Browsing by Author "Kumar, Arun"
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Item Arterialization of central venous pressure waveform.(2016-10) Raut, Monish S; Maheshwari, Arun; Sharma, Manish; Joshi, Sandeep; Kumar, Arun; Gupta, Akshay; Goyal, HimanshuItem Assessment of dietary compliance to gluten free diet and psychosocial problems in indian children with celiac disease.(2010-06) Chauhan, J C; Kumar, Praveen; Dutta, A K; Basu, Srikanta; Kumar, ArunObjective. To assess dietary compliance to Gluten Free Diet (GFD), to identify barriers to compliance and to study the impact of diet on the psychosocial behavior of children with celiac disease. Methods. Children diagnosed with celiac disease and followed up for more than 6 months, were assessed for dietary compliance. After this assessment, patients were subjected to an interview, consisting of self administered questionnaire, by the investigator who was blinded to initial results of initial assessment. Psychosocial parameters were assessed by standard Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) containing 35 items. Dietary compliant and non-compliant groups were compared for assessed factors affecting the dietary compliance. Cases were also compared to healthy controls for psychosocial parameters. Results. A total of 70 patients were assessed for dietary compliance: 53(75%) were found to be dietary compliant, 13(18%) dietary non-compliant while 4 had doubtful dietary compliance. Final analysis was done for 64 patients who had complete assessment; 4 patients with doubtful dietary compliance and 2 patients who had incomplete assessment, were excluded. Dietary compliance was higher in younger children (>80%) compared to adolescents (44%); in children with higher maternal education; in parents having better knowledge and understanding of disease. Compliance was better in nuclear families; with less number of siblings (68.3% of compliant had <2 siblings compared to 23% in non- compliant); in families with higher per capita income. Dietary compliance was also better in children who presented with typical symptoms of celiac disease (72% of dietary compliant presented with loose motion as presenting symptom compared to only 15% in non-compliant). Celiac children had problems related to adjustment such as difficulty in maintaining diet at school, restaurants, trips, etc.45% patients complained that their teachers don’t understand the nature of their disease. Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) score was above cut-off in 4 children of dietary non-compliant group. Few individual PSC items such as complaints of aches and pains; is irritable, angry; does not listen to the rules, blames other for mistakes; teases others; refuses to share, were more common in celiac children than control. Conclusions. Noncompliance to gluten free dietary regimen is seen in18 % of cases. Dietary noncompliance is more common in the adolescent age group, in joint families and those who have more number of siblings. Dietary restrictions have impact on child’s social activities and thus psychosocial parameters (PSC score) are better in the dietary compliant group.Item Assessment of quality of life of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients in tertiary care teaching hospital in North India(Medip Academy, 2020-01) Parashar, Aditya; Jha, K. K.; Kumar, Arun; Tomer, Sheetal Singh; Yadav, Dharmendra Singh; Imran, HaidarBackground: Quality of life (QoL) is a standard indicating a person抯 life in better condition as compared to a diseased person or patient. Diabetes itself is not a dangerous disease if managed properly, but it becomes life-threatening after a certain time period because of the patient抯 poor interest in disease management and treatment adherence. Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine system disorder that invokes lack of insulin secretion in the bloodstream. The study was conducted to assess the QoL of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with QoL instrument.Methods: Questionnaire based cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted at Teerthanker Mahaveer Hospital, Moradabad, for a duration of 6 months from January - June 2019, on 196 patients of type-2 diabetes mellitus.Results: On an average 56.5% people have accepted that due to the diabetic condition their working proficiency is decreased. 80.3% of patients have accepted that they were facing problems due to diabetic symptoms. Similarly, 84% of patients have accepted that the ongoing treatment was quite expensive than their expectations. Finally, the last section of the patient抯 emotional/mental satisfaction showed that 49.7% of patients were very satisfied with their family support while 13.7% of patients were not satisfied.Conclusions: QOL instrument for Indian diabetes patient抯 instrument helped to evaluate the patient抯 physical strength, psychological strength of the patient during disease condition, the response provided from the family members and relatives, the economical status of the patient and its effects on their living.Item Biochemical Constituents in Malformed Tissues of Pearl Millet Cultivars Caused by Aggressive Pathotype of Sclerospora graminicola Causing Downy Mildew Disease.