root extract and azathioprine. Ovarian weight and histological analysis were conducted to evaluate the number of ovarian follicles and corpus luteum. Furthermore, the levels of FSH, LH, and progesterone in the blood of the study groups were assessed using ELISA. Results: In treatment group 4 (ginseng extract and azathioprine), compared to treatment group 2 (azathioprine only), a significant increase in the weight of both left and right ovaries was observed. Treatment group 4 also exhibited a notable increase (P<0.05) in the number of primordial, primary, and atretic follicles. The concentration of progesterone significantly increased in treatment group 4 compared to treatment group 2 (p<0.01). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that azathioprine can have destructive effects on ovarian tissues, while ginseng extract demonstrates the potential to reduce these detrimental side effects. Furthermore, ginseng extract appears to positively regulate FSH and progesterone hormones.
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    Unscrewing the DHT-Blocking Properties of Allium cepa Extract: Virtual Screening of Active Compounds Against 5-Alpha Reductase and Evaluation of ADME/T Properties of Compounds
    (MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2023-07) Alam, Mudassir; Abbas, Kashif
    Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) occurs in genetically prone men and women and is defined by pattern-related, non-scarring hair follicle shrinkage. It is estimated that up to 80% of men and 50% of women will be affected by AGA at some stage in their lives. The underlying pathophysiology may be traced back to the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase, which is responsible for the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a more powerful androgen, and its accumulation in hair follicles leads to hair loss. The therapeutic approach for treating AGA mainly relies on the inhibition of 5-alpha- reductase. Allium cepa (onion) extract is in trend as a natural remedy for the treatment of AGA. The study aims at in-silico and ADME/T analysis of active compounds present in onion extract against 5-alpha-reductase to evaluate and visualize protein-ligand interaction.
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    Evaluation of Phytochemical and HPLC analysis of Crotalaria angulata , Momordica cymbalaria , Senna hirsuta and Indigofera linnaei and it’s biological applications
    (MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2023-04) Nayagam, Vasanth; Raj, Joelri M.; Dons, Thiraviadoss
    To encompass a quantitative evaluation of phytochemical analysis and HPLC analysis of ethanol extracts of Senna hirsuta ; Indigofera linnaei; Crotalaria angulata and Momordica cymbalaria leaves were experimented to have broad analysis on presence of bioactive components. The phytochemical tests showed the bioactive compounds in Senna hirsuta ethanolic extracts with Steroids, Glycosides, Anthraquinones, Saponins Glycosides, Flavonoids and Terpenoids. In Indigofera linnaei, ethanolic extracts of this plant contain Steroids, Glycosides, Saponins, Glycosides and Terpenoids, Anthraquinones, Tannins, Flavonoids and Saponins are absent for this plant. Test for Steroids, Anthraquinones, Tannins and Terpenoids are strongly present in the plant of Crotalaria angulata . The strong presence of Steroids, Glycosides, Tannins, Terpenoids, Saponins foam in the plant of Momordica cymbalaria . The effects of ethanolic extracts of Anti-Bacterial activity of S.hirsuta and Indigofera linnaei with some of bacteria pathogenic strains such as Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis were experimented . The antibacterial activities of the ethanolic extracts were compared favorably with that standard antibiotic (Chloramphenicol). The Ethanolic extract of leaf showed a maximum zone of inhibition (11 mm) against Escherichia coli, a Gram negative bacteria. In Indigofera linnaei, the ethanolic extract, show a maximum zone of inhibition (19 mm) to Salmonella typhi . In chromatographic technique, the separation and movements of biomolecules has been investigated. Hence, these bio-techniques play a significant role in finding of important material for pharmaceutical industry and have substances that induce a great interest due to their versatile applications . The paper chromatographic technique showed the Rf value at chlorophyll ‘a’ is 0.569 and ‘b’ value 0.123 present in plant Crotalaria angulata . The Rf value at chlorophyll’a’0.569, and ‘b’ value is 0.353 present in the plant Momordica cymbalaria . HPLC analyses allow for the identification of samples of Momordica cymbalaria with peak value of 1676436 and Retention time is 4.092. This particular study revealed the strong quantitative phytochemicals in Crotalaria angulata and Momordica cymbalaria and the same has been found to be the most effective free radical quencher. As a culmination, these plant extracts can be a safe alternative to chemical drugs.
