Browsing by Author "Jain, D C"
Now showing 1 - 20 of 51
Results Per Page
Sort Options
Item Acute sporadic viral hepatitis in urban population of a tribal district in Madhya Pradesh.(1998-02-26) Singh, J; Prakash, C; Panda, R; Bora, D; Jain, D C; Datta, K KOBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of acute sporadic viral hepatitis and describe its epidemiology in an urban population. DESIGN: A retrospective community survey for jaundice cases. SETTING: Headquarter town of a tribal district, Bastar, in Madhya Pradesh state, India. METHOD: Trained paramedics surveyed about 51,643 population to detect cases of jaundice which occurred in the past one year. Cases were examined to collect clinical and epidemiological data. blood samples were drawn from all cases who had jaundice in the past 3 months for testing them for markers of viral hepatitis. RESULTS: Study estimated the annual incidence of jaundice cases as 244 (95% CI 201-287) per 100,000 population. Almost 95% jaundice cases occurred in summer and monsoon months. People from all socio-economic strata were affected. The incidence of jaundice was found to be the highest in children below 15 years of age (3.7 per 1000) which declined significantly with the increase in age (p = 0.0000). The overall incidence in two sexes was not different statistically (p = 0.7). Of 57 cases who had jaundice in the past 3 months, 19 (33%) were confirmed as having viral hepatitis. Hepatitis A and E combined together contributed 68% (13/19) of acute sporadic cases of viral hepatitis, whereas hepatitis B, C and D accounted for the remaining 32% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The study found the annual incidence of laboratory supported cases of viral hepatitis to be 81 (95 CI 57-106) per 100,000 population, which suggests that it is an important public health problem in India. Hepatitis A was much more prevalent than hepatitis E. Etiology of almost two-thirds of jaundice cases could not be established which require further community studies.Item Antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract and non polysaccharide fraction of Cynodon dactylon Pers.(2008-09-28) Jarald, E E; Joshi, S B; Jain, D CPetroleum ether (60 degrees-80 degrees C), chloroform, acetone, ethanol, aqueous and crude hot water extracts of the whole plant of C. dactylon and the two fractions of aqueous extract were tested for antihyperglycaemic activity in glucose overloaded hyperglycemic rats and in alloxan induced diabetic model at two-dose levels, 200 and 400 mg/kg (po) respectively. The aqueous extract of C. dactylon and the non polysaccharide fraction of aqueous extract were found to exhibit significant antihyperglycaemic activity and only the non polysaccharide fraction was found to produce hypoglycemia in fasted normal rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with aqueous extract and non polysaccharide fraction of the plant decreased the elevated biochemical parameters, glucose, urea, creatinine, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, haemoglobin and glycosylated haemoglobin significantly. Comparatively, the non polysaccharide fraction of aqueous extract was found to be more effective than the aqueous extract.Item Appropriate season for measles immunisation campaign in India.(1995-09-01) Singh, J; Jain, D C; Datta, K KReview of literature on the seasonality of measles in India reveals that measles occur throughout the year with peaks around March, while October-November are the low transmission months. The epidemics of measles however, occur any time during the year. Nevertheless, measles vaccination campaigns are carried out in India in the Month of March to increase the vaccine coverage levels. Being the low transmission season, October and November may be more appropriate for undertaking measles campaigns in India.Item Ataxic hemiparesis following head trauma.(1991-09-01) Agarwal, A; Das, L; Jain, D CAtaxic hemiparesis may result from multiple aetiologies. Four patients who had it after head trauma, a rare cause, are reported.Item Chikungunya viral disease in district Bhilwara (Rajasthan) India.(2007-03-15) Jain, S K; Kumar, Kaushal; Bhattacharya, D; Venkatesh, S; Jain, D C; Lal, ShivAn investigation of chikungunya outbreak cases was carried out in Bhilwara District, Rajasthan during Aug-Sep 2006. Fever with multiple joint pains was the first presenting feature. Aedes larval surveys indicate high Breteau index (78.6 to 200), House index (48.0 to 83.3) & Container index (41.1 to 73.6) above the critical index. Out of 40 sera samples tested, 12 showed HI antibodies for chikungunya virus in high titres and another five were positive for IgM antibodies against chikungunya. The clinico-epidemiological, laboratory and entomological investigations confirm that this episode of fever was due to chikungunya fever. Strengthening and intensification of surveillance along with educating the community were recommended for control of outbreak.Item Cholera outbreak in rural areas of southern Rajasthan.