(2011-10) Kumar, Arun; Mali, P C; Gajja, B LDowny mildew (DM) of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] caused by Sclerospora graminicola is the most widespread and destructive disease. In DM affected plants disease symptoms appear suddenly with the emergence of green ear, which exhibits all possible degrees of proliferations and malformation of the panicle. The pathogen population at Jodhpur, India is more virulent among other prevalent pathotypes as highly resistant pearl millet lines turned susceptible at this location. Virulence of pathotype rapidly changes host physiology producing varied symptoms in leaves and ear heads. Biochemical components including carbohydrates, phenols, free proline, photosynthetic pigments and enzymes like polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POX), IAA oxidase (IAAO) and catalase were found considerably deranged in malformed tissues. Results indicated that in two highly susceptible cultivars (Nokha local and Eknath) high soluble sugars were recorded in DM necrotic/chlorotic leaves and malformed ear heads, whereas starch contents were reduced in infected ear heads. Total and O-dihydroxy phenols were higher in DM infected leaves as well as in the malformed ear heads. Free proline contents were increased manifold in DM infected leaves and in proliferated panicles. Total chlorophyll contents reduced drastically in DM infected leaves. In ear heads showing tufting and complete malformation, total chlorophyll and carotenoids were low when compared to healthy and diseased leaves. Activities of PPO, POX, IAAO and catalase were higher in DM affected leaves and suppressed and completely malformed ear heads in comparison to their healthy counterparts. The study suggests that accumulation of total phenols caused the hyperphenolicity in infected host tissues despite increased activities of POX, PPO, catalase and IAA oxidase.Item A case control study to determine the role of vitamin D in the risk of coronary artery disease among type 2 diabetic individuals(Medip Academy, 2019-07) Kumar, Manoj; Pandey, Sanjeev Kumar; V., Vijayavarman; K., Kiran; Kumar, ArunBackground: Diabetes Mellitus comprises a group of metabolic disorder leading to hyperglycaemia. Vitamin D deficiency plays a role in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus pathogenesis. Vitamin D appears to affect several metabolisms that have been associated with coronary artery disease. Vitamin D level has been recently considered as an adjustable risk factor of cardiovascular diseases, in individuals with type 2 Diabetes.Methods: This case control study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, UPUMS. 100 diabetic individuals with low Vitamin D level were taken as cases and 100 diabetic individuals with normal vitamin D level as control. History and examination with necessary investigations were done. Patients with positive history were subjected to investigations to diagnose CAD.Results: The proportion of case and controls had no significant difference in age distribution. The risk of coronary artery disease was 2.76 times higher among diabetes mellitus patients with vitamin D deficiency (1.36-5.59). The risk of CAD was adjusted for various risk factors (age, sex, hypertension, smoking, physical activity, and lipid profile) Odds ratio was found to be 2.8 (95% CI-1.19-6.94, p-0.018).Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency among diabetes patients was found to be an independent risk factor for CAD after adjusting other risk factors emphasizing that vitamin D can be a potential risk factor for development of coronary artery disease.Item Cassia poisoning behind mysterious disease in children in Uttarakhand.(2008-05-03) Kumar, ArunItem Characterization of protease from Alcaligens faecalis and its antibacterial activity on fish pathogens.(2011-11) Annamalai, N; Kumar, Arun; Saravanakumar, A; Vijaylakshmi, S; Balasubramanian, TAlcaligens faecalis AU01 isolated from seafood industry effluent produced an alkaline protease. The optimum culture conditions for growth as well as enzyme production were 37oC and pH 8. The partially purified protease had specific activity of 9.66 with 17.77% recovery with the molecular weight of 33 kDa and it was active between 30-70oC and optimum being at 55oC and pH 9. The enzyme retains more than 85% activity at 70oC and 78% even at pH 10.The enzyme inhibited the growth of fish pathogens such as Flavobacterium sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Vibrio harveyi, Proteus sp. and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. From the present study it can be concluded that Alcaligens faecalis AU01 has the potential for aquaculture as probiotic agent and other several applications.Item Comparative evaluation of short-term versus long-term post-operative antibiotic prophylaxis after mandibular fractures.