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    A Sole Thromboprophylactic in Prescription of Postoperative Orthopedic Patients – A Review
    (MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2023-04) C, Vaishnavi Devi; V, Durga
    Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is one of the most well-known and feared sequelae of orthopaedic surgery. VTE is relatively common after arthroplasty, prophylaxis has been prescribed. The frequency of postoperative thromboembolic events increased in the absence of primary prevention. Following operations, immobilisation of a lower limb that restricts calf muscle contraction has been shown to be a key risk factor for VTE. VTE is the most frequent source of readmission in orthopaedic patients who have undergone major procedures. It should be emphasized that the best mechanical method for preventing VTE is early walking. Medication for VTE prophylaxis is prescribed more often than mechanical prophylaxis. After major orthopaedic surgery, anticoagulant treatment is essential for reducing morbidity and death. Following hospital discharge, prophylactic drug therapy aims to reduce the morbidity and mortality episodes associated with DVT and PE occurrences. Aspirin use for prevention of VTE following THA and TKA has gained popularity, especially among orthopaedic surgeons due to a minimal risk of postoperative haemorrhage, it also reduces the incidence of recurrent DVTs. Conclusion: Due to its low cost and easy administration without the requirement for regular blood testing, aspirin thromboprophylaxis following knee surgery appears promising. Aspirin saved more QALYs and was cost-effective. Aspirin was demonstrated to have a higher VTE prophylaxis profile than other medications with a time-related association to early mobilisation, healthier patients and medication compliance.
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    A Vesicular Drug Delivery for Futuristic Drug Delivery Applications: Ufasomes
    (MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2022-04) Patel, Harshil M.; Patel, Urvashi B.; Modi, Preet
    In vesicular drug delivery devices, aqueous cubicles are covered by one or more concentric bilayers comprised of amphiphilic molecules. Due to their ability to localise drug exercise to the website online or organ of action, they are an incredible distribution strategy for focused medicine transport. The vesicular drug delivery method keeps the drug motion moving at a steady pace. The body’s opioid frequency is thereafter maintained while the negative side effects are diminished. Vesicles made of unsaturated fatty acids are known as ufasomes. They are closed lipid bilayer suspensions of fatty acids and their ionised species that have their pH regulated. Fatty acid vesicles are regularly produced by the lipid movie hydration system. Oleic acid is the fatty acid that produces ufasomes most frequently. Unsaturated fatty acid vesicles are suspensions of fatty acid-based closed lipid bilayers, with the pH range in which their ionised species can exist being between 7 and 9. Recent developments might make it possible to create ufasomes with customizable properties such a wider pH range, resistance to divalent cations, and greater stability.
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    The Expression of P63 Marker in Malignant and Benign Breast Tumors
    (MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2023-07) Mirghani, Reem H.; Badawi, Mona I.; Abdallah, Khawla A.; Abdulmalik, Refga; Abdulraoof, Najma
    This is a retrospective study conducted on Sudanese patients from January 2021 to May 2021 at the radiation and isotope center in Khartoum. In this study we aimed to determine the expression of P63 marker in malignant and benign breast tumors. One hundred paraffin-embedded blocks previously diagnosed as breast tumors were collected. The study included 65 (65%) samples of malignant and 35 (35%) benign samples. All these samples were Immunohistochemically stained by using monoclonal antibodies (by indirect streptavidin-biotin technique) for p63. All immune-stained slides were scored as either positive or negative. Data collected from patient file and results were analyzed using social science statistic web SPSS computer program.
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    Floating Drug Delivery System: A New Approach
    (MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2022-04) Kumar, Devinder; Kumar, Ashutosh
    Floating drug delivery system (FDDS) helps to improve the buoyancy property of the drug over the gastric fluids and hence maintain the longer duration of action. The aim of the present study is on floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) was to compile the recent literature with particular focus on the main floating mechanism to achieve gastric retention. Floating multi-particulate are gastro-retentive drug delivery systems which are based on non-effervescent and effervescent approach. This type of drug delivery method would have comparatively less side effect and would eliminate the need for repeated dosages.