(2002-09-02) Gupta, R S; Meena, V R; Jain, D C; Datta, K KItem Community perception of mosquitos and mosquito control in some areas of urban Delhi and rural Alwar, Rajasthan.(1995-12-01) Kaul, S M; Verma, A K; Jain, D C; Gupta, R S; Dutta, AThere is little information regarding community perception of mosquitos and and their control in India. A qualitative study based on In depth discussions with the people in Urban Delhi, and rural Alwar was carried out in August-September, 1995. In the Ghazipur and Munirka areas of Delhi, 63 respondent groups with 171 head counts, and 59 respondent groups and 305 persons in Alwar were met. Community responses to uniform set of questions on mosquito types, seasonality, biting, breeding places, ongoing control activities, and methods of personal protection were recorded. Most people in the areas surveyed viewed mosquitos primarily as a biting nuisance, and secondarily as agents of disease and debilitators of health. In general the knowledge regarding mosquitos was deficient. An overwhelming tendency to attribute mosquitogenic conditions to the unsavoury features of one's physical environment was observed in both areas. The methods of personal protection and attitudes to organised control are discussed.Item Community studies on prevalence of HBsAg in two urban populations of southern India.(2000-02-04) Singh, J; Bhatia, R; Khare, S; Patnaik, S K; Biswas, S; Lal, S; Jain, D C; Sokhey, JOBJECTIVE: To find out prevalence of HBsAg in general population, especially in under-five children. SETTING: Bangalore and Rajahmundry towns in southern India. METHODS: Localities were chosen as the sampling units in each town. About 10-20 households were randomly selected from each locality. Only the youngest but apparently healthy person present in the household was interviewed for age, sex and history of jaundice any time in life. Mothers were interviewed to collect data for children below 15 years of age. Blood samples were collected from these persons on filter paper strips (18-mm diameter disc, Whatman filter paper No. 3) by finger prick method. The samples were tested for HBsAg by Micro ELISA (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics). RESULTS: Overall, 3.3% (95% CI, 2.0-4.5) of 737 persons in Rajahmundry and 4.2% (95% CI, 2.8-5.5) of 816 persons in Bangalore were found carriers of HBsAg. Age-specific or sex specific carrier rates were similar in Rajahmundry as well as in Bangalore. Most of the carriers (96%) denied having jaundice ever in life. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this community based study are in agreement with the historical data from hospital based studies that about 3-5% of persons may be carriers of HBsAg and that the pool of chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus in India is built up in childhood and is then maintained in older children and adults. The results highlight the need of completing hepatitis B immunization during the infancy.Item Demonstration of brain lesions in acute lymphoblastic leukemia by magnetic resonance imaging.(1991-09-01) Gulati, P; Jena, A N; Jain, D C; Chandra,Item Diarrhoeal diseases amongst children under five. A study in rural Alwar.(1992-09-01) Singh, J; Gowriswari, D; Chavan, B R; Patiat, R A; Debnath, A C; Jain, D C; Sharma, R S; Sharma, R C; Datta, K KA house to house survey was done in three villages of district Alwar covering 875 children under five years age. Two week incidence of diarrhoea morbidity was 2.27 episodes/child/year taking into consideration the seasonal correction factor. The incidence decreased with increase of age. Incidence was found significantly more in children of illiterate mother (p < 0.05). Children of poor socio-economic conditions as determined by occupational status (labourers) suffered significantly more often from diarrhoea as compared to children of higher socio-economic status (agriculturist and others). Fifty per cent episodes of diarrhoea were treated with antibiotics, and only one child was given ORS. It is a matter of concern. About 3.7 per cent mothers washed their hands before preparing meals while, 1.6 per cent washed their hands after toilet. Only 2 per cent mothers had the knowledge of preparing the home made salt sugar solution. An intensive health education campaign is therefore, necessary for health professionals as well as mothers.Item Distribution of Kala-azar cases treated in Delhi.