(2015-07) Goel, Mahesh; Kirti, Shruti; Singh, J; Tawar, Rajiv; Kumar, ArunBackground: No consensus is present among the clinicians regarding the use of post-operative antibiotics after the open reduction and internal fixation. This study evaluates the efficacy of short-term (48 hrs) versus long-term (5 days) post-operative antibiotics in preventing infection rates after the open reduction and internal fixation in mandible fractures. Methods: A total of 80 patients of dentate mandibular fractures were divided randomly in 2 groups; Group 1 received post-operative intravenous antibiotics (amoxicillin+clavulanate 1.2 g+ metronidazole 0.5 g/100 cc) TDS for 48 hrs postoperatively Group 2 received same course for 5 post-operative days and patient were monitored for the signs of infection according to the centers for disease control and prevention criteria, rise in white blood cells counts and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Side effects were recorded in both groups. Results: Out of 39 patients in Group 1 two patients showed rise in CRP levels and single patient developed abscess, whereas in Group 2 wound dehiscence was noted in 2 patients and both had prolonged rise in CRP levels at the 5th day. Conclusions: No significant difference in post-operative infection rates was seen between two groups which suggests short-term post-operative antibiotic treatment is equally efficacious as long-term treatment.Item Comparative Evaluation of Various Treatment Modalities in Treating Diarrhoea Patients at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital(Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine & Sciences, 2019-03) Tayal, Rajiv; Anuragi; Kumar, Arun; Kapoor, VinodBackground: Diarrhoea is described as three or more loose orwatery stools a day. Infection commonly causes acuteDiarrhoea. Noninfectious etiologies are more common as theduration of Diarrhoea becomes chronic. Hence; under the lightof above mentioned data, we planned the present study assessand compare the efficacy of various treatment modalities in theTreating diarrhoea patients.Materials & Methods: A total of 160 patients with diarrhoeawere included in the present study. All the patients werebroadly divided into four study groups with 40 patients in eachgroup: group 1- patients who were given Nitazoxanide therapywhile group 2- included patients who were given metronidazoletherapy, group 3- patients who were given cefixime therapy,and group 4 – patients who were given norfloxacin therapy.Stool samples were obtained from patients of both the studygroups for assessing the effectiveness of treatment therapy.Both clinical and microbiological success was recorded. All theresults were recorded and analysed by SPSS software.Results: Clinical success was recorded in 95 percent of thepatients of group 1 and it was recorded in 97.5 percent ofthe patients of group 2. Microbiological and clinical successamong subjects of group 3 was 90 percent and 92.5 percentrespectively. Microbiological and clinical success amongsubjects of group 4 was 92.5 percent and 92.5 percentrespectively. Non-significant results were obtained whilecomparing the efficacy of both the antibiotics in treatingdiarrhoea patients.Conclusion: All the antibiotics can be used with equal efficacyin treating diarrhoea patients.Item A Comparative Study Of Retrieval Of Gall Bladder During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy With Endobag Versus Without Endobag In Terms Of Benefits And Complications(World Wide Journals, 2018-11) Shakya, Jogendar Pal Singh; Yadav, Charu; Kumar, Arun; Shukla, SachinIntroduction: In laparoscopic cholecystectomy gall bladder perforation and spillage are the common complications encountered during dissection and removal of gall bladder. Gall bladder removal can be completed simply and safely when a retrieval bag is used. This trial was undertaken to compare the retrieval of gall bladder with endobag versus without endobag. A sterile latex glove was used as an endobag which is an easily available and a cheaper alternative with similar effectiveness. Aim: To compare the benefits and complications of extraction of gallbladder in an endobag v/s direct extraction through 10 mm port in laparoscopic cholecystectomy in terms of operative time, port site infection, port site pain and duration of hospital stay. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in Department of Surgery SN Medical College Agra to compare benefits and complications of extraction of gallbladder in an Endobag versus direct extraction. A total of 100 patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis were included in the study after surgical assessment and confirming diagnosis. They were divided into two groups of 50 each by randomization. Results: In this study of 100 patients 92% were females and 8% were males. With the use of an endobag, mean operative time taken was 1 hour as compared to 1.3 hours taken in procedure without using an endobag. Mean hospital stay was of 3.45 days and only 2% patients had port site infection in cases with endobag as compared to 3.6 days and 10% patients had port site infection in cases without endobag. There was no spillage of stones and bile with the usage of endobag. Conclusion:An endobag for retrieval of gall bladder during laparoscopic cholecystectomy was found better than the direct extraction of the gall bladder. A sterile latex glove made endobag is a simple, safe and cost–effective method and can be used instead of endobagItem Comparison of changes in astigmatism after cataract surgery in temporal versus superior incisions.