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    In Silico Investigation of Phytochemicals against Typhoid: A Review
    (MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2023-04) Mishra, Shivam; Malviya, Shubhra
    Typhoid fever is a serious bacterial infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, and is a major public health issue in developing countries. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of S. Typhi has raised concerns about the effectiveness of existing treatments and has prompted the exploration of alternative therapies. Phytochemicals, which are bioactive compounds found in plants, have been investigated as potential sources of new antibacterial agents against typhoid. In this review, we conducted an in silico investigation of phytochemicals and their potential activity against S. Typhi. Our review examined current literature on phytochemicals and their antibacterial activity against S. Typhi. Using molecular docking studies, we investigated the potential binding of these phytochemicals to the target protein, DNA gyrase, which is an important drug target in S. Typhi. Our results indicate that several phytochemicals exhibit promising binding affinities to DNA gyrase, suggesting their potential as effective antibacterial agents against typhoid. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of phytochemicals as a source of new therapeutics for typhoid fever, particularly in regions where multidrug-resistant strains of S. Typhi are prevalent. The in silico approach used in this review provides a valuable tool for screening and identifying potential candidates for further investigation. Further studies are needed to validate the results of in silico studies and to explore the potential of phytochemicals as antibacterial agents against typhoid.
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    Dendrimer: a novel approach for drug delivery systems.
    (2016-07) Karanjavkar, J; Rathod, S; Dhumal, A
    Dendrimers are hyper-branched macromolecules having tree like structure, consisting of a core molecule and alternating layers of monomers. So they can be synthesized by divergent and convergent growth methods. During synthesis, properties of dendrimers like dendrimer size, molecular mass, surface group can be controlled and configured to the desired need. Dendrimers have the ability to encapsulate and bind the guest molecule can be used for solubility enhancement, sustained release and various drug delivery applications. The reflections on biomedical and industrial applications of dendrimers given in this report clearly demonstrate the potential the class of polymer architecture and indeed substantiate the high hopes for the future of dendrimers.
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    A Review on organogel for skin aging.
    (2016-07) Mehta, Chetna; Bhatt, Ganesh; Kothiyal, Preeti
    Skin aging is one of the prominent problems associated with skin as each part of body ages with the time, skin is the external organ where the sign and symptoms of aging are readily evident. However cosmetics as well as pharmaceutical approaches delayed skin aging. Gel are best fitted in all these essential criteria because of their excellent appearance, smoothness, desired consistency, fast drug release, ease of manufacturing and quality assessment and admirable stability. Recently gel formulation have been modified to yield an advance drug delivery system known as ―organogels‖. Gel define as a semi-solid preparation having an external solvent phase, apolar [organogel] or polar [hydrogel] immobilized within the space available of a three dimensional network structure. Lecithin is a natural surfactant isolated from eggs or soya bean, when it combined with water and non-polar solvent, it form gels. PLO gels have gained importance in recent years as transdermal drug delivery system. It is a thermodynamically stable, visco-elastic system, which is non-irritating, odorless and biodegradable. Pluronic F127 or poloxamer is a copolymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene which forms a thermoreversible gel in concentrations between 15-30%w/v. Water plays the role of a structure-forming agent and stabilizes the process of gel formation as it solubilizes the pluronic and other hydrophilic drugs. PLO gel system facilitates the delivery of hydrophilic as well as lipophilic drugs owing to the presence of both oil and aqueous phases within the gel system.
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    Beekeeping and Bee Products; Boon for Human Health and Wealth.