(1998-03-08) Bora, D; Jain, D C; Dhariwal, A C; Rao, J SItem Distribution of Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera:Psychodidae) according to the physiographic divisions of India.(1995-09-01) Kaul, S M; Jain, D CIn this paper, the distribution of 44 known species of Phlebotomine sandflies which include vectors of leishmaniasis in India are arranged according to accepted physiographic divisions of India. Distribution maps in respect of known disease vectors Phlebotomous argentipes, P. papatasi, P. sergenti, P. salehi and potential vectors of leishmaniashis in India, P. hindustanicus and P. major are presented. The study brings out the salient features of sandfly distribution in India and need for more comprehensive work in the inadequately studied areas of the north east hills and the northern mountain ranges.Item Doctors' strike: non-availability of drugs: activation of seizures.(1988-07-01) Agarwal, A; Jain, D CItem Epidemiological characteristics of poliomyelitis in Delhi, 1997.(1999-12-04) Singh, J; Khare, S; Bhatia, R; Jain, D C; Sokhey, JOBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of poliomyelitis in Delhi in 1997 after four consecutive statewide immunization campaigns with oral polio vaccine (OPV). METHODS: Stool samples were collected from 158 cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) along with their age, sex, residential address, immunization history and dates of onset of paralysis, reporting and investigation. The samples were processed for isolation of polioviruses. In addition, historical data on vaccination coverage surveys and OPV testing were reviewed. These data were analyzed to understand the epidemiological patterns of poliomyelitis in Delhi. RESULTS: Of 158 cases of AFP, about 23% were investigated within 2 days of onset of paralysis. Two samples each were collected from 97 (61%) cases, and one each from the remaining cases. Detection of 158 cases of AFP gave an incidence of 1.34 per 100,000 population. About 36% (57/158) of AFP cases excreted poliovirus, mostly (53/158) wild poliovirus. Of the wild poliovirus isolates, 72% (38/53) and 25% (13/53) were serotypes P1 and P3 respectively; 2 isolates were P2. Almost 95% (146/154) of AFP cases and all the laboratory confirmed cases (excreting wild poliovirus) occurred in children below 5 years of age. Only one-third of AFP (55/158) or laboratory confirmed cases (18/53) had received 3 or more doses of OPV before onset of paralysis. About one-fourth of cases in both the categories were totally unvaccinated. AFP cases occurred round the year but peaked in November-December. Peaks were always observed during July-August in the past. The cases were widely scattered without any obvious clustering in any locality. CONCLUSIONS: Poliomyelitis has declined substantially in Delhi. The study underscores the need for further efforts to improve vaccine coverage levels, AFP surveillance, and cold chain maintenance to achieve the complete interruption of transmission.Item Epidemiological characteristics of rabies in Delhi and surrounding areas, 1998.(2001-12-26) Singh, J; Jain, D C; Bhatia, R; Ichhpujani, R L; Harit, A K; Panda, R C; Tewari, K N; Sokhey, JOBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in Delhi in 1998. METHODS: Analysis of the records of hydrophobia cases admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Delhi (IDH) in 1998. RESULTS: About 46 percent (99/215) of the hydrophobia cases admitted to the IDH in 1998 belonged to Delhi. The remaining came from the adjoining states, both urban and rural areas. In Delhi residents, overall hospitalization rate was 0.81 per 100,000 population. It was significantly higher in 5-14 year old than in other age groups and in males than in females (p <0.0009). Cases occurred round the year. Almost 96 percent cases (206/215) gave history of animal exposure, 13 days to 10 years (median 60 days) before hospitalization. Majority (195/206) had class III exposure. Animals involved were stray dog (193/206 = 90 percent), pet dog, cat, jackal, mongoose, monkey and fox. Most of cases were never vaccinated (78 percent) or inadequately vaccinated (22 percent); only 1 percent each received appropriate wound treatment, or rabies immunoglobulin. CONCLUSIONS: Rabies is a major public health problem in Delhi. Its incidence is significantly higher in 5-14 year old children than in other age groups. The results indicate the need to educate the community and health care workers about the importance of immediate and adequate post-exposure treatment and to start an effective control program for dogs, the principal vector of rabies.Item An epidemiological surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis in Alwar district.