(2016) Rajesh, P; Safarulla, M A; Saad, Mustafa; Kumar, ArunIntroduction- Patients undergoing cataract surgery develop astigmatism based on location of incision. This retrospective study investigated the “Pre & post operative astigmatism after cataract surgery based on incision”. Purpose of this study was to compare astigmatismobtained in temporal & superior incision. Material and Methods- Out of 50 cataract patients collected, 25 patients were in the temporal incision PHACO group and 25 were in the superior incision PHACO group. Corneal astigmatism and corrected visual acuity were assessed 30 and 90 days after cataract surgery. Results- against the rule astigmatism is more common after superior incision cataract surgery and with the rule astigmatism is more common after temporal incision cataract surgery. Conclusion: The study reveals temporal incision, increase with the rule & superior incision increase against the rule and also concluded astigmatism is least in temporal incision.Item Correlation of pre-operative vitamin D3 levels with post-operative hypocalcemia in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy(Medip Academy, 2020-01) N., Mallikarjuna M.; Kumar, Arun; V., Ramya M.; S., Santhosh C.Background: Total thyroidectomy (TT) is a commonly performed procedure for various thyroid disorders, with parathyroid insufficiency manifesting as hypocalcaemia being a well-known complication. Albeit, vitamin D is well implicated in calcium homeostasis, the association between hypovitaminosis D and postoperative hypocalcaemia is yet to be concluded. The aim of our study is to evaluate the correlation of preoperative serum vitamin D3 levels with occurrence of post-operative hypocalcemia in patients undergoing TT.Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 50 patients undergoing TT for benign thyroid diseases from November 2016 to May 2018. Pre-operative vitamin D3 levels were estimated. Serum calcium levels was measured pre‑ and post‑operatively at 24hours, 1st week and 4th week. Serum calcium level ≤8.5 mg/dl was considered as biochemical hypocalcemia. A data of demographic, clinical, biochemical and intraoperative findings were documented and analysed.Results: Statically 14 (28%) patients developed symptomatic hypocalcemia. Out of these, 11 (78.5%) patients had preoperative vitamin D levels of <30 ng/dl (p=0.034). 24 hours postoperative serum calcium level was significantly lesser in patients with lower preoperative vitamin D levels (p=0.015), suggesting that postoperative hypocalcemia (24 hr) is statistically related to pre-operative vitamin D3 levels.Conclusions: It could be concluded from our study that preoperative serum vitamin D3 levels can predict post-operative occurrence of symptomatic and/or biochemical hypocalcemia. Thus, it could be hypothesized that supplementing vitamin D preoperatively could curb the incidence of hypocalcaemia following TT. However, further relevant trials are needed to attest to this.Item Correlational study of interleukin-6 with albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus(Medip Academy, 2019-07) Vaishya, Ganga Prasad; Kumar, Granth; V., Vijayavarman; Pandey, Sanjeev Kumar; Kumar, Arun; K., KiranBackground: Individuals with type 2 diabetes display features of low-grade inflammation. Mediators of inflammation such as IL-6 have been proposed to be involved in the events causing as well as progression of diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the commonest causes of chronic kidney failure throughout the world. Although diabetic nephropathy is traditionally considered a non-immune disease, accumulating evidence now indicates that immunologic and inflammatory mechanisms play a significant role in its development and progression.Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in the department of medicine, UPUMS, Saifai. The study was conducted from June 2018 to February 2019. A total of 80 type 2 diabetes patients were included in the study. After informed consent, patients were recruited. FBS, PPBS, HbA1C, 24 Hrs Urinary protein and interleukin-6 levels were measured. The data was analysed using SPSS 23. Pearson co relation co efficient was determined between IL -6, HbA1c and Urinary protein.Result: A total of 80 type 2 diabetes patients were studied. The study subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the urinary protein level into normo-albuminuria, Micro- albuminuria and macro- albuminuria. FBS, PPBS, HBA1c, 24 Hrs Urinary protein and Interleukin – 6 were significantly associated with proteinuria (p<0.001). Urinary protein was positively correlated with IL-6 (R2=0.57, p<0.01). The blood glucose was positively correlated with IL-6 (R2=0.413, p-0.01).Conclusion: Raised IL-6 levels in diabetics revealed the presence of inflammation. Our study showed positive correlation between IL-6, HBA1c and Urinary protein.Item Diabetes: a risk factor for mortality from brain stroke.