    (2016-07) Waykar, Bhalchandra; Alqadhi, Yahya Ali
    The cross-fertilization by bee increases average agricultural yield by 20 to 25 percent. Its products like honey, pollen, royal jelly, propolis, bee venom have immense medical importance. Honey is useful for healing the wounds, helps to build up hemoglobin, used as laxative blood purifier, preventive against cold, cough, sore throat, eye ailments, burns and gastrointestinal disorder etc. Honey has antibiotic property and is effective in reducing the risk of heart disease, cancer and diabetes. Pollen lowers blood pressure, increases hemoglobin and erythrocyte content, useful in pernicious anemia, sterility, hypertension, in complaints of the nervous and endocrine system. Royal jelly has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, vasodilative and hypotensive, antioxidant, antihypercholesterolemic and antitumor property. Royal jelly has a diuretic effect, prevents obesity, builds up resistance to infection, regulates the functioning of the endocrine glands and is good for arteriosclerosis and coronary deficiency. Bee venom acts as antibiotic and useful for lowering of blood pressure, in neural disorders and rheumatoid arthritis and acute rheumatic carditis, treating certain eye diseases, hypertension and gynecological and children’s diseases. Propolis, a resinous substance has pharmacologically active constituents as flavonoids, phenolics and other various aromatic compounds. Propolis has antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proprieties. It is used to treat mouth and gum disorders, gum decay, resistance to general illness, cure burns and fungal skin complaints. Beeswax is used to prepare polishes, waterproofing, electrical insulation, cosmetics, cold creams etc. It is also useful in engineering, pharmaceutical and confectionary industries.
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    Evaluation of antibacterial activity of macrocyclic metal complexes derived from dihydrazone and diketone.
    (2016-07) Ali, Sabir; Singh, Vandna
    Synthesis of macrocyclic metal complexes of Cr(III) and Fe(III) by the condensation of benzil dihydrazone with 1H-indole-2, 3-dione.The metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, thermal analysis, ESR, infrared, 1H NMR and UV-visible spectroscopy. On the bases of these studies, a five-coordinate square pyramidal geometry is proposed for all the metal complexes. In vitro antibacterial activity of macrocyclic metal complexes exhibited good results.
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    Stability analysis and quantitative evaluation of metronidazole suspension.
    (2016-07) Patil, P D; Desai, S R; Disouza, J I
    Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture including solid particles that are satisfactorily bulky for sedimentation. Generally they must be larger than one micrometer. It is when particles are left floating around freely in a solvent. The inner phase (solid) is discrete all through the external phase (fluid) during mechanical stir, with utilizing of certain excipients or suspending agents. Metronidazole or 2-(2 methyl-5 nitro-1 H –imidazol-1 yl) ethanol belongs to the nitro imidazole group of antibiotics whose antimicrobial property through derive from the formation of toxic free radicals by intracellular reduction. The objective of present study was to prepare suspension of Metronidazole by using different suspending agents and stability testing was to provide evidence on how the quality of suspensions varies with the time under of influence of environmental factors such as temperature, light, oxygen, moisture, other ingredient or excipients in the dosage form, particle size of drug, microbial contamination etc. and to establish a recommended storage condition. The FTIR and DSC techniques are use for characterization of active ingredient MBZ. This suspension was evaluated for appearance, pH, sedimentation volume and dissolution study for in vitro drug release. Result of evaluation indicates 1% w/v xanthan gum give optimal characteristic suspension. Suspension containing 1% w/v was exposed for the stability studies as per ICH guidelines. The suspensions were evaluated for their physicochemical parameter, particle size, drug release, drug content and microbiological assessment. The suspension shows good stability at 25ºC ± 2 ºC /60%± 5% RH, 30 ºC ± 2 ºC /65%± 5% RH and good quantitative analysis result throughout the period of study. Suspension stored at 40 ºC ± 2 ºC /75%± 5% RH shows noncompliance with the analysis parameter after 4 week of storage. This indicate high temperature storage was shows degradation of the suspension which results in crystal growth in formulation and affect the physicochemical parameter as Appearance, pH, viscosity, specific gravity, drug dissolution profile and drug content.
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    Isolation, Identification and quantitative analysis of Ellagic acid: a tannin compound from Helicteres isora.
    (2016-07) Meena, Ramraj; Joshi, Ridhi; Meena, Rishikesh; Patni, Vidya
    Plant derived secondary metabolites have widely attracted humans with great interest due to their immense medicinal and pharmacological properties. Ellagic acid, a natural phenolic compound found in many fruits exhibits both antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activity. Qualitative analysis of the plant samples of Helicteres isora showed the presence of ellagic acid in in vivo (stem bark) and in vitro (callus) samples. Presence of isolated ellagic acid was confirmed by superimposable IR spectra of isolated and authentic samples of ellagic acid. The ellagic acid was further identified and confirmed by using different techniques such as TLC (Rf 0.41), and HPLC (Rt =5.546 min) studies.