(2002-12-09) Gupta, R S; Meena, V R; Jain, D C; Khare, ShashiItem Epidemiology of bancroftian filariasis in a semi-urban community of Kerala State.(1989-12-01) Jain, D C; Menon, P K; Sethumadhavan, K V; Johney, V M; Ghosh, T KA community-based longitudinal study was initiated in 1983 in a semi-urban area, endemic for bancroftian filariasis to determine the incidence and prevalence, natural history and clinical pattern of filarial infection and also to study the impact of control measures on it. The base-line filariometric indices observed during the initial clinico-parasitological survey and entomological observations made during the first 12 months of this study are highlighted in this paper. 5.5 per cent of the examined population had microfilaraemia with average infestation of 8.1 per 20 cmm. The microfilaraemia found to have significant (P less than 0.001) relationship with age, but not with sex (P greater than 0.05). The filarial disease which had the prevalence of 3.6 per cent showed a significant (P less than 0.001) relationship to both age and sex. The youngest microfilaria (mf) carrier was of 2 years and with filarial swelling was of 6 years age. A significant (P less than 0.001) relationship of educational status and family size was observed with disease while it was non-significant (P greater than 0.05) with microfilaraemia. With the increase in per capita income of the individuals, a significant decrease in number of persons with microfilaraemia (P less than 0.01) as well as with disease (P less than 0.05) was noted. Culex quinquifasciatus, the vector for this infection was prevalent throughout the period of observation with highest density in September. Vector infection and infectivity rates ranged from 0 to 4.4 per cent and 0 to 2.2 per cent respectively.Item Epidemiology of brugian filariasis in a rural community of Kerala State.(1989-03-01) Jain, D C; Chandrasekharan, A; Sethumadhavan, K V; Johny, V M; Cherian, C; Ghosh, T KThe baseline clinico-parasitological parameters collected during the initial survey and the entomological observations made during the first year as a part of a longitudinal study undertaken in a brugian endemic rural community are presented in this paper. Out of the total (11.604) examined population, 8.1 per cent had microfilaraemia and 7.6 per cent had filarial disease. A highly significant (P less than 0.001) relationship of age was observed with microfilaraemia and the disease. The filarial disease rate showed no significant difference between two sexes while the microfilaria (Mf) rate was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher in males than females. A significant (P less than 0.001) relationship of microfilaraemia as well as of filarial disease was found with the income and the educational status of the individual. The mf and the disease rates did not differ by the family size except those families with 1-3 members. However, the relationship of family size was found to be significant (P less than 0.001) with disease and non-significant (P greater than 0.05) with microfilaraemia. The vectors were prevalent throughout the year but the infection was mostly confined to Mansonia annulifera.Item Evaluation of pulse polio and routine immunisation coverage: Alwar District, Rajasthan.(1997-01-01) Bhattacharjee, J; Gupta, R S; Jain, D C; Devadethan,; Datta, K KDuring the last decade, India achieved 88% reduction in reported poliomyelitis incidence. However, absolute number of reported cases still remains high. As an added effort to eradicate the disease, the country observed its first National Immunisation Days (NIDs) on 9.12.95 and 20.1.96. The present study evaluates the performance of Alwar district, Rajasthan. Modified 30 cluster technique was used to collect information. Overall coverage in rural and urban areas was 89% and 91% respectively. Main source of information was television in urban and health staff in rural areas. Most of the respondents knew about the usefulness of such special activity and had favourable opinion about the facilities provided. Urban Alwar had 80% OPV3 coverage but, in rural area it was almost half. The reported coverage of NIDs and UIP was found to be conflicting with the study results. The existing "dose enumeration method" of calculating reported coverage was attributed to be the cause. The study emphasises the need to incorporate an in-built community-based evaluation of future NIDs and utilisation of such results for planning.Item Factor influencing acceptance and non-acceptance to DEC in a bancroftian endemic area.(1986-12-01) Sunny, P J; Jain, D C; Sorrian, T P; Ghosh, T K
- «
- 1 (current)
- 2
- 3
- »