(2015-04) Joshi, Vandana; Kumar, Arun; kothiyal, PreetiDiabetes mellitus (DM), is a most common problem around the world & contributes to the development of different types of complications due to various pathological changes like change in thickening of capillary basement membrane, increase in vessel wall matrix and cellular proliferation. Diabetes mellitus represents a strong independent risk factor for stroke. The current review is an attempt to summarize the possible mechanisms that has been associated with increased risk of stroke due to diabetes mellitus.Item Differential proteomics approach to identify putative protective antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis presented during early stages of macrophage infection and their evaluation as DNA vaccines.(2015-07) Sharma, Shingar; Rajmani, RS; Kumar, Arun; Bhaskar, Ashima; Singh, Amit; Manivel, Venkatasamy; Tyagi, Anil K; Rao, Kanury VSUnsatisfactory performance of the existing BCG vaccines, especially against the adult pulmonary disease, has urged the need for an effective vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). In this study, we employed differential proteomics to obtain a list of antigens as potential vaccine candidates. Bacterial epitopes being presented at early stages on MHC class I and class II molecules of macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) were identified using iTRAQ labelling and reverse phase LC-MS/MS. The putative vaccine candidates, thus identified, were tested as plasmid DNA vaccines in mice to ascertain their protective efficacy against the aerosolized M. tb challenge, based on their ability to reduce the bacterial load in the lungs of infected mice. Here, we observed that 4 out of the 17 selected antigens imparted significant protection against the challenge of M. tb. The four shortlisted antigens were further assessed in a more stringent guinea pig model, where too, they demonstrated significant protection. It concludes that combining a proteomics approach with the in vivo assessment of vaccine candidates in animal models can be valuable in identifying new potential candidates to expand the antigenic repertoire for novel vaccines against TB.Item Early intervention in developmental delay.(2008-04-02) Sengupta, Uma; Kumar, Arun; Gupta, Saurabh; Anthony, Fredy; Nizamie, AlkaA 10-month-old child with prenatal history of vaginal bleeding in mother at 8 weeks of pregnancy, delivered by cesarean section and history of neonatal jaundice was bought with poor social smile, poor eye contact, and inability to sit independently. He was enrolled in early intervention programme, which included relaxation exercises, passive exercises, visual stimulation and auditory stimulation. By the end of 8 months of the therapy, he could walk independently, was able to pick glassful of water and keeping away after drinking, was using disyllabic words meaningfully, could indicate for hunger and toilet and was able to recognize the parents and self.Item Effect of Raw Cow Milk and Gliocladium virens in Pearl Millet against Downy Mildew Disease Caused by Sclerospora graminicola.(2011-07) Kumar, Arun; Mali, P CPearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] downy mildew (DM) is caused by the fungus Sclerospora graminicola (SACC.) SCHRŐT. is the most widespread and destructive disease of pearl millet affecting yield and quality in all the millet cultivating tracts of India. Since pearl millet is a crop of low economic value grown by resource-poor farmers, conventional technological interventions are not cost feasible. Integration of indigenous knowledge with biocontrol agents appeared as a logical strategy in the present case. Studies were, therefore, undertaken to manage DM in rainfed crop of pearl millet using raw cow milk together with Gliocladium virens. Seed and soil treatments resulted in the lowest disease incidence. Biochemical constituents (metabolites and oxidative enzymes) were analysed to determine possible mode of action of Raw Cow Milk (RCM) and Gliocladium virens. A considerable increase in sugars, phenols and ortho-dihydroxy phenols (OD) in healthy and DM infected leaves of treated pearl millet plants was recorded when compared to untreated controls. A marked increase in all the photosynthetic pigments in both healthy and diseased treated plants was observed. The induction of resistance was accompanied by increased activities of defense related enzymes. It is assumed that the combination of RCM and G. virens is capable of stimulating different systemic responses in host plant.Item The efficacy of a herbal-based toothpaste in the control of plaque and gingivitis: A clinico-biochemical study.