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    Optimisaton techniques: a futuristic approach for formulating and processing of pharmaceuticals.
    (2016-04) CHODANKAR, REHA S.; DEV, ASISH
    Designing and formulating an ideal pharmaceutical product is a very tedious job for a formulator as it comprises of multiple objectives. The traditional method followed for years is not only expensive and time consuming but it also needs lot of effort to be put in and in spite of that at times it proves to be unfavourable and unpredictable too.The recent approach to optimise i.e. to achieve the best combination of product and process characteristics under the given conditions is by using Design of Experiment (DoE).Design of Experiment (DoE) is an organised approach to determine the relationship between the factors (Xs) affecting a process and the output of that process (Ys).The recent optimisation methodologies include various approaches that come under the 2 main categories namely, simultaneous optimisation and sequential optimisation. Nowadays there are various software available to carry out the optimisation of pharmaceutical products.
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    A review on nanoparticles – preparation and evaluation parameters.
    (2016-04) TIRUWA, RENU
    Nanotechnology defined as a tiny science. Design characterization, production and applications of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale is refers to nanotechnology. Nanotechnology by which we can achieve better therapeutic action, better bioavailability and better patient compliance. Several nanoformulations are successfully used for brain delivery which includes nanoparticles system (polymeric/solid lipid), liposomes, dendrimer‟s, nanoemulsions, nanosuspension and ligand mediated nanosystems.Nanoparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid particles drug carrier that may or may not be biodegradable. Several techniques are used for preparation of nanoparticles like Solvent Evaporation, Double Emulsification method, Emulsions - Diffusion Method, Nanoprecipitation, Coacervation method, Salting Out Method, Dialysis and Supercritical fluid technology. Nanoparticles are subjected to several evaluation parameters such as yield of nanoparticles, Drug Content / Surface entrapment / Drug entrapment, Particle Size and Zeta Potential , Surface Morphology, Polydispersity index, In-vitro release Study, Kinetic Study, Stability of nanoparticles.
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    Sublingual tablets: an overview
    (2016-04) Sah, Somya; Badola, Ashutosh; Kothiyal, Preeti
    Oral administration is one of the most convenient forms for the intake of drug due to ease of administration, painless, versatility, and paramount patient compliance. The demand of fast disintegrating tablets has been growing, during the last decades especially for geriatric and pediatric patients due to dysphasia. So the new drug delivery known as orally disintegrating tablets came to existence. As nowadays most of the people need effective relief within a short period of time so sublingual is the most suitable form of administration. These tablets disintegrate and dissolve rapidly in saliva due to interaction with our salivary enzymes
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    In situ gel: A Review
    (2016-04) Chand, Pallavi; Gnanarajan, G.; Kothiyal, Preeti
    Oral route is technique which is used over a decades. It is most preferred and common technique for oral administration of drug in the body, but due to certain limitation such as absorption of drug, drug targeting to particular organ can cause problem for administration through oral route. To overcome these types of problem as well as for improvement of drug safety and efficiency a novel approach is developed for delivery of drug i.e. In-situ Nasal Drug Delivery System. In-situ gel is a process in which sol form before administration in the body, but once administrated, it undergo gelation in-situ, to form gel. Nasal drug delivery is one of alternative viable route of drug delivery is one of alternative and viable route of drug delivery. Nasal route is rich in vasculature and highly permeable. Nasal route is suitable for those drugs whose oral administration is problematic due to gastric irritation. The present review focused on anatomy of nasal system and criteria required of drug candidate to prepare a gel i.e. In-situ gel. Approaches towards various formulation of in-situ gel with respect to temperature, ph and physiochemical condition.The main role of polymers like Poloxamer, Pectine, Cellulose etc in body, absorption of drug by various methods. Various evaluation parameters which is consider during preparation of in-situ gel.