(2009-10) Hegde, Shashikant; Rajesh, K S; Kumar, ArunObjective: A double-blinded controlled clinical trial with parallel groups was designed to investigate the effectiveness of a herbal-based toothpaste in the control of plaque and gingivitis as compared with a conventional dentifrice. The efficacy of Colgate Herbal over Colgate tooth paste was assessed in this study. Materials and Methods: Thirty subjects with gingivitis participated in the study. All participants had at least 20 natural teeth with no probing depths greater than 3 mm and a plaque index score of 2 or more at baseline. At baseline, the clinical parameters like gingival index, plaque index and salivary pH were estimated. Paired t-test was used to compare the difference within the groups and unpaired t-test was used to compare the difference between the groups at baseline and on the 30 th day. Results: At the end of the study, there were statistically significant reductions in the gingival index and the plaque index scores within the test group. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the test and the control groups. The salivary pH changes were not statistically significant in the test group but were displaced more toward the acidic range in the control group. Conclusion: It was however concluded that the herbal-based toothpaste was as effective as the conventionally formulated dentifrice in the control of plaque and gingivitis.Item Electrocardiographic Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients — An Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Centre in North Eastern India(Indian Medical Association, 2022-08) Kapoor, Manish; Kumar, Arun; Ete, Tony; Pala, Star; Vanlalmalsawmdangliana; Megeji, Rinchin Dorjee; Beyong, TasoIntroduction : The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) primarily involves respiratory system but may also affect the Cardiovascular System leading to abnormal ECGs. Its early recognition is crucial as it may be associated with increased mortality. Hence we aimed to find out various Electrocardiographic (ECG) manifestations of COVID19 patients admitted in a Tertiary Care Hospital and its relation to disease severity. Methods : We performed a hospital-based retrospective observational study between April, 2021 to November 2021 and analyzed the ECG changes at admission by three Cardiologists according to standard definitions and diagnostic criteria. Results : Out of 579 patients, ECG of 473 was available for analysis. ECG was normal in 227 (48%) and abnormal in 246 (52%) patients. Most common abnormal ECG finding in COVID19 patients was Sinus Tachycardia(19.5%) and less common findings were Sinus Bradycardia (5.3%), Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) (3.2%), atrial fibrillation (2.5%), complete RBBB (2.3%), atrial premature complexes (2.3%), S1Q1T3 pattern (2.1%), first degree AV block (1.5%), ST-T wave changes (1.3%), Atrial flutter (1.1%). In mechanically ventilated patients, incidence of acute Right Ventricular Pressure Overload (RVPO) related ECG findings were more frequent. Conclusion : There is a wide spectrum of ECG manifestations in COVID-19 patients which varies depending upon the severity of COVID as well as prior Cardiovascular status, associated comorbidities and need for ventilatory support. Knowledge of ECG changes might help in risk stratification and triaging of COVID-19 patients.Item Elevated Expression of Notch 2 & Notch 3 is associated with Disease Progression in Colorectal Cancer(Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022-12) Sharma, Abhay Kumar; Nimisha; Apurva; Kumar, Arun; Ali, Asgar; Saluja, Sundeep Singh; Prasad, BirendraBackground: The potential involvement of Notch signaling pathway in cell fate decision, tumor heterogeneity and angiogenesis in solid tumors can be explored in colorectal cancer (CRC). This might further help to improve outcomes in CRC. Here, the promoter methylation of Notch receptor gene (Notch2 and Notch3) and their co-expression with its downstream transcription factor Hes1 has been analyzed. Methods: Seventy-two CRC patients were enrolled to study the role of Notch2, Notch3 and Hes1 genes in colorectal cancer. Promoter methylation and mRNA expression in tumor and adjoining normal tissue were assessed by Methylation Specific PCR and quantitative Real time PCR respectively. Statistical correlation was done by using SPSS. Results: We found that Notch2 and Notch3 were hypomethylated in 52/72 (72.22%) and 54/72 (75%) cases respectively. Hypomethylation of Notch 2 and Notch 3 showed significant association with advanced stage (p=0.001) and (p=0.003) and nodal metastasis (p=0.036) and (p=0.012) respectively. Both Notch 2 and Notch 3 showed increased mRNA expression in 49 (68.05%) and 51(70.84%) patients with a fold change of 3.37 and 5.43 respectively. Positive correlation between hypomethylation and expression was observed for both genes. High expression of Hes1 was found in 53(73.61%) of cases which was highly relatable with over expression of notch receptor genes. Upregulation of Notch 2, Notch 3 and Hes1 showed significant association with high grade tumors, advance stage and presence of LN metastasis, additionally Notch 3 and Hes1 showed significant association with distant metastasis. Conclusion: Hypomethylation of Notch 2 and 3 receptors is playing crucial role in regulating the expression of these genes in CRC. Overexpression of Notch 2, Notch 3 and Hes1 are associated with disease progression in CRC.
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